numpy学习

1、multiply 
例子：

<code class="hljs fix has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">x1</span>=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[1,2,3];x2=[4,5,6]
print multiply(x1,x2)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">18</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

multiply函数得到的结果是对应位置上面的元素进行相乘。

2、std 标准方差 ,var 方差 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">b=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> var(b)
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> power(std(b),<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>)
ll=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3,4,5,6],[3,4,5,6,7,8]]</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> var(ll[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>])
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> var(ll,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)#第二个参数为<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>，表示按列求方差
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> var(ll,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)#第二个参数为<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>，表示按行求方差</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.6875</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.6875</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.91666666667</span>
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>]
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.91666667</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.91666667</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

var输出向量的方差，std输出向量的标准方差。

3、mean 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">b=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mean(b)
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mean(ll) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#全部元素求均值</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mean(ll,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#按列求均值</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mean(ll,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#按行求均值</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.75</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.5</span>
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7.</span>]
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.5</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.5</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

mean函数得到向量的均值。

4、sum 
求和 
例子

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">x=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[0, 1, 2],[2, 1, 0]]</span>
b=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sum(b)
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sum(x)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">15
6</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

sum求向量的和。也可以求矩阵所有元素的和

5、cov()

例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">b=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> cov(b)
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sum((multiply(b,b))-mean(b)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*mean</span>(b))/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

输出：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">4.91666666667
4.91666666667</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

cov求的是样本协方差 
公式如下： 
 
公式一是样本均值 
公式二是样本方差 
公式三是样本协方差。 
上面的函数cov就是使用样本协方差求得的。

例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">x=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[0, 1, 2],[2, 1, 0]]</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> cov(x)
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sum((multiply(x[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>],x[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]))-mean(x[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>])*mean(x[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]))/<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

输出结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1. -1.]
 [-1.  1.]]</span>
-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.0</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

cov的参数是矩阵，输出结果也是矩阵！输出的矩阵为协方差矩阵！ 
计算过程如下： 
 
截图来源维基百科：协方差矩阵

6、corrcoef 
该函数得到相关系数矩阵。 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    vc=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">39</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>]
    vb=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">38</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mean(multiply((vc-mean(vc)),(vb-mean(vb))))/(std(vb)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*std</span>(vc))
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#corrcoef得到相关系数矩阵（向量的相似程度）</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> corrcoef(vc,vb)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

输出结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.999986231331</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.          0.99998623]
 [ 0.99998623  1.        ]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

相关系数公式： 

对应着公式理解上面的代码，应该是很容易的。

7、vdot 向量的点积 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#vdot 返回两向量的点积</span>
    l1=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    l2=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span>  vdot(l1,l2)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">32</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

点积没什么说的，对应位置相乘求和。

8、mat 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    l1=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    l2=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
    ll=[l1,l2]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span>  vdot(l1,l2)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(l1)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*mat</span>(l2).T
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(ll)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[32]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

mat函数把列表转换成矩阵形式。这在矩阵运算中不可缺少。

9、shape 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    #矩阵有一个shape属性，是一个(行，列)形式的元组
    a = array(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> a.shape</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs clojure has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-list" style="box-sizing: border-box;">(<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> 3</span>)</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

shape返回矩阵的行列数

10、ones 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#返回按要求的矩阵</span>
    ones = ones((<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>))
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ones</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.]
 [ 1.]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

ones返回指定行列数的全一矩阵

11、xrange 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> xrange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>):
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> i
    test=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> test[:]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> test[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> xrange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>):
        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> i</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

xrange用于循环中，参数为一个整数的话，可循环遍历小于该参数的值。两个参数，则循环遍历两个整数之间的值。 
test[:]则表示获取test列表中的所有元素。 
test[2:3]则表示获取从第2个位置到第三个位置间的元素。

12、strptime 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">import <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">time</span>
from datetime import datetime,date
dd = datetime.strptime(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'2014-04-03T10:53:49.875Z'</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%Y</span>-<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%m</span>-<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%dT</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%H</span>:<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%M</span>:<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%S</span>.<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">%fZ</span>"</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">time</span>.mktime(dd.timetuple())<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#1396493629.0</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">1396493629.0</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

strptime把时间按照指定的格式转换。处理时间的时候会用到这个函数。

13、tuple和数组转换成字符串 
例子：

<code class="hljs go has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    tuple =<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(1</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">,2</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">,3</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> tuple[<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">len</span>(tuple<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">)-1</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> tuple<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">[-1</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"> 9.99</span>.__repr__()
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> str<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(9.99</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">3
3
9.99
9.99</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

