How to express string semantic (1)?

 String processing is very important in programming! How to express string semantic ?
There are many methods with doing it!   Some are listed  below!
(1) char array and pointer.
This  is always used in c. The advantage  is high time efficiency,beause it manipulate  memory address directly! However it  produce errors very easily and isn't very convenient! Some tips may be helpful!
#const string definition: 

  const   char   * str = " hello "  or 
  const   char  str[] = " hello "

#string definition:

   char str[LEN]; //LEN is compling-time const!
   char *str=new char[ILEN]  //LEN is valid value!
   but don't forget delete []str;
#functions which relate to string, definined in string.h/stdio.h etc
 such as:
  strcmp,strlen,strcpy/strncpy etc! please refer to 
  http://www.cppreference.com/stdstring/index.html
  some function is worth learning! Attention please!
  sprintf() is useful! 

#include  < stdio.h >
   int  sprintf(  char   * buffer,  const   char   * format,  );
   char  string[ 50 ]; 
   sprintf( string,  " Hello %s " ,world );

     The following code uses sprintf() to convert an integer into a string of characters: 

char  result[ 100 ];
    int  num  =   24 ;
   sprintf( result,  " %d " , num );              

   This code is similar, except that it converts a floating-point number into an array of characters: 

char  result[ 100 ];
    int  num  =   24 ;
   sprintf( result,  " %d " , num );              

snprintf() is like sprintf but with length argument!
(continuing...)