gre阅读passage175-246

passage175

Madagascar’s Mahafale cattle raisers have incorporated the prickly pear cactus into their pastoral economy, which depends on assisting their cattle through the dry season, when grass and water are scarce. Rather than relying on nomadism in the pursuit of water and pasture for their livestock, they have turned to cactus to keep stock alive. This has influenced the cattle raisers’ way of life, particularly in terms of diet and mobility. Women harvest cactus for their families to eat. Male herders work cactus as a vegetable crop for cattle. For these benefits, pastoralists sow, prune, and shape prickly pear into living fences around their corrals. In doing so, these herders have become cactus cultivators, which has reduced their mobility.

The Mahafale have abandoned their pastoralist way of life.这个程度有问题

The mobility of the Mahafale has been diminished这个减少是对的

简单写序号有助于理解结构，时间上讲还可以

 

passage176

Catherine Stimpson calls for a reassessment of literary merit based on affective standards—on how literary works make readers feel—rather than on the aesthetic standards traditionally used to define the canon, the body of literary works generally accepted as “great”. Stimpson advocates an alterative para canon for literary works, such as Louisa May Alcott’s Little Women, because she believes such works have been unjustifiably neglected by unsympathetic scholars. According to Stimpson, a para canonical work may or may not have literary value by traditional standards; rather, its worth consists in its “capacity to inspire love.”Elizabeth Barnes criticizes Stimpson’s approach as subjective（这个不是和客观对应，而是uncritical 的意思） and therefore uncritical 【showing lack or improper use of critical standards or procedures】“Although Stimpson never actually defines（注意这个转折实际就是说，Stimpson这个人定义这个了） ‘love,’ she implies that a lovable work is one that so engages the reader that its worldview becomes inseparable from the reader’s own” (Stimpson acknowledges that the values reflected in Little Women may have subconsciously influenced her invention of the para canon). For Barnes ,the conflation of ethics and aesthetics implicit in Stimpson’s approach (in which “good ”can refer to something morally sound and/or above average in quality) demonstrates the ambiguity （这是一个特点）inherent in such concepts as goodness and love.

 

passage177

Encroachment

这个词是有没有限制的侵占

损害

 

passage178

For most of the twentieth century, scholars generally accepted the proposition that nations are enduring entities that predated the rise of modern nation-states and that provided the social and cultural foundations of the state. This perspective has certainly been applied to Korea; most historians have assumed that the Korean nation has existed since the dawn of historical time. In recent years, however, Western scholars have questioned the idea of the nation as an enduring entity. Both Gellner and Anderson have argued, in their studies of European, Latin American, and Southeast Asian cases, that the nation is strictly a modern phenomenon, a forging of a common sense of identity among previously disparate social groups through the propagandizing efforts of activities of the modern state. In short, it was the state that created the nation, not the other way around.（这个是文章的争论点）

he extent to which the creation of the nation fostered significantly greater social and cultural unity并不是主要说的social and cultural

Younger Koreanists, with Em prominent among them, have begun to apply this approach to Korea. These scholars, noting the isolated nature of village life in premodern Korea and the sharp difference in regional dialects, suggest that ordinary villagers could not possibly have thought of themselves as fellow countrymen of villagers in other regions. These scholars also not the elites, conversely, often had outward-looking, universalistic orientations, as did aristocracies elsewhere, such as in premodern Europe. Finally, they observe that the very word for “nation” in Korean, minjok, is a neologism first employed by Japanese scholars as translation of the Western concept and that it was first appropriated by Korean activists in the early twentieth century. They argue, therefore, that a Korean “nation” came into being only after that time.

Regarding the observation discussed in the highlighted sentence, the author would probably agree with which of the following statements这个是作者观点

It shows the inappropriateness of trying to apply Western concepts to the Korean experience.注意作者的观点是两个都是有问题的

In short, in the case of Korea we have an argument between “primordialists”, who contend that nations are natural and universal units of history, and “modernists”, who assert that nations are historically contingent products of modernity.（这一句的主干部分是讲的argument, 因此不是表达某一方观点的句子） The positions of both groups seem problematic.（注意这一部分说明了是在评价这两个观点） It seems unlikely that in the seventh century the peoples of the warring states of Koguryo, Peakche, and Shilla all thought of themselves as members of a larger “Korean” collectivity. On the other hand, the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula had a much longer history —well over one thousand years—as a unified political collectivity than did the peoples studied by Gellner and Anderson. Not only does the remarkable endurance of the Korean state imply some sort of social and cultural basis for that unity, but the nature of the premodern Korean state as a centralized bureaucratic polity also suggests the possibility that the organizational activities of the state may have created a homogenous collectivity with a sense of shared identity much earlier than happened in the countries of western Europe that provide the model for “modernist” scholarship.

