swift学习日记(十) 类型转换 类型嵌套

其实这个昨天就写好了，今天才发

预告：这几天在写大作业，可能无法保持每天一更，尽量有空就看看

一，类型检查

这个可以说是借鉴java的了

语法非常简单

var num:Int = 1;
print(num is Int)

is可以看作是一个二元操作符，其返回true 或false

其作用是判断某个变量是否为某个类型

1，向下转型

as

看到这个语法，顾名思义，应该想得到这是把一个变量转换成其它类型来用，主要是用来转型成子类

语法有两种形式，as? 和 as

带?是可选形式，如果下转不成功，将返回nil，以便检查是否成功

as是强制下转，当不成功时，将触发runtime error

for item in library {
    if let movie = item as? Movie {
        println("Movie: '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
    } else if let song = item as? Song {
        println("Song: '\(song.name)', by \(song.artist)")
    }
}

// Movie: 'Casablanca', dir. Michael Curtiz
// Song: 'Blue Suede Shoes', by Elvis Presley
// Movie: 'Citizen Kane', dir. Orson Welles
// Song: 'The One And Only', by Chesney Hawkes
// Song: 'Never Gonna Give You Up', by Rick Astley

2，Any和AnyObject的类型检查

AnyObject将可以指代任何类型的实例

let someObjects: AnyObject[] = [
    Movie(name: "2001: A Space Odyssey", director: "Stanley Kubrick"),
    Movie(name: "Moon", director: "Duncan Jones"),
    Movie(name: "Alien", director: "Ridley Scott")
]

for movie in someObjects as Movie[] {
    println("Movie: '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
}
// Movie: '2001: A Space Odyssey', dir. Stanley Kubrick
// Movie: 'Moon', dir. Duncan Jones
// Movie: 'Alien', dir. Ridley Scott

与前一个不同，any可以指代任何一个类型，而不是该类型的实例

具体其实也没什么好解释的，看代码理解就行了，通俗易懂

var things = Any[]()

things.append(0)
things.append(0.0)
things.append(42)
things.append(3.14159)
things.append("hello")
things.append((3.0, 5.0))
things.append(Movie(name: "Ghostbusters", director: "Ivan Reitman"))
for thing in things {
    switch thing {
    case 0 as Int:
        println("zero as an Int")
    case 0 as Double:
        println("zero as a Double")
    case let someInt as Int:
        println("an integer value of \(someInt)")
    case let someDouble as Double where someDouble > 0:
        println("a positive double value of \(someDouble)")
    case is Double:
        println("some other double value that I don't want to print")
    case let someString as String:
        println("a string value of \"\(someString)\"")
    case let (x, y) as (Double, Double):
        println("an (x, y) point at \(x), \(y)")
    case let movie as Movie:
        println("a movie called '\(movie.name)', dir. \(movie.director)")
    default:
        println("something else")
    }
}

// zero as an Int
// zero as a Double
// an integer value of 42
// a positive double value of 3.14159
// a string value of "hello"
// an (x, y) point at 3.0, 5.0
// a movie called 'Ghostbusters', dir. Ivan Reitman

在一个switch语句的case中使用强制形式的类型检查操作符（as, 而不是 as?）来检查和转换到一个明确的类型。在 switch case 语句的内容中这种检查总是安全的。

二，类型嵌套

这不是新的语法，只是一个新增的说明

swift中，我们可以在一个类/结构体/枚举类型中 嵌套 类/结构体/枚举类型

struct BlackjackCard {
    // 嵌套定义枚举型Suit
    enum Suit: Character {
       case Spades = "♠", Hearts = "♡", Diamonds = "♢", Clubs = "♣"
   }
    // 嵌套定义枚举型Rank
    enum Rank: Int {
       case Two = 2, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
       case Jack, Queen, King, Ace
       struct Values {
           let first: Int, second: Int?
       }
       var values: Values {
        switch self {
        case .Ace:
            return Values(first: 1, second: 11)
        case .Jack, .Queen, .King:
            return Values(first: 10, second: nil)
        default:
            return Values(first: self.toRaw(), second: nil)
            }
       }
    }
    // BlackjackCard 的属性和方法
    let rank: Rank, suit: Suit
    var description: String {
    var output = "suit is \(suit.toRaw()),"
        output += " value is \(rank.values.first)"
        if let second = rank.values.second {
            output += " or \(second)"
        }
        return output
    }
}

let heartsSymbol = BlackjackCard.Suit.Hearts.toRaw()