Looping Function-lapply- R programming notes from couresera

lapply: Loop over a list and evaluate a function on each element
sapply:Same as lapply but try to simplify the result
apply: Apply a function over the margins of an array
tapply: Apply a function over subsets of a vector
mapply: Multivariate version of lapply
An auxiliary function split is also useful, particularly in conjunction with lapply. 把对象分成块

> lapply 的函数定义
function (X, FUN, ...)  
 ## x is  a list called x. If x isnot a list, it will convery to a list by system, if convery failed, errror note will exist.
 ## FUN is function name
  ##...用来给函数，即对列表里每个元素做运算的那个函数传递参数
{
    FUN <- match.fun(FUN)
    if (!is.vector(X) || is.object(X)) 
        X <- as.list(X)
    .Internal(lapply(X, FUN)) ## 剩余的lapply函数在内部是用C代码实现的
}

<bytecode: 0x101811918>
<environment: namespace:base>

lapply always returns a list, regardless of the class of the input.

> x<-list(a=1:5, b=rnorm(10))
> lapply(x,mean)
$a
[1] 3
$b
[1] 0.1977355

> x <- list(a = 1:4, b = rnorm(10), c = rnorm(20, 1), d = rnorm(100, 5))
> lapply(x, mean)
$a
[1] 2.5

$b
[1] -0.07585927

$c
[1] 1.283958

$d
[1] 5.023476

> x <- 1:4
> lapply(x, runif) ## runif:用随机数发生器生成符合均匀分布的随机变量
[[1]]
[1] 0.288356

[[2]]
[1] 0.67348216 0.02642399

[[3]]
[1] 0.3308120 0.2115484 0.8426939

[[4]]
[1] 0.3277662 0.7458162 0.3419563 0.2249834

> x <- 1:4
> lapply(x, runif, min =0, max =10) ## runif:用随机数发生器生成符合均匀分布的随机变量,且这些变量介于0和10之间
[[1]]
[1] 6.72062

[[2]]
[1] 8.231884 4.144748

[[3]]
[1] 8.6574562 0.7239689 9.9948855

[[4]]
[1] 3.95653661 0.02583705 0.72174981 2.42729541

lapply and friends make heavy use of anonymous functions.

> x <- list(a = matrix(1:4, 2, 2), b = matrix(1:6, 3, 2)) ##a：1~4， 2行2列矩阵；b：1~6， 3行2列矩阵
> x
$a
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    3
[2,]    2    4

$b
     [,1] [,2]
[1,]    1    4
[2,]    2    5
[3,]    3    6
> lapply(x, function(elt) elt[,1]) 
## elt是匿名函数，函数的意思是取矩阵的第一列。lapply让elt在list x中的每个矩阵，都被取出来第一列，然后返回由x中每个矩阵中的第一列组成的一个list。elt不会被保存，lapply（）调用玩之后，这个函数消失。
$a
[1] 1 2

$b
[1] 1 2 3

sapply will try to simplify the result of lapply if possible.

• If the result is a list where every element is length 1, then a
  vector is returned
• If the result is a list where every element is a vector of the same
  length(>1), a maxtrix is returned
• If it can’t figure things out, a list is return.

> x <- list(a = 1:4, b = rnorm(10), c = rnorm(20, 1), d = rnorm(100, 5))
> sapply(x, mean)  ## return a vector
        a         b         c         d 
 2.500000 -0.520970  1.701988  4.964306 

applay is used to a evaluate a function (often an anonymous one) over the margins of an array.

• It is most often used to apply a function to the rows of columns of a
  matrix
• It can be used with general arrays, e.g. taking the average of an
  array of martices
• It is not really faster than writing a loop, but it works in one
  line!

> str(apply) ##读取函数的参数
function (X, MARGIN, FUN, ...) 

• X is an array
• MARGIN is an integer vector indicating which margins should be
  “retained”.
• FUN is a function to be applied
• …is for other arguments to be passed fo FUN

> x <- matrix(rnorm(200), 20, 10) 
##创建20x10的矩阵，其元素是正态随机变量
> apply(x, 2, mean) 
##计算矩阵中每列的平均数
 [1] -0.04187182  0.36853681 -0.08029728  0.09478346 -0.09942189 -0.21843602 -0.11634147 -0.19535512
 [9]  0.08166842  0.47675780
> apply(x, 1, sum) 
##计算矩阵中每行的合计数
 [1] -2.6061289  5.7889316 -1.0950565 -0.5829930 -3.5018040 -0.5822774  5.1054791 -6.8619973  5.0680075
[10]  2.5430657 -0.7463306 -0.1639922  2.2226389  0.4509331 -2.1902933  1.6544674 -0.5925460 -2.7334234
[19]  2.9388101  1.2849675

For sums and means of matrix dimensions, we have some shortcuts.

• rowSums = apply(x, 1, sum)
• rowMeans = apply(x, 1, mean)
• colSums = apply(x, 2, sum)
• colMeans = apply (x, 2, mean)
  The shortcut functions are much faster, but you won’t notice unless you’re using a large matrix.

> x <- matrix(rnorm(200), 20, 10)
> apply(x, 1, quantile, probs = c(0.25, 0.75))
##遍历矩阵每行，计算那一行的25和75百分位数
           [,1]        [,2]       [,3]       [,4]       [,5]       [,6]       [,7]       [,8]      [,9]
25% -0.6078459 -0.78482591 -0.2537456 -0.3311409 -0.7486597 -0.4537818 -0.6678381 -0.9681971 0.4684376
75%  1.1202534 -0.04196072  0.5168813  0.1719272  0.4945426  0.4936025  0.1903076  0.2144089 0.9617262
         [,10]      [,11]        [,12]      [,13]      [,14]      [,15]      [,16]      [,17]      [,18]
25% -0.8172259 -0.6653447 -0.971877223 -0.8423170 -0.8755723 -1.0941386 -0.8998137 -0.6200158 -0.6956639
75%  0.9584867  0.7489272 -0.009365288  0.5974648  0.8550097 -0.3612995  0.1499745  0.5341661  0.6265623
          [,19]      [,20]
25% -1.41017716 -1.0567091
75%  0.03279747  0.2381334

> a <- array(rnorm(2 *2*10), c(2,2,10)) ##创建正态随机变量的数组，2x2，第三维度是10
> apply(a, c(1,2),mean)
           [,1]       [,2]
[1,] -0.5117031  0.3828905
[2,]  0.3234120 -0.1570178
> rowMeans(a, dim =2)
           [,1]       [,2]
[1,] -0.5117031  0.3828905
[2,]  0.3234120 -0.1570178