一入 Java 深似海 -- S02E02 学习笔记

Java集合

• 集合框架总览
• 集合框架内建实现
• 集合框架抽象实现
• 集合框架面试题

1. 概览

• Java8 Documentation
  • Reference - Java SE API Documentation
  • Learn the Language - Java Tutorials Learning Paths
    • Building On The Foundation - Collections
      • https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/intro/index.html
      • https://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/collections/interfaces/index.html
  • Reference - Developer Guides
    • lang and util Base Libraries - collections
      • https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections/overview.html
      • https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/collections/reference.html

2. Java 集合框架总览

A collection is an object that represents a group of objects (such as the classic Vector class). A collections framework is a unified architecture for representing and manipulating collections, enabling collections to be manipulated independently of implementation details.

集合的优势

• Reduces programming effort by providing data structures and algorithms so you don’t have to write them yourself.
  • 减少编程的负担
    • 数据结构
      • 链表、栈，队列，树，…
• Increases performance by providing high-performance implementations of data structures and algorithms. Because the various implementations of each interface are interchangeable, programs can be tuned by switching implementations.
  • 提高性能
• Provides interoperability between unrelated APIs by establishing a common language to pass collections back and forth.
  • 提供无关 API 之间的互用性
    • Collction.addAll(Collection c)
    • List.addAll(Collection c)
    • Arrays.asList(T… a)
• Reduces the effort required to learn APIs by requiring you to learn multiple ad hoc collection APIs.
  • 减少学习 API 的负担
    • 相对于数组而言，集合操作更便捷
    • System.arrayCopy(Object src, Object dest, int destPos, int length)
      • Why is Object ? (answer:因为有多维数组的存在，设计时应考虑更大限度的抽象）
• Reduces the effort required to design and implement APIs by not requiring you to produce ad hoc collections APIs.
  • 减少设计与实现 API 的负担
    • EnumSet.of
• Fosters software reuse by providing a standard interface for collections and algorithms with which to manipulate them.
  • 促进软件重用

基本组成

• Collection interface 集合接口
  • Collection
  • Map
• Infrastructure 基础设施
• General-purpose implementations 通用实现
  • ArrayList
  • LinkedList
  • HashMap
  • TreeMap
  • HashSet
• Abstract implementations 抽象实现
• Legacy implementations 遗留实现
• Convenience implementations 便利实现
  • EnumSet
    • Enum
    • Enumeration
  • Set.of(T… t)
  • ImmutableCollections
• Wrapper implementations 包装实现
• Special-purpose implementations 特殊实现
  • WeakSoftHashMap
• Array Utilities 数组工具类
  • Arrays
    • binarySearch
• Algorithms 算法
• Concurrent implementations 并发实现

第三方集合库

• guava
• apache commons-collections
  • Bag
  • BoundedMap
    • 范围默认 Integer.MAX_VALUE

java.util.Collection 接口

• 通用接口

  • java.util.Collection
    • iterator()
      • ConcurrentModificationException
    • T[] toArray()
  • java.util.List
    • int size()
      • 最大 Integer.MAX_VALUE
      • 为何不用 long ? 和底层 CPU 架构有关，在 32 位操作系统上，long 类型非线程安全（占用8字节，即64bit），因为32位OS并不能完整存储一个long类型对象，拆分高位和低位存储。
  • java.util.Set
    • 并不能保证有序
  • java.util.SortedSet
    • 有序的
  • java.util.NavigableSet
    • since 1.6
    • 继承自 SortedSet
    • SortedSet tailSet(E fromElement);
  • java.util.Queue
    • Doug Lea
    • add(E e)
      • 与 Collection 中的 add 方法语义中发生一些细微的变化，如抛出的异常
    • 只读 Collections.unmodifiableList
  • java.util.Deque
    • 继承 Queue
    • 实现类 LinkedList

• 并发接口

  • java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue since1.5
  • java.util.concurrent.BlockingDeque since1.6
  • java.util.concurrent.TransferQueue since1.7
    • 推荐
    • LinkedTransferQueue

java.util.Map 接口

• 通用接口

  • java.util.SortedMap
    • Set 的底层使用的是 Map 的实现；
  • java.util.NavigableMap since1.6

• 并发接口

  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap
    • ConcurrentHashMap
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentNavigableMap
    • ConcurrentSkipListMap

小插曲：1. hash 和 equal 方法要写好；2. 反射很耗性能；

一致性哈希 Consistent Hash ：

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_hashing

• https://github.com/Jaskey/ConsistentHash

• https://www.toptal.com/big-data/consistent-hashing

• https://www.acodersjourney.com/system-design-interview-consistent-hashing/

• https://www.jianshu.com/p/58fde9b2d0a3

• http://www.zsythink.net/archives/1182/

3. Java 集合框架內建实现

• 遗留实现

  • java.util.Vector
    • 与 ArrayList 比较
    • synchronized
  • java.util.Stack
    • 继承 Vector
    • LIFO
    • 频繁扩容
  • java.util.Hashtable
    • 对比 HashMap
      • synchronized
    • 继承 Dictionary
  • java.util.Enumeration
    • vs Enum
    • StringTokenizer
  • java.util.BitSet

• 通用实现
  

• 并发接⼝

  • java.util.concurrent.BlockingQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.TransferQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.BlockingDeque
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentNavigableMap

• 并发实现

  • java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.PriorityBlockingQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.SynchronousQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque
  • java.util.concurrent.LinkedTransferQueue
  • java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList
  • java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArraySet
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListSet
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
  • java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentSkipListMap

4. Java 集合框架抽象实现

• 基于 java.util.Collection 接⼝
  • java.util.AbstractCollection
    • java.util.AbstractList
      • Arrays.ArrayList Arrays.asList(T …)
      • ArrayList
    • java.util.AbstractSet
    • java.util.AbstractQueue(Since Java 1.5)
      • offer peek poll
• 基于 java.util.Map 接⼝
  • java.util.AbstractMap

5. 集合框架面试题

• Java Interview Questions.pdf
  • 浅拷贝
  • 深度拷贝
  • 递归拷贝

6. 资源推荐

• 《Java Generics and Collections》 O’Reilly, October 2006, 0-596-52775-6
• Cheat Sheet : https://zeroturnaround.com/rebellabs/Java-Collections-Cheat-Sheet/
  • https://www.jrebel.com/blog/java-collections-cheat-sheet