上面的示例中tuple是一个元组，访问元素的时候，可以通过[index]这种方式访问。 
访问最后一个元素的时候，可以通过[-1]访问. 
那么访问倒数第二个元素：

print tuple[-2] 
输出结果：2

另外，数字转换成字符串有两种方式：

_ _ repr _ _() 
str()

14、transpose和.T 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    aa =<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1],[2],[3]]</span>
    aa= mat(aa)#将列表转换成矩阵，并存放在aa中
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> aa
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> aa.transpose()#将矩阵进行转置
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> aa #transpose()进行矩阵的转置，aa并没有改变
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'*'</span>*<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> aa.T
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> aa #T转置矩阵，也没有发生改变</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

输出结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1]
 [2]
 [3]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1]
 [2]
 [3]]</span>
********************
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1]
 [2]
 [3]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

有两种方式实现矩阵的转置。

15、zeros() ones() 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> zeros((<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>))
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ones((<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>))<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#参数指明了矩阵的行列数</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0.]
 [ 0.]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.  1.  1.]
 [ 1.  1.  1.]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

zeros返回指定行列全零矩阵 
ones返回指定行列的全一矩阵

16、列表 数组 linspace 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#列表和数组的区别：</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#列表： [1, 2, 3, 4]</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#数组： [1 2 3 4]</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'*'</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*20</span>
    ll =[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'列表：'</span>,ll
    arr = array(ll)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'数组：'</span>,arr

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'*'</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*20</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> linspace(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#返回的是数组</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

输出结果：

<code class="hljs asciidoc has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">********************
列表： [1, 2, 3, 4]
数组： [1 2 3 4]
********************
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">[ 0.   0.6  1.2  1.8  2.4  3. ]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

数组中间元素没有分隔符。列表逗号分割。 
linspace返回的是指定的开始结束位置的指定个数的数。

linspace(0,3,6)返回0到3之间6个数字，且间隔均匀

17、argsort 排序索引 
例子：

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'**************数组排序问题****************'</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#数组的构建问题，初始化使用array()</span>
    ary=array(zeros(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>))
    ary[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.1</span>
    ary[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]= <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.6</span>
    ary[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>]= <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>
    ary[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]= <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.7</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#有-号，降序排列</span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#无-号，升序排列</span>
    sortindex = argsort(ary)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> id <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> sortindex:
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'索引：'</span>,id
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> ary:
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> i</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs markdown has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-strong" style="box-sizing: border-box;">*****</span><span class="hljs-strong" style="box-sizing: border-box;">*****</span><span class="hljs-strong" style="box-sizing: border-box;">****数组排序问题**</span><span class="hljs-strong" style="box-sizing: border-box;">*****</span><span class="hljs-strong" style="box-sizing: border-box;">*****</span><span class="hljs-emphasis" style="box-sizing: border-box;">***</span>*
索引： 0
索引： 2
索引： 1
索引： 3
0.1
0.6
0.5
0.7</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

argsort函数返回数组按照从小到大排序的位置的索引。

sortindex = argsort(-ary) 
for id in sortindex: 
print ‘索引：’,id 
for i in sortindex: 
print ary[i]

输出结果： 
索引： 1 
索引： 2 
索引： 0 
0.7 
0.6 
0.5 
0.1

18、 [:,:]矩阵元素切片

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    #矩阵元素的获取
    ll = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]</span>
    #获取第二行第<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>个元素
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(ll)[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]
    #第一个冒号代表获取行的起止行号
    #第二个冒号代表获取列的起止行号
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(ll)[:,:]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]
 [7 8 9]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

