linux线程同步---条件变量

条件变量是利用线程间共享的全局变量进行同步的一种机制，主要包括两个动作：一个线程等待”条件变量的条件成立”而挂起；另一个线程使”条件成立”（给出条件成立信号）。为了防止竞争，条件变量的使用总是和一个互斥锁结合在一起。
linux定义一系列函数来操作条件变量，如下：

初始化和反初始化函数：

#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_condattr_t *restrict attr); //初始化条件变量
int pthread_cond_destroy(pthread_cond_t *cond); //销毁条件变量

返回值：若成功，返回0；若出错，返回错误编号
参数：

• cond：指向结构pthread_cond_t的指针
• attr：为NULL时, 会创建一个默认属性的条件变量

初始化条件变量有两种方式，一种是静态，另一种是动态
静态态初始化：pthread_cond_t cond = PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIER;
动态初始化：int pthread_cond_init(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_condattr_t *cond_attr);

等待函数：

#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restric mutex);
int pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *restrict cond, pthread_mutex_t *restrict mutex, const struct timespec *restrict timeout);

返回值：若成功，返回0；若出错，返回错误编号
pthread_cond_wait是阻塞等待
pthread_cond_timedwait是阻塞超时等待.

通知函数：

#include <pthread.h>
int pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *cond);
int pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);

返回值：若成功，返回0；若出错，返回错误编号
这两个函数相当于发送信号通知等待的条件满足了。pthread_cond_signal用于解除单个线程的阻塞，相当于单播。pthread_cond_broadcast用于解除所有线程的阻塞，相当于多播。

示例程序：

/* cond_mutex.c*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

#include <semaphore.h>

pthread_mutex_t mutex;  
pthread_cond_t cond; 
static int count = 0 ;
#define FILENAME "cond_mutex_save"
/*线程一*/
void thread1(void * arg)
{
    char write_buf[] = "1";
    int fd = *(int *)arg;
    printf("this is pthread1,fd = %d\n",fd);
    int i = 0;
    while(1)
    {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);  
        pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);  
        for(i = 0;i<5;i++)
        {
            if (write(fd,write_buf,sizeof(write_buf)))
            {
                perror("write");
            }
            count++;
        }
        printf("This is a pthread1....and count = %d\n",count);
        /*信号量加一，V 操作*/
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
    }
}
/*线程二*/
void thread2(void * arg)
{
    char write_buf[] = "2";
    int fd = *(int *)arg;
    printf("this is pthread2 and fd = %d\n",fd);
    int i = 0;
    while(1)
    {
        pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);  
        pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex); 
        for(i = 0;i<5;i++)
        {
            if (write(fd,write_buf,sizeof(write_buf)))
            {
                perror("write");
            }       
            count++;
        }

        printf("This is a pthread2.... count = %d\n",count);    
        pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex); 
    }
}

int main(void)
{
    int fd = open(FILENAME,O_RDWR | O_CREAT,0777);
    if(fd < 0)
    {
        perror("open");
    }
    printf("open success!\n");
    int i,ret;

    pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);  
    pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL); 

    pthread_t id1,id2;

    /*创建线程一*/
    ret=pthread_create(&id1,NULL,(void *) thread1,&fd);
    if(ret!=0){
    perror("Create pthread error!\n");
    }
    /*创建线程二*/
    ret=pthread_create(&id2,NULL,(void *) thread2,&fd);
    if(ret!=0){
    perror ("Create pthread error!\n");
    }
    while(1)
    {  
        sleep(1);
        pthread_cond_signal(&cond);  
    }

    /*等待线程结束*/
    pthread_join(id1,NULL);
    pthread_join(id2,NULL);
    return 0;
}

实验结果：

ubuntu:~/test/pthread_test$ gcc cond_mutex.c -o cond_mutex -lpthread
ubuntu:~/test/pthread_test$ ./cond_mutex
open success!
this is pthread1,fd = 3
this is pthread2 and fd = 3
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
This is a pthread1....and count = 5
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
This is a pthread2.... count = 10
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
This is a pthread1....and count = 15
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
This is a pthread2.... count = 20
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success
write: Success

从上面的例子程序中，可以看到，我们在main函数中创建线程一和线程二。然后调用函数pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL)、pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL) 初始化互斥锁mutex 和条件变量cond。 接着每隔1秒调用函数pthread_cond_signal(&cond) 给线程发送条件变量cond满足的信号。在线程一和线程二，每次向文件 cond_mutex_save 写入数据之前，都会调用pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex) 函数判断条件变量是否满足。如果不满足条件，则继续等待。而且在访问文件之前调用pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex) 函数给资源加上互斥锁，让线程一和线程二访问文件的时候互斥。