学习js一段时间了,下面就按照一下我自己的理解来讲述一下js的原型(prototype)
首先,先介绍一下声明一个对象的常用的两种方法:
1.使用关键字class(es6)支持(考虑浏览器兼容性的问题,目前暂不推荐,也不是本文的讨论重点)
2.使用function来声明类:
function Student (name,age,grade)
{
//public属性
this.name=name;
this.age=age;
this.grade=grade;
//public方法
this.course=function()
{
console.log("学生课程");
};
}
var student = new Student ('','','');
这样便声明好了一个Student 的类,并定义了一个student 的对象
关于原型的语法约定:
1.只有函数才有prototype,并且任何函数的prototype都会自动生成一个constructor的function,指向本身
(正因为此,才能通过var student = new Student ('','',''); 来定义一个对象);
2.任何定义好的对象都有一个_proto_属性来指向函数的function的prototype(他们都是指向同一个对象,js中的引用类型):
student .__proto__===Student.prototype (true)
__proto__的所用属性方法(除了constructor),student 对象都可以使用,也正因为js给所有对象(包括函数)都以__proto__属性,从而使得js实现了继承的特点
牢记以上两点,基本上就已经了解了js的对象继承特性
下面一个我们经常用到的例子来在理解一下原型:
贴了一段js关于Array indexof的源码:
if (!Array.prototype.indexOf) {
Array.prototype.indexOf = function(searchElement, fromIndex) {
var k;
// 1. Let O be the result of calling ToObject passing
// the this value as the argument.
if (this == null) {
throw new TypeError('"this" is null or not defined');
}
var O = Object(this);
// 2. Let lenValue be the result of calling the Get
// internal method of O with the argument "length".
// 3. Let len be ToUint32(lenValue).
var len = O.length >>> 0;
// 4. If len is 0, return -1.
if (len === 0) {
return -1;
}
// 5. If argument fromIndex was passed let n be
// ToInteger(fromIndex); else let n be 0.
var n = +fromIndex || 0;
if (Math.abs(n) === Infinity) {
n = 0;
}
// 6. If n >= len, return -1.
if (n >= len) {
return -1;
}
// 7. If n >= 0, then Let k be n.
// 8. Else, n<0, Let k be len - abs(n).
// If k is less than 0, then let k be 0.
k = Math.max(n >= 0 ? n : len - Math.abs(n), 0);
// 9. Repeat, while k < len
while (k < len) {
// a. Let Pk be ToString(k).
// This is implicit for LHS operands of the in operator
// b. Let kPresent be the result of calling the
// HasProperty internal method of O with argument Pk.
// This step can be combined with c
// c. If kPresent is true, then
// i. Let elementK be the result of calling the Get
// internal method of O with the argument ToString(k).
// ii. Let same be the result of applying the
// Strict Equality Comparison Algorithm to
// searchElement and elementK.
// iii. If same is true, return k.
if (k in O && O[k] === searchElement) {
return k;
}
k++;
}
return -1;
};
}
var array = ["hello","world","csdn"]
1.定义array变量为["hello","world","csdn"],这边其实是通过 new Array()进行实例化;
因此array.__proto__ = Array.prototype
2. Array.prototype.Indexof = function(){} (由于js是弱类型的动态语言,所以这句代码的意思是指给Array.prototype.的对象添加一个方法Indexof )
3.array会拥有__proto__ 的所有方法,所以array既然也就拥有了indexof方法(js中除了Undefined,Null,Boolean,Number和String五类基本类型是值类型,其余都是引用类型)
实例:在讨论一下如何实现js类的继承
functionStudent()
{
this.studentValue="我是学生";
}
Student.prototype.getStudentValue=function()
{
//console.log(this.studentValue);
console.log("我是学生,直接调用");
};
functionHighSchoolStudent()
{
this.highSchoolStudentValue="我是高中生";
}
// HighSchoolStudent.prototype=newStudent();
//HighSchoolStudent.prototype=Object.create(Student.prototype);
//HighSchoolStudent.prototype=createobject(Student.prototype);
//HighSchoolStudent.prototype.constructor=HighSchoolStudent;
inherits(HighSchoolStudent,Student);
HighSchoolStudent.prototype.getHighSchoolStudentValue=function()
{
console.log(this.highSchoolStudentValue);
};
functioninherits(Child,Parent)
{
functionF(){} //相当于temp变量
F.prototype=Parent.prototype;
Child.prototype=new F ();
Child.prototype.constructor=Child;
}
functioncreateobject(proto)
{
functionF(){}
F.prototype=proto;
returnnewF();
}
调用结果:
varhightSchoolStudent=newHighSchoolStudent();
console.log(hightSchoolStudent.studentValue);//undefined
hightSchoolStudent.getStudentValue();//我是学生,直接调用
console.log(hightSchoolStudent.highSchoolStudentValue);//我是高中生
hightSchoolStudent.getHighSchoolStudentValue();//我是高中生