offset of 和 container of 解析

   在Linux源码中，经常看到大名鼎鼎offsetof 和 container of 的宏定义，这里就此进行解析，并做了实验验证用途，仅用于自己参考记录。

  1. offsetof
  主要作用是获取类型的偏移量
  定义如下：

#define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t) &((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER)

  这里我们一层一层分析下offsetof
  （1）首先是TYPE *0定义了一个TYPE类型的指针，指针的偏移地址为0
  （2）然后从0位置开始选择我们需要看到偏移量的成员MEMBER
  （3）对其取址，得到的即为偏移量

  2. container_of
  主要作用是根据结构体中某成员获取该结构体的首地址指针
  定义如下：

/**
 * container_of - cast a member of a structure out to the containing structure
 * @ptr:        the pointer to the member.
 * @type:       the type of the container struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:     the name of the member within the struct.
 *
 * It takes three arguments – a pointer, type of the container,
 * and the name of the member the pointer refers to. 
 * The macro will then expand to a new address pointing 
 * to the container which accommodates the respective member. 
 */
#define container_of(ptr, type, member) ({                      \
	const typeof( ((type *)0)->member ) *__mptr = (ptr);    \
	(type *)( (char *)__mptr - offsetof(type,member) );})

  第一行看起来和offsetof类似，只是少了取址，多了类型转换和赋值，其实是用一个__mptr代替ptr进行操作，以免误操作。

  第二行这里用字符指针是因为字符类型为1个字节，所以可以方便的计算出__mptr，即ptr的地址位置，然后减去其偏移量，得到的即为TYPE类型的首地址对应的指针。

测试代码如下：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "list.h"

typedef struct data_list
{
	int  test_int_data;
	char test_char_data; 
	struct list_head list;
}data_list;


int main()
{	
	data_list data;
	data.test_int_data = 123;
	data.test_char_data = 'a';
	
	/* We test offsetof here*/
	printf("\n-------We test the offset marco-------\n");
	printf("offset of test_int_data = %lu\n", offsetof(data_list, test_int_data));
	printf("offset of test_char_data = %lu\n", offsetof(data_list, test_char_data));
	printf("offset of list_head = %lu\n", offsetof(data_list, list));

	/*We test container_of here*/
	printf("\n-------We test the container_of marco-------\n");
	data_list *ptr;
	ptr = container_of(&(data.test_int_data), data_list, test_int_data);
	printf("We define a new pointer ptr to struct data_list\n");
	printf("After container_of, the values are as follow\n");
	printf("ptr->test_int_data = %d\n", ptr->test_int_data);
	printf("ptr->test_char_data = %c\n", ptr->test_char_data); 

	return 0;
}

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