量子力学第三弹——力学量_量子力学讲义郭弘-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u013795675/article/details/44597261

秋水文章不染尘。

脑袋是用来运行的，用来run的，是内存，不是硬盘。

不要记太多的东西，你脖子上顶的是脑袋，不是麻袋。——郭弘

说明：以下的讨论都在在位置表象( $\hat x$ -Representation)下进行。

Position $\hat{ x}$

x^| x ⟩ = \Rightarrow ⟨ x' | x^| x ⟩ = \Leftrightarrow x' ⟨ x' | x ⟩ = x | x ⟩ x ⟨ x' | x ⟩ x ⟨ x' | x ⟩

$\begin{align*}\bf\hat { x}| x\rangle=&\bf x| x\rangle\\ \Rightarrow \bf\langle x'|\hat { x}| x\rangle=& \bf x\langle x'| x\rangle\\ \Leftrightarrow \bf x'\langle x'| x\rangle=&\bf x\langle x'| x\rangle\end{align*}\\$

符合这样特点的函数只有 $\delta$ 函数，也就是说，位置算符 $\hat x$ 的本征函数是 $\delta(\bf x)$

x^δ (x - x') = x' δ (x - x')

$\bf\hat { x} \delta(x-x')= x' \delta(x-x')$

Momentum $\hat p$

p^= - i ℏ \partial \partial x = - i ℏ \nabla

$\hat {\bf p}=-i\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial \bf x}=-i\hbar \nabla$

\Rightarrow \Leftrightarrow \Rightarrow p^| p ⟩ = p | p ⟩ ⟨ x | p^| p ⟩ = p ⟨ x | p ⟩ - i ℏ \partial \partial x ⟨ x | p ⟩ = p ⟨ x | p ⟩ ψ p (x) = e i p \cdot x ℏ

$\begin{align*}&\bf\hat p| p\rangle= p| p\rangle\\ \Rightarrow&\bf \langle x|\hat p| p\rangle= p\langle x| p\rangle\\ \Leftrightarrow&-i\bf\hbar\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\langle x| p\rangle=p\langle x| p\rangle\\ \Rightarrow &\psi_{ p}(\bf x)=e^{i\frac{ p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\end{align*}$

Angular Momentum $\hat L$

$L^= x^\times p^$ $\hat{\mathbf L}=\hat{\mathbf x}\times \hat{\mathbf p}$
$[x^i, p^j] = i ℏ δ i j$ $[\hat x_i,\hat p_j]=i\hbar \delta_{ij}$
$L^α = ϵ α i j x^i p^j$ $\hat L_{\alpha}=\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\hat x_i\hat p_j$
$[A^, B^C^] = [A^, B^] C^+ B^[A^, C^]$ $[\hat A,\hat B\hat C]=[\hat A,\hat B]\hat C+\hat B[\hat A,\hat C]$

$[Lα,Lβ]===========[ϵαijx^ip^j,ϵβlmx^lp^m]ϵαijϵβlm[x^ip^j,x^lp^m]ϵαijϵβlm{x^l[x^i,p^m]p^j+x^i[p^j,x^l]p^m}ϵαijϵβlm{x^liℏδimp^j+x^i(−iℏδjl)p^m}iℏ{ϵαijϵβlmx^lδimp^j−ϵαijϵβlmx^iδjlp^m}iℏ{ϵαijϵβlix^lp^j−ϵαijϵβjmx^ip^m}iℏ{ϵijαϵβlix^lp^j−ϵαijϵjmβx^ip^m}iℏ{(δβjδlα−δβαδjl)x^lp^j−(δαmjδiβ−δβαδim)x^ip^m}iℏ{x^αp^β−δβαx^jp^j−x^βp^α+δαβx^mp^m}iℏ(x^αp^β−x^βp^α)iℏϵαβγL^γ$ $\begin{align*}[L_\alpha,L_\beta]=&[\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\hat x_i\hat p_j,\epsilon_{\beta lm}\hat x_l\hat p_m]\\ =&\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta lm}[\hat x_i\hat p_j,\hat x_l\hat p_m]\\ =&\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta lm}\{\hat x_l[\hat x_i,\hat p_m]\hat p_j+\hat x_i[\hat p_j,\hat x_l]\hat p_m\}\\ =&\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta lm}\{\hat x_l i\hbar \delta_{im}\hat p_j+\hat x_i (-i\hbar\delta_{jl})\hat p_m\}\\ =&i\hbar\{\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta lm}\hat x_l \delta_{im}\hat p_j-\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta lm}\hat x_i \delta_{jl}\hat p_m\}\\ =&i\hbar\{\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta li}\hat x_l \hat p_j-\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{\beta jm}\hat x_i \hat p_m\}\\ =&i\hbar\{\epsilon_{ ij\alpha}\epsilon_{\beta li}\hat x_l \hat p_j-\epsilon_{\alpha ij}\epsilon_{jm\beta }\hat x_i \hat p_m\}\\ =&i\hbar\{(\delta_{\beta j}\delta_{l\alpha}-\delta_{\beta \alpha}\delta_{jl})\hat x_l \hat p_j-(\delta_{\alpha m j}\delta_{i\beta}-\delta_{\beta \alpha}\delta_{im})\hat x_i \hat p_m\}\\ = &i\hbar\{\hat x_\alpha\hat p_\beta-\delta_{\beta\alpha}\hat x_j\hat p_j-\hat x_\beta\hat p_\alpha+\delta_{\alpha\beta}\hat x_m\hat p_m\}\\ =&i\hbar(\hat x_\alpha\hat p_\beta-\hat x_\beta\hat p_\alpha)\\ =&i\hbar\epsilon_{\alpha\beta\gamma}\hat L_\gamma\end{align*}$

