tpo44 reading2

The precursor of the modern camera, the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure into which light is admitted through a lens in a small hole. The image of the illuminated area outside the enclosure is thrown upside down as if by magic onto a surface in the darkened enclosure. This technique was known as long ago as the fifth century B.C., in China. Aristotle also experimented with it in the fourth century B.C., and Leonardo da Vinci described it in his notebooks in 1490.

Evidence that the use of the camera obscura has long been known is provided by its description in many sources, including works dating back to Chinese writers from the fifth century B.C.

 

In 1558 Giovanni Battista Della Porta wrote in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning "natural magic") instructions（写方法） for adding a convex lens（加 convex lens） to improve the quality of the image(目的) thrown against a canvas or panel in the darkened area（位置） where its outlines could be traced.（结果）

1558年乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔德拉门在他二十卷本著作Magia naturalis(意为“自然的魔力”)中，用凹透镜提高投射到盒子内部画布或面板地图像质量，可以看到图像地轮廓。

Later, portable camera obscuras were developed, with interior mirrors and drawing tables on which the artist could trace the image.

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