19、diag 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#构建对角矩阵 </span>
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#diag()参数为列表即可</span>
    dd = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    dilogg = diag(dd)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'diag='</span>,dilogg</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">diag= <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 0 0]
     [0 2 0]
     [0 0 3]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

diag构建对角矩阵

20、linalg.inv和.I 求逆矩阵 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    dd = [<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    dilogg = diag(dd)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'diag='</span>,dilogg
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'dd:'</span>,linalg.inv(dilogg)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'I='</span>,mat(dilogg).I
    ll = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]</span>
    #求逆矩阵
    lv = linalg.inv(mat(ll))
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'inv:'</span>,lv
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'I:'</span>,mat(ll).I</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">diag= <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 0 0]
 [0 2 0]
 [0 0 3]]</span>
dd: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.          0.          0.        ]
 [ 0.          0.5         0.        ]
 [ 0.          0.          0.33333333]]</span>
I= <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.          0.          0.        ]
 [ 0.          0.5         0.        ]
 [ 0.          0.          0.33333333]]</span>
inv: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ -4.50359963e+15   9.00719925e+15  -4.50359963e+15]
 [  9.00719925e+15  -1.80143985e+16   9.00719925e+15]
 [ -4.50359963e+15   9.00719925e+15  -4.50359963e+15]]</span>
I: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ -4.50359963e+15   9.00719925e+15  -4.50359963e+15]
 [  9.00719925e+15  -1.80143985e+16   9.00719925e+15]
 [ -4.50359963e+15   9.00719925e+15  -4.50359963e+15]]</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li></ul>

上面求逆矩阵有两种方式。 
linalg.inv()和 矩阵.I 
两种方式均可。

21、dot矩阵点积 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]]</span>
    ld = dot(ll,ll)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'dot:'</span>,ld
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(ll)*mat(ll)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">dot: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 30  36  42]
 [ 66  81  96]
 [102 126 150]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 30  36  42]
 [ 66  81  96]
 [102 126 150]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

22、eye 单元矩阵 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'eye:'</span>,eye(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#单元矩阵</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">eye: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

23 eig 矩阵的特征值和特征向量 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    A=mat(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0],[0,4,0,0,0]]</span>)
    U =A*A.T
    lamda,hU=linalg.eig(U)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'hU:'</span>,hU
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> lamda</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">hU: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.  0.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  1.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  0.  1.]]</span>
 [  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9.</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16.</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

24 sorted 排序 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sorted(ll,reverse=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">True</span>) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#降序</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sorted(ll,reverse=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">False</span>) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#升序</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

25、linalg.svd 奇异值分解 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    A=mat(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0],[0,4,0,0,0]]</span>)
    U,S,VT =linalg.svd(A)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'U:'</span>,U
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'V:'</span>,VT
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'s:'</span>,S
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'==='</span>,U*(mat(diag(S))*eye(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>))*VT</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">U: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0.  0.  1.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  0. -1.]
 [ 1.  0.  0.  0.]]</span>
V: <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0.          1.         -0.         -0.         -0.        ]
 [ 0.          0.          1.         -0.         -0.        ]
 [ 0.4472136   0.         -0.         -0.          0.89442719]
 [ 0.          0.         -0.          1.         -0.        ]
 [-0.89442719  0.         -0.         -0.          0.4472136 ]]</span>
s: [ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.</span>          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.</span>          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.23606798</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>        ]
=== <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 1.  0.  0.  0.  2.]
 [ 0.  0.  3.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  0.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  4.  0.  0.  0.]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

关于什么是奇异值分解，请参考奇异值分解

26、random.rand 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    A=mat(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0],[0,4,0,0,0]]</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> A[:,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]

    #获取<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>*<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>个<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>之间的数字
    rr=random.rand(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> rr
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> (rr-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.0</span>*(rr-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[0]
 [0]
 [0]
 [4]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0.30446153  0.40653841  0.40143809]
 [ 0.77970727  0.57491894  0.85801586]
 [ 0.33509491  0.64652856  0.48276137]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[-0.19553847 -0.09346159 -0.09856191]
 [ 0.27970727  0.07491894  0.35801586]
 [-0.16490509  0.14652856 -0.01723863]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[-0.39107693 -0.18692318 -0.19712383]
 [ 0.55941453  0.14983789  0.71603172]
 [-0.32981018  0.29305712 -0.03447726]]</span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li></ul>