L 2 = L \cdot L = L a L a

$\mathbf{L^2=L\cdot L}=L_aL_a$

[L^α,L^2]====≡[L^α,LaLa]L^a[L^α,L^a]+[L^α,L^a]L^aiℏ{ϵαabL^aL^b+ϵαabL^bL^a}iℏϵαab(L^bL^a+L^aL^b)0

$\begin{align*}[\hat L_\alpha,\mathbf{\hat L}^2] = &[\hat L_\alpha,L_aL_a]\\ =&\hat L_a[\hat L_\alpha,\hat L_a]+[\hat L_\alpha,\hat L_a]\hat L_a\\ =&i\hbar\{\epsilon_{\alpha ab}\hat L_a\hat L_b+\epsilon_{\alpha ab}\hat L_b\hat L_a\}\\ =&i\hbar\epsilon_{\alpha ab}(\hat L_b\hat L_a+\hat L_a\hat L_b) \\ \equiv&0\end{align*}$

Energy $\hat E$

E^= i ℏ \partial \partial t

$\hat E=i\hbar \frac\partial{\partial t}$

Hamilton $\hat H$

H^= p ^ 2 2 m + V^(x^) = T^(p^) + V^(x^)

$\hat H=\frac{\mathbf{\hat p}^2}{2m}+\hat V(\mathbf{\hat x})=\hat T(\mathbf{\hat p})+\hat V(\mathbf{\hat x})$

$\hat x$ 和 $\hat p$ 的共轭关系

With $x$ -representation,

p^= x^δ (x - x') = p^| e i p \cdot x ℏ ⟩ = - i ℏ \nabla x' δ (x - x') p | e i p \cdot x ℏ ⟩

$\begin{align*}\mathbf{\hat p}=&-i\hbar \nabla\\ \bf\hat { x} \delta(x-x')= &\bf x' \delta(x-x')\\ \hat p| e^{i\frac{\bf p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\rangle= &p| e^{i\bf\frac{ p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\rangle\end{align*}$
With

p $p$ -representation,

x^= p^δ (p - p') = x^| e - i p \cdot x ℏ ⟩ = i ℏ \nabla p' δ (p - p') x | e - i p \cdot x ℏ ⟩

$\begin{align*}\mathbf{\hat x}=&i\hbar \nabla\\ \bf\hat { p} \delta(p-p')= &\bf p' \delta(p-p')\\ \bf\hat x| e^{-i\frac{ p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\rangle= &\bf x| e^{-i\frac{ p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\rangle\end{align*}$
Conjugate operators

linked by Fourier Transformation

proof

$⟨ x | ψ ⟩ = = = \int d p ⟨ x | p ⟩ ⟨ p | ψ ⟩ \int d p e i p \cdot x ℏ ⟨ p | ψ ⟩ F - 1 ⟨ p | ψ ⟩$ $\begin{align*}\bf\langle x|\psi\rangle=&\int \mathrm{d}\bf p \langle x|p\rangle\langle p|\psi \rangle\\ =&\int \mathrm{d}\bf p \,e^{i\frac{\bf p\cdot x}{\hbar}}\langle p|\psi \rangle\\=&F^{-1}\langle \bf p|\psi \rangle\end{align*}$
$[\hat A,\hat B]=iC\Rightarrow \Delta A\cdot \Delta B\ge\dfrac{|\hat C|}2$

proof

$I (x) = = = = \int d τ | (x A + i B) | ψ ⟩ | 2 \int d τ | (x A + i B) (x A + i B) * | | ψ ⟩ | 2 \int d τ (x 2 A 2 + B 2 + i x (B A - A B)) | | ψ ⟩ | 2 x 2 ⟨ A 2 ⟩ + ⟨ B 2 ⟩ - ⟨ C ⟩ x$ $\begin{align*}I(\mathbf {x})=&\int d\tau|(xA+iB)|\psi\rangle|^2\\=&\int d\tau|(xA+iB)(xA+iB)^*||\psi\rangle|^2\\=&\int d\tau(x^2A^2+B^2+ix(BA-AB))||\psi\rangle|^2\\=&x^2\langle A^2\rangle+\langle B^2\rangle-\langle C\rangle x\end{align*}$
由 $I(x)\ge0$ ，得 $\Delta=\langle C\rangle^2-4\langle A^2\rangle\langle B^2\rangle\le 0$ .

因为 $\langle(\Delta A)^2\rangle=\langle A^2\rangle-\langle A\rangle^2$ ，所以 $\langle(\Delta A)^2\rangle$ 和 $\langle A^2\rangle$ 同为Hermite算符，所以
$|\langle(\Delta A)^2\rangle\langle(\Delta B)^2\rangle|\ge\dfrac 14|[\Delta A,\Delta B]|^2$
$\Rightarrow |(\Delta A)(\Delta B)|\ge\dfrac 12|[\Delta A,\Delta B]|$

又因为 $[\Delta A,\Delta B]=[A,B]$ ，所以

$Δ A \cdot Δ B \geq | C ^ | 2 = 1 2 | [A, B] |$ $\Delta A\cdot \Delta B\ge\dfrac{|\hat C|}2=\dfrac 12|[A,B]|$

Tricks:

Dump Index noted by Latin alphabets
Follow regulations.
$[\hat A,\hat B\hat C]=[\hat A,\hat B]\hat C+\hat B[\hat A,\hat C]$ 这个过程形式上类似求导。
在Hilbert空间，只有c数和q数（算符）两种数，这个划分与标量、矢量、张量的划分无关。
$\bf(\hat { x}| x\rangle= x| x\rangle)^\dagger\Rightarrow\langle x|\hat x=\langle x|x=x\langle x|$
$\hat E$ 和 $\hat H$ 的正负号总是不同的。