1.简单爬虫的时间流程图
2.URL管理器
3.网页下载器
使用python内置的urllib2进行下载,此外还有requests这个更加优秀的下载器
示例代码:
# coding:utf8
import urllib2
import cookielib
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
print '第一种方法'
response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response1.getcode()
print len(response1.read())
print '第二种方法'
request = urllib2.Request(url)
request.add_header("user-agent", "Mozilla/5.0")
response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response2.getcode()
print len(response2.read())
print '第三种方法'
cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response3.getcode()
print cj #打印出cookie
print response3.read()
4.网页解析器
正则表达式
html.parser
Beautiful Soup
lxml
完整示例代码:
以爬取百度百科相关词条1000个为例
1.spider_main.py: 入口函数
# encoding=utf8
from baike_spider import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser,\
html_outputer
class SpiderMain(object):
def __init__(self):
self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutPuter()
def craw(self, root_url):
count = 1
self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
while self.urls.has_new_url(): #如果有未下载的url
try:
new_url = self.urls.get_new_url() #取一个未下载的url
print 'craw %d : %s'%(count,new_url)
html_cont = self.downloader.download(new_url) #由下载器下载对应的url
new_urls,new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url,html_cont) #由解析器解析得到urls和data
self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls) #将新的urls加入url管理器
self.outputer.collect_data(new_data) #将新的数据收集
if count == 1000:
break
count = count + 1
except:
print 'craw failed'
self.outputer.output_html() #输出生成一个html文件
if __name__ == "__main__":
# root_url = "http://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm"
root_url = "http://baike.baidu.com/view/9936357.htm"
obj_spider = SpiderMain()
obj_spider.craw(root_url)
2.url_manager.py url管理器
# encoding=utf8
class UrlManager(object):
def __init__(self):
self.new_urls = set()
self.old_urls = set()
def has_new_url(self):
return len(self.new_urls) != 0
def get_new_url(self):
new_url = self.new_urls.pop()
self.old_urls.add(new_url)
return new_url
def add_new_urls(self, urls):
if urls is None or len(urls) == 0:
return
for url in urls :
self.add_new_url(url)
def add_new_url(self, url):
if url is None:
return
if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls:
self.new_urls.add(url)
3.html_downloader.py 网页下载器
import urllib2
class HtmlDownloader(object):
def download(self, url):
if url is None:
return None
response = urllib2.urlopen(url)
if response.getcode() == 200:
return response.read()
return None
4.html_parser.py 网页解析器
# encoding=utf8
import re
import urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
class HtmlParser(object):
def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup):
new_urls = set()
# /view/23242.html
links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r'/view/\d+\.htm'))
for link in links :
new_url = link['href']
new_full_url = urlparse.urljoin(page_url, new_url)
new_urls.add(new_full_url)
return new_urls
def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup):
res_data = {}
res_data['url'] = page_url
# <dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"><h1>Python</h1></dd>
title_node = soup.find('dd', class_="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title").find("h1")
res_data['title'] = title_node.get_text()
summary_node = soup.find('div', class_="lemma-summary")
res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()
return res_data
def parse(self, page_url, html_cont):
if page_url is None or html_cont is None :
return
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_cont, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8')
new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup)
new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup)
return new_urls, new_data
5.html_outputer.py 网页输出器
# encoding=utf8
class HtmlOutPuter(object):
def __init__(self):
self.datas = []
def collect_data(self, data):
if data is None:
return
self.datas.append(data)
def output_html(self):
fout = open('output.html', 'w')
fout.write("<html>")
fout.write("<body>")
fout.write("<table>")
for data in self.datas:
fout.write("<tr>")
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['url'])
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['title'].encode('utf-8'))
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['summary'].encode('utf-8'))
fout.write("</tr>")
fout.write("</table>")
fout.write("</body>")
fout.write("</html>")
fout.close()