random.rand(3,3)随机获取3*3个0-1之间的数字

27、arange 
例子：

<code class="hljs fix has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">    delta </span>=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> 0.25
    x = arange(-3.0, 3.0, delta)
    print x</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.</span>   -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.75</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.5</span>  -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.25</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.</span>   -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.75</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.5</span>  -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.25</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>   -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.75</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>  -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.25</span>
  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.25</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.75</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.25</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.5</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.75</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.</span>    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.25</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.5</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.75</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

arange获取指定起始位置，指定步长的一系列数。

28、nonzero() 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    x =<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0]]</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> x
    nz=nonzero(x)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> nz
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> nz[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1, 0, 0, 0, 2], [0, 0, 3, 0, 0]]</span>
(array([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]), array([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>]))
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

nonzero（）函数返回矩阵中非0元素的位置 
nz的返回值意义如下： 
第一行是所有非零数所在行值 
第二行是所有非零值所在列值

29、获取指定位置的元素 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    A=mat(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0],[0,4,0,0,0]]</span>)
    sample =A[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,:]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sample
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> sample[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]

    ll=mat([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>])
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> range(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>):
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> sum(ll==i):
            <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> i</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 0 0 0 2]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 0 0 0 2]]</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

A[0,:]的意义是获取第0行的所有元素 
if sum(ll==i):的意义是只要i存在ll矩阵中，if就是True 
ll必须是mat转换的矩阵。列表好像不行。并且还是单行的矩阵。

第二个例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    A=mat(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,0,0,0,2],[0,0,3,0,0],[0,0,0,0,0],[0,4,0,0,0]]</span>)
    #根据ind序列索引获取矩阵A中的数据
    ind=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> A[ind,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[0]
 [0]
 [0]
 [1]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

30、zip 
例子：

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#可以互换指定区域的位置</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ll[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]+ll[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#成对获取x、y的值</span>
    l1=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    l2=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> x,y <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> zip(l1,l2):
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> x,y</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

print ll[3:6]+ll[0:3]这行代码实现指定位置的元素进行交换。

31、chr函数，获取指定的字符 
例子：

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#获取指定的字符</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> i <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">in</span> range(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">65</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">70</span>):
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> str(chr(i))</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs mathematica has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">A
B
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">D</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

32、random.shuffle 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll=range(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#返回列表</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ll
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#shuffle函数随机打乱列表中的元素顺序</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.shuffle(ll)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ll</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs scss has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]</span>
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">None</span>
<span class="hljs-attr_selector" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[8, 5, 1, 4, 2, 6, 0, 3, 7]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

shuffle函数随机打乱列表中的元素顺序

33、vdot 点积 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#vdot 返回两向量的点积</span>
    l1=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    l2=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]
    ll=[l1,l2]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> vdot(l1,l2)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> dot(l1,l2)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(l1)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*mat</span>(l2).T
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mat(ll)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[32]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

vdot 和 dot都可以获取向量的点积。

区别：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[1,2,3]]</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> dot(mat(ll),mat(ll).T)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> vdot(mat(ll),mat(ll))</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[14 32 14]
 [32 77 32]
 [14 32 14]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[105]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

总结：对于向量来说，vdot dot向量的点积结果相同。 
对于矩阵来说，dot是矩阵的点积。 
而vdot是对应位置的元素乘积求和。 
结果中的105=1^2+2^2+3^3+4^2+5^2+6^2+1^2+2^2+3^3

34、次方计算** 
例子：

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*2</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">**</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*2</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">**</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> (<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*2</span>)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">**</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> (<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*2</span>)<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">**</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>.<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">12
4.24264068712
36
2.44948974278</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

可见 **次方计算优先级要高！

35、max函数 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    ll=[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">89</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> max(ll)
    l2=<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[3,4,6,2,89,9,3,2],[3,6,7,8,983,3,5,6]]</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> max(l2[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>])
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> max(l2)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">89</span>
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">89</span>
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">983</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

对于矩阵的最大值的求法，还不知道怎么搞。稍后更新一下。

36、mgrid函数

<code class="hljs perl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#开始值，结束值，步长。如果步长为虚数，表示产生的个数长度</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mgrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j] <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#结果：[-5.  0.  5.]</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mgrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>] <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#结果：[-5 -2  1  4]</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'*'</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*20</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mgrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j,-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j]
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'*'</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">*20</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> mgrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>]
[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]
********************
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[[-5. -5. -5.]
  [ 0.  0.  0.]
  [ 5.  5.  5.]]</span>

