前一篇SVM之问题形式化中将最大间隔分类器形式化为以下优化问题:
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容易发现这是一个凸优化问题,而凸优化问题问题一般而言是满足Slater条件的(具体证明我也不懂),所以可以等价地求解其对偶问题。转而求解其对偶问题,是因为它的对偶问题有很好的形式(向量内积形式),可以为SVM很方便的引人核函数。关于对偶问题的基本概念在写在SVM之前——凸优化与对偶问题一文中已做粗略介绍。现在,写出以上优化问题的对偶形式。
首先,将(1)化为标准形式
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![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
构建拉格朗日函数:
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/004C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
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令
θD(α)=minw,bL(w,b,α),则(2)的对偶问题可以写成
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/006D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0061.png?rev=2.6.1)
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首先求出
θD(α)。
θD(α)是函数
L(w,b,α)关于变量
(w,b) 的最小值,且容易发现
L(w,b,α)是关于
(w,b)的凸函数,所以可以直接求偏导数并令其为0得到解。
L(w,b,α) 关于
w 求偏导:
∂L(w,b,α)∂w=∂[12∥w∥2+∑iαi(1−yi(wTxi+b))]∂w=∂[12wTw+∑iαi(1−yi(wTxi+b))]∂w=w−∑iαiyixi
令其为0,得到
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0077.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0035.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
L(w,b,α) 关于
b 求偏导:
∂L(w,b,α)∂b=∂[12∥w∥2+∑iαi(1−yi(wTxi+b))]∂b=−∑iαiyi
令其为0,得到
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0030.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0036.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
现在,将(5) 代回(3),得到
θD(α)=12∥w∥2+∑iαi(1−yi(wTxi+b))=12wTw+∑iαi(1−yi(wTxi+b))=12∑i,jαiαjyiyj(xi)Txj+∑iαi−∑i,jαiαjyiyj(xi)Txj−b∑iαiyi=∑iαi−12∑i,jαiαjyiyj(xi)Txj−b∑iαiyi
再根据(6),得到
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B8.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0044.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/2212.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0031.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0032.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/002C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0054.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/2212.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0031.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0032.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size2/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/002C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/002C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003E.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0037.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0038.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
这便求出了
θD(α),而对偶问题是
maxαθD(α)。加上约束条件,对偶问题就可以写成
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23A7.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23A9.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23A8.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/23AA.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/006D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0061.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size1/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/2212.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/0031.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/0032.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size1/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/002C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/002C.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/006A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003E.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0073.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/002E.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0074.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/002E.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size4/Regular/400/007B.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/2265.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0030.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Size1/Regular/400/2211.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/03B1.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0030.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0028.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0039.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0029.png?rev=2.6.1)
其中约束
αi≥0是拉格朗日对偶问题本身的要求,约束
∑iαiyi=0代表
∂L(w,b,α)∂b=0的结果。
现在,对偶问题就得到了。对偶问题求解的结果是得到
α 的取值。当
α得到解后,就可以根据
w=∑iαiyixi解出
w 。
w确定了分类超平面的方向,
b 使得超平面有一个平移,根据最大间隔分类器的准则,最优超平面是穿过两类样本“最中间”的一个平面,所以
b并不难确定
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0062.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/2212.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/006D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0061.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/003A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/200/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/003D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/2212.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/0031.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0077.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0054.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/400/0078.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/002B.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/006D.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/400/006E.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Main/Regular/283/003A.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/283/0079.png?rev=2.6.1)
![](http://mathjax.cnblogs.com/2_6_1/fonts/HTML-CSS/TeX/png/Math/Italic/200/0069.png?rev=2.6.1)
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(w,b) 确定后,分类器就确定了,就是超平面
wTx+b=0 ,对于新的输入样本
x ,如果
wTx+b>0则判别它样本类别为1,否则判别它样本类别为-1。
现在不求解
w ,而是将
w=∑iαiyixi 带入判别式
wTx+b 中,得
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上式将判别式写成了向量内积的形式,看似需要计算输入
x与所有训练样本的内积,但实际上还可以简化。
回顾写在SVM之前——凸优化与对偶问题一文提到的KKT条件
αigi(x)=0 ,只有
gi(x)=0时
αi 才可能不为0。对应到现在的分类器:
x→(w,b),gi(x)→gi(w,b)=1−yi(wTxi+b) (注意这里的
x 是优化问题形式化中的优化变量,不要与上文中的新输入样本
x 混淆)。所以只有当
1−yi(wTxi+b)=0时,对于的
αi 才可能不为0,那么(11)的计算实际上只需计算了部分训练样本与新输入样本的内积,这部分
1−yi(wTxi+b)=0的训练样本称为支持向量,这也是SVM——支持向量机名字的来源。
考虑支持向量满足
1−yi(wTxi+b)=0,所以
yi(wTxi+b)=1,而
yi(wTxi+b)正是样本函数间隔的定义,也就是说,支持向量就是函数间隔为1的样本,它们也是所有样本中函数间隔最小的样本。
上图标出来最优分类超平面(红色)和对于的函数间隔为1的样本(两条黑线上的样本),对左侧黑线上的支持向量有
wTxl+b=−1 ,对于右侧黑线上的支持向量有
wTxr+b=1,根据KKT条件,这两个样本可以根据
αl>0 和
αr>0找到,两个式子联立起来得到
b=−wTxl+wTxr2 ,与(10)的是一致的。其实从这里就可以看出,只需要一个样本就可以确定
b了,根据
wTxr+b=1,就可以解出
b,
b=−wTxl+wTxr2和(10)比较直观的说明分类超平面穿过两类样本正中间而已。
现在,分类器的内容似乎已经完整了,但不要忘了,这都是在样本可分的情况下进行的,还没有考虑样本不可分的情况。
核函数在一定程度上解决了样本不可分问题,观察优化问题(9)和判别函数(11),其中都存在向量的内积形式,核函数正是在这上面做文章的。下一篇SVM之核函数将讨论这个问题。