Flask Requests & 人人网Session

于 2016-01-19 22:15:54 发布
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分类专栏： Python
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/u014015972/article/details/50545272
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Flask

  • Flask默认端口号是5000

安装

  • 可以直接在电脑环境下pip install flask
  • 也可以在virtualenv环境下安装来控制版本
  • 推荐第二种

实例应用

路由开启服务器

  • 路由默认是GET方法
  • 这里的请求头经常出bug
    # coding=utf-8
    from flask import Flask, request, url_for  # 这里的request不是Requests中的requests,只安装Flask即可
    app = Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/', methods=['POST'])
    def hello():
        return "<h1>hello world<h1>"  # 可以添加标签来改变样式
    @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
    def index():
        print(request.headers)  # 取到HTTP的请求头,会在控制台输出
        return(str(request.headers))
    @app.route('/index/<user>', methods=['POST'])
    def hello(user):
        print(request.headers)  # 取到HTTP的请求头,会在控制台输出
        return 'hello : %s' % user
    @app.route('/query_user', methods = ['GET', 'POST'])
    def query_user():  # 另一种传参数的方法，localhost:5000/query_user?id=123456 进行查询，可以GET，也可以POST
        id = request.args.get('id')
        return 'query_user:' + id
    @app.route('/query_url')  # 反向路由
    def query_url():
        return 'query url:' + url_for('query_user')
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.debug = True  # 设置debug模式，每次修改保存后自动重启
        app.run()

模板的应用 继承 传递 render_template

  • HTML模板要放到..\templates\中，这里给出了HTML文件的body标签中的内容
    ********# models.py
    class User(object):
        def __init__(self, user_id, user_name):
            self.user_id = user_id
            self.user_name = user_name
    ********# flaskapp.py
    # coding=utf-8
    from flask import Flask, render_template
    from models import User
    app = Flask(__name__)
    @app.route('/')
    def hello_world():
        content = "Hello world"
        return render_template("index.html", content=content)
    ''' # index.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <h1>{{ content }}</h1>
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.route('/user')
    def user_index():
        user = User(1, 'jikexueyuan')
        return render_template("user_index.html", user=user)
    ''' # user_index.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <h1>hello {{ user.user_name }}</h1>
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.route('/query_user/<user_id>')  # 条件语句
    def query_user(user_id):
        user = None
        if int(user_id) == 1:
            user = User(1, 'jikexueyuan')
        return render_template("user_id.html", user=user)
    ''' # user_id.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    {% if user %}
        hello {{ user.user_name }}
    {% else %}
        no this user
    {% endif %}
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.route('/users')
    def user_list():
        users = []
        for i in range(1, 11):
            user = User(i, 'jikexueyuan' + str(i))
            users.append(user)
        return render_template("user_list.html", users=users)
    ''' # user_list.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    {% for user in users %}
    {{ user.user_id }}--{{ user.user_name }}<br>
    {% endfor %}
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.route('/one')  # 这里是继承的应用
    def one_base():
        return render_template("one_base.html")
    ''' # base.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <div>
        <h1>Header 极客学院</h1>
    </div>
    {% block content %}
    {% endblock %}
    <div>
        <h1>Footer jikexueyuan</h1>
    </div>
    </body></html>
    '''
    ''' # one_base.html
    {% extends "base.html" %}
    {% block content %}
        <h2>这是第一页</h2>
    {% endblock %}
    '''
    @app.route('/two')
    def two_base():
        return render_template("two_base.html")
    ''' # two_base.html
    {% extends "base.html" %}
    {% block content %}
        <h2>这是第二页</h2>
    {% endblock %}
    '''
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.debug = True
        app.run()