 <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[-5.  0.  5.]
  [-5.  0.  5.]
  [-5.  0.  5.]]</span>]
 ********************
 <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[[-5 -5 -5 -5]
      [-2 -2 -2 -2]
      [ 1  1  1  1]
      [ 4  4  4  4]]</span>

     <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[-5 -2  1  4]
      [-5 -2  1  4]
      [-5 -2  1  4]
      [-5 -2  1  4]]</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li></ul>

mgrid函数说明：开始值，结束值，步长。如果步长为虚数，表示产生的个数长度。 
对照结果即可知道函数的功能。

37、ogrid函数 
例子：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ogrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ogrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ogrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j,-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>j]
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> ogrid[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs json has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>]
[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]
[array([[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>],
       [ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>],
       [ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>]]), array([[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.</span>]])]
[array([[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>],
       [-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>],
       [ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>],
       [ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]]), array([[-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, -<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>]])]</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

ogrid跟mgrid一样。不同的是，一个数矩阵，一个数组形式。第三个擦数如果是实数，说明是步长。如果是虚数，说明是个数。 
ogrid[-5:5:3,-5:5:3]第一部分产生多行一列，第二部分产生一行多列。这与mgrid不同。

38、random函数

<code class="hljs rsl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    print <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">random</span>.seed(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)
    <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#要每次产生随机数相同就要设置种子，相同种子数的Random对象，相同次数生成的随机数字是完全相同的</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

<code class="hljs glsl has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#用于生成一个指定范围内的随机符点数</span>
    print random.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">uniform</span>(-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
    <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#结果：[ 0.40254497 -0.42350395 -0.67640645 -0.54075394 -0.99584028]</span>
    <span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#均匀分布</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    #用于生成一个<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>到<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>的随机符点数: <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <= n < <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.0</span>
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.random()
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.random(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.rand(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>)#<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>行<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>列
结果：
    None
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.417022004703</span>
[  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7.20324493e-01</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.14374817e-04</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.02332573e-01</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.46755891e-01</span>
   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9.23385948e-02</span>]
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0.18626021  0.34556073  0.39676747]
 [ 0.53881673  0.41919451  0.6852195 ]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    #用于生成一个指定范围内的整数。其中参数a是下限，参数b是上限，生成的随机数n: a <= n <= b
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.randint(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.randint(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>,size=(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>))
结果：
    None
<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[9 5 6 8 5]
 [5 6 9 9 6]
 [7 9 7 9 8]
 [9 7 9 7 9]
 [6 6 5 6 6]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

更多关于random的函数的解析，请参看这篇文章：http://blog.csdn.net/pipisorry/article/details/39086463

39、tofile、fromfile 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    a =arange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>)
    a.shape = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> a
    a.tofile(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a.bin"</span>)
    b = fromfile(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a.bin"</span>, dtype=float) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 按照float类型读入数据</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> b <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 读入的数据是错误的</span>

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> a.dtype <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 查看a的dtype</span>
    b = fromfile(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"a.bin"</span>, dtype=int32) <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 按照int32类型读入数据</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> b <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 数据是一维的</span>
    b.shape = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span> <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># 按照a的shape修改b的shape</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> b</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">None
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]</span>
[  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.12199579e-314</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6.36598737e-314</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.06099790e-313</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.48539705e-313</span>
   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.90979621e-313</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.33419537e-313</span>]
int32
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">11</span>]
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

使用数组的方法函数tofile可以方便地将数组中数据以二进制的格式写进文件。tofile输出的数据没有格式，因此用numpy.fromfile读回来的时候需要自己格式化数据。 
Note: 
1. 读入的时候设置正确的dtype和shape才能保证数据一致。 
并且tofile函数不管数组的排列顺序是C语言格式的还是Fortran语言格式的，统一使用C语言格式输出。 
2. sep关键字参数:此外如果fromfile和tofile函数调用时指定了sep关键字参数的话， 
数组将以文本格式输入输出。{这样就可以通过notepad++打开查看, 不过数据是一行显示，不便于查看} 
user_item_mat.tofile(user_item_mat_filename, sep=’ ‘)