 

passage179

The pepper Capsicum chinense grows as a native wild plant only in South America.（表明是引进的）  Birds swallow the pepper’s fruit whole, thereby providing the plant with its means of distributing seeds. （有可能是鸟的原因）Domesticated varieties of C.chinense grow in the Caribbean islands as well as in South America. （人也有可能）Although it is unknown just when C.chinense was introduced into the islands, the introduction of the species was probably the result of human activity, because _____.所以这一个空就是要排除掉鸟的原因

 

passage180

Data of modern and historic peasant communities suggest that individuals and communities specialize in ceramic production for trade primarily to offset subsistence shortfalls arising from inadequate or insufficient agricultural land. Harry investigated whether this correlation of ceramic specialization （要注意到这个上下文的关联）with agricultural marginality（close to the lower limit of qualification, acceptability, or function : barely exceeding the minimum requirements） occurred among prehistoric inhabitants of the American Southwest. At Arizona’s West Branch site, occupied A. D. 900-1100, abundant pottery manufacturing materials suggest villagewide ceramic production in excess of that needed for household purposes.

Nonconformity 不守rule

Peculiarity peculiar

阅读就标一标号，这样能够顺便理一下逻辑，速度能提升，正确率目前持平

 

passage181

Although Klezmer—a style of traditional Jewish folk music from Eastern Europe—grew from very diverse musical traditions（这里的意思就是有很多，只不过有几个明显）, Roma(Gypsy), Greek, and Romanian elements eventually became so predominant（这里或许隐含的还有其他的影响，只不过不是这样明显） that some scholars refused to recognized klezmer as a separate genre.

首先，像这个题作者与some scholars的共同之处

回读的机会的确小

就是这一部分作用很大

下面的部分，主要还是产生了干扰选项，可以理解为这两个小分句，分别是author 与some scholars 的观点

the degree of resemblance between klezmer and the Roma, Greek, and Romanian traditions is enough to preclude klezmer’s being a separate musical genre

再说一点，选不出来的时候，直接凭着已经读出来的信息排掉错误明显的选项，之后mark一下，直接瞎选就是上策

such musical devices （some scholars根本没有提这一点，所以直接错）as the krekhts are found throughout Jewish musical expression

 

passage182

Large amount of dust in the atmosphere would tend to keep heat from the Sun that reached the Earth’s surface from escaping into outer space.

这里相当于重新解释了作用，从前提上削弱

 

passage184

The area of literary rights is confusing for scholars whose work focuses on collaborative materials particularly materials of earlier Native American writers. Questions arise over authorship and the determination of literary heirs. For example, recognition of heirs turns on the European-based assumption of the private ownership of a written statement. The first person to writer down an oral tale can become legally recognized as the owner of that version of the story, just as the first chemist to patent a tribal healing practice becomes the owner of the resulting chemical formula. This instance on private rather than collective ownership, （注意后面这一部分信息的作用是，来解释起源，同时不是主句的内容，并不是主要信息）derived from the nineteenth-century notion of the autonomous, creative, authorial voice, flies in the face of those who come from an oral tradition. Thus a scholar concerned with finding literary heirs in order to afford them the benefits of copyright laws must in so doing accede to legal concept of ownership that has been used to appropriate knowledge from community-based cultures.(其实总体而言还是再说这一种归属关系，19世纪引用的作用是说这个早就有了这种操作)

 

passage185

In Stanton the average number of people injured per automobile （这里的点在于每车多）accident is consistently higher for accidents involving a taxicab than for those not involving a taxicab. （下面这一部分是来设计干扰选项的，但是，实际的强词是在上面的就是per）Although all Stanton taxicabs are equipped with passenger seat belts, taxicab drivers report that passengers tend not to use them. It is likely, therefore, that if taxicab passengers were required to use seat belts, the number of people injured per accident would soon be no higher for taxicabs than for other automobiles.

逻辑单题，应当首先知道，需要一个什么方向的答案，然后就是关注一下纠结的点是什么

换句话说，还是找一个逻辑相同或者相反的表述

而争论点，就相当于填空中的强词

而另一个方面就是逻辑关系

The number of people, including the driver, who occupy a vehicle is generally greater for taxicabs than for other vehicles.这里说每车人多，就是对的

Not all passengers in automobiles other than taxicabs use seat belts.