消息提示于异常处理 flash

    # coding=utf-8
    from flask import Flask, flash, render_template, request, abort
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.secret_key = '123'  # flask加密方式
    @app.route('/login', methods=['POST'])
    def login():
        form = request.form  # 接受前端传过来的表单
        username = form.get('username')
        password = form.get('password')
        if not username:
            flash("please input username")
            return render_template("index.html")
        if not password:
            flash("please input password")
            return render_template("index.html")
        if username == 'jikexueyuan' and password == '123456':
            flash("login success")
            return render_template("index.html")
        else:
            flash("username or password is wrong")
            return render_template("index.html")
    ''' # index.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <h1>Hello Login</h1>
    <form action="/login" method="post">
        <input type="text" name="username"/>
        <input type="password" name="password"/>
        <input type="submit" value="Submit"/>
    </form>
    <h2>{{ get_flashed_messages()[0] }}</h2>
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.errorhandler(404)
    def not_found(e):
        return render_template("404.html")
    ''' # 404.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <h1>你要找的页面去火星了</h1>
    <h2>抱歉！该页面不存在</h2>
    </body></html>
    '''
    @app.route('/users/<user_id>')
    def users(user_id):
        if int(user_id) == 1:
            return render_template("user.html")
        else:
            abort(404)
    ''' # user.html
    <html><head lang="en"></head><body>
    <h1>User</h1>
    </body></html>
    '''
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.debug=True
        app.run()

token

  • Flask端
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import base64
    import random
    import time
    from flask import Flask, request
    app = Flask(__name__)
    users = {
        "magigo": ["123456"]
    }
    def gen_token(uid):
        token = base64.b64encode(':'.join([str(uid), str(random.random()), str(time.time() + 7200)]))
        users[uid].append(token)
        return token
    def verify_token(token):
        _token = base64.b64decode(token)
        if not users.get(_token.split(':')[0])[-1] == token:
            return -1
        if float(_token.split(':')[-1]) >= time.time():
            return 1
        else:
            return 0
    @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
    def index():
        print request.headers
        return 'hello'
    @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
    def login():
        uid, pw = base64.b64decode(request.headers['Authorization'].split(' ')[-1]).split(':')
        if users.get(uid)[0] == pw:
            return gen_token(uid)
        else:
            return 'error'
    @app.route('/test1', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
    def test():
        token = request.args.get('token')
        if verify_token(token) == 1:
            return 'data'
        else:
            return 'error'
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        # app.debug = True
        app.run(debug=True)

利用restful编写

    from flask import Flask
    from flask.ext import restful
    app = Flask(__name__)
    api = restful.Api(app)
    class HelloWorld(restful.Resource):
        def get(self):
            return {"hello": "world"}
    api.add_resource(HelloWorld, '/')
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        app.run()

Requests端

    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    import requests
    r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/login', auth=('magigo', '123456'))
    print r.text
    token ='bWFnaWdvOjAuMjg2ODI4OTE4NzE1OjE0NTMwNDA0MDguNDY='
    r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/test1', params={'token': token})
    print r.text

Requests HTTP for Humans

安装

  • $ pip install requests
  • $ git clone git://github.com/kennethreitz/requests.git
  • $ python setup.py install
  • 或者
  • $ py -2 setup.py install

应用实例

查看requests默认请求头

  • 先去在virtualenv安装requests，这里的请求头经常出bug
    //Flask 在虚拟环境下执行
    @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET'])
    def index():
        print(request.headers)  # 取到HTTP的请求头,会在控制台输出
        return(str(request.headers))
    //test.py 在外部环境下执行
    import requests
    r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/index')
    print(r.text)

控制台中会显示

    Content-Length:
    User-Agent: python-requests/2.9.1  # requests默认请求头
    Connection: keep-alive
    Host: 127.0.0.1:5000
    Accept: */*
    Content-Type:
    Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate

获得真正请求头

  • 去开发者工具中的Network选项卡中找一个Header的User-Agent
  • 再看控制台返回的信息，信息头已经变了
    import requests
    headers = {'User-Agent': "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/45.0.2454.101 Safari/537.36"}
    r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:5000/index', headers=headers)
    print(r.text)

get请求

import requests
r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print r.text
'''
{
  "args": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, compress",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Linux/3.19.0-54-generic"
  },
  "origin": "222.195.191.93",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}
'''
发送带参数的get请求,将key与value放入一个字典中，通过params参数来传递,其作用相当于urllib.urlencode
>>> import requests
>>> pqyload = {'q':'杨彦星'}
>>> r = requests.get('http://www.so.com/s',params = pqyload)
>>> r.url
u'http://www.so.com/s?q=%E6%9D%A8%E5%BD%A6%E6%98%9F'

