HashMap底层原理

首先简单说说HashMap和HashTable的区别：

• 最主要的区别在于Hashtable是线程安全，而HashMap则非线程安全，在多线程环境下若使用HashMap需要使用Collections.synchronizedMap()方法来获取一个线程安全的集合；
• HashMap可以使用null作为key，而Hashtable则不允许null作为key；
• HashMap的初始容量为16，Hashtable初始容量为11；
• HashMap是对Map接口的实现，HashTable实现了Map接口和Dictionary抽象类；
• 两者计算hash的方法不同，Hashtable计算hash是直接使用key的hashcode对table数组的长度直接进行取模，HashMap计算hash对key的hashcode进行了二次hash，以获得更好的散列值，然后对table数组长度取摸；

• HashMap和Hashtable的底层实现都是数组+链表结构实现。

  接下来简要分析HashMap和HashTable的底层实现原理：

  
  

HashMap的put方法

首先看接口的put方法定义

    /**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map
     * (optional operation).  If the map previously contained a mapping for
     * the key, the old value is replaced by the specified value.  (A map
     * <tt>m</tt> is said to contain a mapping for a key <tt>k</tt> if and only
     * if {@link #containsKey(Object) m.containsKey(k)} would return
     * <tt>true</tt>.)
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>,
     *         if the implementation supports <tt>null</tt> values.)
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>put</tt> operation
     *         is not supported by this map
     * @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified key or value
     *         prevents it from being stored in this map
     * @throws NullPointerException if the specified key or value is null
     *         and this map does not permit null keys or values
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the specified key
     *         or value prevents it from being stored in this map
     */
    V put(K key, V value);

HashMap会对null值key进行特殊处理，总是放到table[0]位置
put过程是先计算hash然后通过hash与table.length取摸计算index值，然后将key放到table[index]位置，当table[index]已存在其它元素时，会在table[index]位置形成一个链表，将新添加的元素放在table[index]，原来的元素通过Entry的next进行链接，这样以链表形式解决hash冲突问题，当元素数量达到临界值(capactiy*factor)时，则进行扩容，是table数组长度变为table.length*2

再看HashMapput()方法的源码

    /**
     * Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
     * If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old
     * value is replaced.
     *
     * @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
     * @param value value to be associated with the specified key
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
     */
    public V put(K key, V value) {
        if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
            inflateTable(threshold);
        }
        if (key == null)
            return putForNullKey(value);
        int hash = hash(key);
        int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
        for (Entry<K,V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
            Object k;
            if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
                V oldValue = e.value;
                e.value = value;
                e.recordAccess(this);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }

        modCount++;
        addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
        return null;
    }

再看HashMap的get()方法
get方法
同样当key为null时会进行特殊处理，在table[0]的链表上查找key为null的元素
get的过程是先计算hash然后通过hash与table.length取摸计算index值，然后遍历table[index]上的链表，直到找到key，然后返回

    /**
     * Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped,
     * or {@code null} if this map contains no mapping for the key.
     *
     * <p>More formally, if this map contains a mapping from a key
     * {@code k} to a value {@code v} such that {@code (key==null ? k==null :
     * key.equals(k))}, then this method returns {@code v}; otherwise
     * it returns {@code null}.  (There can be at most one such mapping.)
     *
     * <p>A return value of {@code null} does not <i>necessarily</i>
     * indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also
     * possible that the map explicitly maps the key to {@code null}.
     * The {@link #containsKey containsKey} operation may be used to
     * distinguish these two cases.
     *
     * @see #put(Object, Object)
     */
    public V get(Object key) {
        if (key == null)
            return getForNullKey();
        Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);

        return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();
    }

最后看remove()方法
remove方法和put get类似，计算hash，计算index，然后遍历查找，将找到的元素从table[index]链表移除

    /**
     * Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
     *
     * @param  key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
     * @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or
     *         <tt>null</tt> if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>.
     *         (A <tt>null</tt> return can also indicate that the map
     *         previously associated <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
     */
    public V remove(Object key) {
        Entry<K,V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
        return (e == null ? null : e.value);
    }