40、numpy.load和numpy.save 
例子：

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">     <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> =arange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>)
    <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>.shape = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>
    print <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>
    save(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a.npy'</span>,<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>)
    c=<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">load</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'a.npy'</span>)
    print c</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">None
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]</span>
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[ 0  1  2  3]
 [ 4  5  6  7]
 [ 8  9 10 11]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

numpy.load和numpy.save函数（推荐在不需要查看保存数据的情况下使用） 
以NumPy专用的二进制类型保存数据，这两个函数会自动处理元素类型和shape等信息， 
使用它们读写数组就方便多了，但是numpy.save输出的文件很难和其它语言编写的程序读入。 
Note: 
1. 文件要保存为.npy文件类型，否则会出错 
2. 保存为numpy专用二进制格式后，就不能用notepad++打开（乱码）看了，这是相对tofile内建函数不好的一点

numpy.savez函数 
如果你想将多个数组保存到一个文件中的话，可以使用numpy.savez函数。savez函数的第一个参数是文件名，其后的参数都是需要保存的数组，也可以使用关键字参数为数组起一个名字，非关键字参数传递的数组会自动起名为arr_0, arr_1, …。savez函数输出的是一个压缩文件(扩展名为npz)，其中每个文件都是一个save函数保存的npy文件，文件名对应于数组名。load函数自动识别npz文件，并且返回一个类似于字典的对象，可以通过数组名作为关键字获取数组的内容： 
如果你用解压软件打开result.npz文件的话，会发现其中有三个文件：arr_0.npy， arr_1.npy， sin_array.npy，其中分别保存着数组a, b, c的内容。

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    a = array(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]</span>)
    b = arange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.1</span>)
    c = sin(b)
    savez(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"result.npz"</span>, a, b, sin_array = c)
    r =<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">load</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"result.npz"</span>)
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> r[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"arr_0"</span>] # 数组a
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> r[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"arr_1"</span>] # 数组b
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> r[<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"sin_array"</span>] # 数组c</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">None
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[1 2 3]
 [4 5 6]]</span>
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.2</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.3</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.4</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.5</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.6</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.7</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.8</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.9</span>]
[ <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.</span>          <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.09983342</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.19866933</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.29552021</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.38941834</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.47942554</span>
  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.56464247</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.64421769</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.71735609</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0.78332691</span>]
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

numpy.savetxt和numpy.loadtxt（推荐需要查看保存数据时使用） 
Note:savetxt缺省按照’%.18e’格式保存数据， 可以修改保存格式为‘%.8f’(小数点后保留8位的浮点数)， ’%d’(整数)等等 
总结： 
载入txt文件：numpy.loadtxt()/numpy.savetxt() 
智能导入文本/csv文件：numpy.genfromtxt()/numpy.recfromcsv() 
高速，有效率但numpy特有的二进制格式：numpy.save()/numpy.load()

39、40部分来源：http://blog.csdn.net/pipisorry/article/details/39088003。详细内容请参看这个链接。

41、permutation函数 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#混淆位置。如果是多维数组，则混淆一维的。例如下面的arr.</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.permutation(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>)
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.permutation([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span>])

    arr=arange(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span>).reshape((<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>))
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> arr
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> random.permutation(arr)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs lua has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">None
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">7</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>]
[<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">9</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">15</span>]
<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]
 [6 7 8]]</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

permutation混淆位置。如果是多维数组，则混淆一维的。例如下面的arr.

42、complex构造复数 
例子：

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> complex(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">100</span>)<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">#结果：100j</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

43、norm求范数 
例子：

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">from</span> scipy.linalg.misc <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">import</span> norm
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">print</span> norm([<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">8</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>])</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

结果：

<code class="hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-top-left-radius: 0px; border-top-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-right-radius: 0px; border-bottom-left-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">14.1421356237</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

默认情况下，求二范数。也就是各个元素的平方和再开平方。 
当然，也可以求取其他范数。例如p范数、无穷范数等。 
我这里import写的是scipy。其实numpy里面也有这个函数。详细的其他范数的求法请参考官网http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy-1.10.0/reference/generated/numpy.linalg.norm.html