发送post请求，通过data参数来传递

>>> payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}
>>> r = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)
>>> print r.text
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "",
  "files": {},
  "form": {
    "a": "u6768",
    "b": "hello"
  },
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate",
    "Connection": "close",
    "Content-Length": "19",
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.3.0 CPython/2.6.6 Windows/7",
    "X-Request-Id": "c81cb937-04b8-4a2d-ba32-04b5c0b3ba98"
  },
  "json": null,
  "origin": "124.192.129.84",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
>>>
可以看到，post参数已经传到了form里,data不光可以接受字典类型的数据，还可以接受json等格式
>>> payload = {'a':'杨','b':'hello'}
>>> import json
>>> r = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=json.dumps(payload))
{
  "args": {},
  "data": "{\"a\": \"\\u6768\", \"b\": \"hello\"}",
  "files": {},
  "form": {},
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*",
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate, compress",
    "Content-Length": "29",
    "Host": "httpbin.org",
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.2.1 CPython/2.7.6 Linux/3.19.0-54-generic"
  },
  "json": {
    "a": "\u6768",
    "b": "hello"
  },
  "origin": "222.195.191.93",
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}
发送文件的post类型
  • 这个相当于向网站上传一张图片，文档等操作，这时要使用files参数
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'
>>> files = {'file': open('touxiang.png', 'rb')}
>>> r = requests.post(url, files=files)
定制headers，使用headers参数来传递
>>> import json
>>> url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'
>>> payload = {'some': 'data'}
>>> headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
>>> r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

响应内容

响应状态码
>>> r = requests.get(‘http://httpbin.org/get‘)
>>> print r.status_code
200
响应头
>>> print r.headers
{'content-length': '519', 'server': 'gunicorn/18.0', 'connection': 'keep-alive', 'date': 'Sun, 15 Jun 2014 14:19:52 GMT', 'access-control-allow-origin': '*', 'content-type': 'application/json'}
也可以取到这个个别的响应头用来做一些判断，这里的参数是不区分大小写的
print r.headers['Content-Type']
print r.headers.get('Content-Type')
获取响应中的cookies
>>> r = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
>>> r.cookies['BAIDUID']
'D5810267346AEFB0F25CB0D6D0E043E6:FG=1'
也可以自已定义请求的COOKIES
>>> url = 'http://httpbin.org/cookies'
>>> cookies = {'cookies_are':'working'}
>>> r = requests.get(url,cookies = cookies)
>>>
>>> print r.text
{
  "cookies": {
    "cookies_are": "working"
  }
}
>>>

使用timeout参数设置超时时间

>>> requests.get('http://github.com', timeout=1)
<Response [200]>
  • 如果将时间设置成非常小的数，如requests.get(‘http://github.com’, timeout=0.001)，那么如果在timeout的时间内没有连接，那么将会抛出一个Timeout的异常

访问中使用session

#coding:utf-8
import requests
import re
url = r'http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do'
user = {'email':'email','password':'pass'}
s = requests.Session()
r = s.post(url,data = user)
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
html = r.text
visit = []
first = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip first-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
second = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
third = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-second-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
last = re.compile(r'</span><span class="time-tip last-tip"><span class="tip-content">(.*?)</span>')
visit.extend(first.findall(html))
visit.extend(second.findall(html))
visit.extend(third.findall(html))
visit.extend(last.findall(html))
for i in visit:
    print i
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
print '以下是更多的最近来访'
vm = s.get('http://www.renren.com/myfoot/whoSeenMe')
fm = re.compile(r'"name":"(.*?)"')
visitmore = fm.findall(vm.text)
for i in visitmore:
    print i
  • 会以列表的形式输出最近的访客
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