第1次实验——NPC问题(回溯算法、聚类分析)

1）八皇后及N皇后问题

       八皇后问题，是一个古老而著名的问题，是回溯算法的典型案例。该问题是国际西洋棋棋手马克斯·贝瑟尔于1848年提出：在8X8格的国际象棋上摆放八个皇后，使其不能互相攻击，即任意两个皇后都不能处于同一行、同一列或同一斜线上，问有多少种摆法。 高斯认为有76种方案。1854年在柏林的象棋杂志上不同的作者发表了40种不同的解，后来有人用图论的方法解出92种结果。计算机发明后，有多种方法可以解决此问题。

      请编程实现八皇后问题，并把92种解的前三种解输出到屏幕（8*8的二维矩阵，Q代表皇后，X代表空）。并把此问题的求解过程延伸到N皇后问题。

       程序代码如下所示：

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package 算法 ; public class EightQueen { private int index = 1 ; private final static int SCALE = 8 ; private int [] answer = new int [ SCALE ]; private void initArray () { for ( int i = 0 ; i < answer . length ; i ++) { answer [ i ] = - 1 ; } } private boolean canStay ( int row , int col ) { for ( int i = 0 ; i < row ; i ++) { if ( answer [ i ] == col || Math . abs ( row - i ) == Math . abs ( col - answer [ i ])) { return false ; } } return true ; } private void calculate () { for ( int row = 0 ; row < SCALE ; row ++) { if ( answer [ row ] == - 1 ) { answer [ row ] = 0 ; } for ( int col = answer [ row ]; col <= SCALE ; col ++) { if ( col == SCALE ) { answer [ row ] = - 1 ; row --; if ( row < 0 ) { return ; } col = answer [ row ]; continue ; } if ( canStay ( row , col )) { answer [ row ] = col ; if ( row == SCALE - 1 ) { showMsg (); continue ; } break ; } } } } private void showMsg () { if ( index < 4 ) { System . out . println ( " - 第" + index + "种方案 -" ); for ( int i = 0 ; i < answer . length ; i ++) { for ( int j = 0 ; j < SCALE ; j ++) { if ( answer [ i ] == j ) { System . out . print ( "Q " ); } else { System . out . print ( "X " ); } } System . out . println ( "" ); } System . out . println ( "\n" ); index ++; } } public EightQueen () { initArray (); calculate (); } public static void main ( String [] args ) { System . out . println ( "列举" + SCALE + "皇后问题的前 3 种方案!" ); System . out . println (); EightQueen eightQueen = new EightQueen (); } }

 来自CODE的代码片

EightQueen.java

           程序运行结果如下所示：

2）

为了实现因材施教的目标，现教务处计划对学生进行摸底并分类，假如使用K均值聚类算法，并且认为学生大概可以分为四类，分别为“积极主动型”、“学霸型”、“游戏人生型”、“迷茫无目标型”。现在你是该项目的负责人，（1）请设计一个较为完整的项目实施方案；（2）你是否认可对学生进行分类？（3）按照你给定的实施方案与需要测量的要素（如天学习时间），请尝试按照自身情况对其进行回答，以及对自身的评价与定位和努力目标。

分析思路：因为我们是采用k均值聚类算法，下面就是该算法的步骤，那么我们就应该根据步骤来开展和实施。

（1）K-means聚类算法的一般步骤：

1. 初始化。输入基因表达矩阵作为对象集X，输入指定聚类类数N，并在X中随机选取N个对象作为初始聚类中心。设定迭代中止条件，比如最大循环次数或者聚类中心收敛误差容限。
2. 进行迭代。根据相似度准则将数据对象分配到最接近的聚类中心，从而形成一类。初始化隶属度矩阵。
3. 更新聚类中心。然后以每一类的平均向量作为新的聚类中心，重新分配数据对象。
4. 反复执行第二步和第三步直至满足中止条件。

（2）我认可对学生进行分类。

（3)我认为我属于“积极主动型”，努力目标是向“学霸”看齐。