初始化时机:
non-static成员变量(包括non-static块)属于对象,因此只在new一个对象时进行初始化;
static成员变量(包括static块)属于类,因此只会被初始化1次,在类首次被加载到内存时初始化。而第一次访问类的任一static域(static域包括static变量和static函数。构造器为static方法)都会加载类;
//假设A类存在static int变量b;
//假设A类存在static函数f();
//case1:
System.out.println(A.b);//此时仅初始化A的static变量,且A被加载到内存
A a = new A();//因为已经加载了A,这里只会初始化non-static变量
//case2:
A a = new A();//non-static和static变量都被初始化,且类被加载
System.out.println(A.b);//不会初始化任何变量
初始化顺序:
若类是通过new一个对象加载进内存,则non-static成员变量和static成员变量都会进行初始化,先static后non-static,且由上往下;
//case3:
A a = new A();//第一次访问A类
若类已经被加载,则只会初始化non-static变量(case1),顺序由上往下(case1);
成员变量的初始化先于成员函数的调用;
//case4:
//假设类A存在static函数f();
A.f();//先对A的static变量进行初始化,再执行f()中的语句
这里引用Thinking in java中的StaticInitialization.java作为更具体的一个例子:
import static java.lang.System.out;
class Bowl {
Bowl(int marker) {
out.println("Bowl(" + marker + ")");
}
void f1(int marker) {
out.println("f1(" + marker + ")");
}
}
class Table {
static Bowl bowl1 = new Bowl(1);
Table() {
out.println("Table()");
bowl2.f1(1);
}
void f2(int marker) {
out.println("f2(" + marker + ")");
}
static Bowl bowl2 = new Bowl(2);
}
class Cupboard {
Bowl bowl3 = new Bowl(3);
static Bowl bowl4 = new Bowl(4);
Cupboard() {
out.println("Cupboard()");
bowl4.f1(2);
}
void f3(int marker) {
out.println("f3(" + marker + ")");
}
static Bowl bowl5 = new Bowl(5);
}
public class StaticInitialization {
public static void main(String[] args) {
out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
new Cupboard();
out.println("Creating new Cupboard() in main");
new Cupboard();
table.f2(1);
cupboard.f3(1);
}
static Table table = new Table();
static Cupboard cupboard = new Cupboard();
}