这个选项应该是证明，别的车应该也有一样的死亡率

注意argument 是说belt导致的，

要weaken 可以找他因，或者说belt 不起作用

但是不管怎样，对应点还应该是per

 

passage186

Growing grapes in greenhouses containing air enriched with carbon dioxide increases crop yields, an effect that is enhanced when the growing temperature is also raised several degrees.(就是说，在CO2浓度高的地方，产量高，温度也有帮助) Although enclosed cultivation is impractical in vineyards, increases in yields from grape cultivation in the open can be expected because emissions from the burning of fossil fuels will almost certainly lead to an increase in the carbon dioxide content of atmospheric air over the next century.（就是说含量高了）

这个argument 是说在open 是可以增量的

这个题关键要看懂第二句的对比，削弱了什么，支持了什么

When grapes are grown in greenhouses, it is relatively easy to control the grape pests that thrive in air enriched with carbon dioxide.他因

Recent improvements in pest control have increased grape yields in many vineyards.

Increasing carbon dioxide levels in greenhouses has not been shown to improve the quality of grapes grown in greenhouses.

Increasing carbon dioxide levels in greenhouses increases the sweetness of raisins made from grapes grown in the greenhouses

As the carbon dioxide level in the open air increases, temperatures at the Earth's surface will also increase

2. Which of the following would be most useful to determine the possibility that the grapes yields increase with the raise of the temperature?

A. Whether increasing carbon dioxide levels in greenhouses improves the eating quality of the grapes grown in the greenhouses

B. Whether in the future the market for grapes will be greater than it is now

C. Whether temperatures today often get so high in regions where grapes are grown that the grapes suffer serious damage这里是说会不会有不好的影响

D. Whether the use of greenhouses for growing grapes serves research purposes only（research没提）

E. Whether the economic benefits that might be derived from a major increase in world grape production would outweigh any economic harm resulting from negative health effects associated with increased worldwide carbon dioxide levels

注意这种题目的错误选项是合理但不相关的，注意首先先把这个排掉

讨论可行性，所以就要提及是不是有副作用但是和这个因素出现相关的副作用，注意最后一个就没有提到the raise of the temperature这件事

总之，在选不出来的时候不要慌，先把凑数的选项删掉

直接看相不相关就行

 

passage187

One way to assess This is the American Earth, a collection of photographs selected and arranged by Nancy Newhall, is to apply Newshall's own criteria for judging photographic art. Does this photographic essay achieve results impossible in other media? By contrasting the small with the vast—for example, placing a photo of a rock pool next to one of a spiral galaxy—Newhall exploits the camera's ability to manipulate the size of an object, thereby challenging viewers to question their conventional concepts of size.（It successfully destroys an overemphasis on humans' concept of size）(It leaves viewers with a particularly strong visual impression.这个不准确) However, a similar result could be achieved in the medium of painting.

Does A B的感觉

Bear to have as a feature or characteristic

Does the work bear its creator's imprint, and does it draw viewers' interest even after repeated viewings, Newhall's second and third criteria? Indeed, Newhall's work bears her unmistakable imprint in the juxtaposition of the photos and in the rhythmic prose accompanying them, but the individual viewer must decide whether Newhall's work evokes, as it did for this reviewer指代, new experiences upon subsequent viewings.

（produces results that can only be achieved in the medium of photography）（challenges viewers to question their preconceptions这个太泛泛了，不具体）（是用camera的这种方式）

A. It takes advantage of on of the camera's unique abilities.

B. It leaves viewers with a particularly strong visual impression（这种感觉是没有提到的）只是简单的说展示了camera 的能力

C. It contains elements identifying it as a particular person's work.

D. It consistently evokes an emotional response from viewers.

E. It successfully destroys an overemphasis on humans' concept of size.

A. provides viewers with an experience what will encourage subsequent viewings

B. challenges viewers to question their preconceptions

注意第一点强调的重点不是question

C. evokes similar experiences for different viewers in different circumstances

D. achieve results that have not been realized by earlier works of photographic art

E. produces results that can only be achieved in the medium of photography

 

passage188

Spiders of many species change color to resemble the color of the flowers they sit on. Many animals that prey on such spiders possess color discrimination so acute that they, unlike human beings, can readily see the spiders despite the seeming camouflage. It is unlikely, therefore, that the spiders' color changes confer significant survival benefit on these spiders.

Whether the spiders' color-changes allow them to remain undetected by prey

尽管原文中这样说了但是，还是选了这个

逻辑单题的正确选项是要对应好强词的

 

passage190

The United States Civil Rights movement, which began in the 1950s and gained momentum in the 1960s and 1970s, owed a heavy debt to African American newspapers. This is not to suggest that the African American press caused the Civil Rights era. But its continual push from 1910 to 1950 or more African American rights, using a compelling form of advocacy journalism rather than the standard objective newspaper style, allowed those who in the 1950s began pushing nationally for equality to start at a far higher level than if the African American press had not existed. This point has largely been missed by many Americans, who seen to believe the Civil Rights era erupted from a standstill like a dormant geyser. But that is not how history occurs.

building momentum for efforts that were already in progress这个时间错了，还是看一下原文吧

providing a platform for leaders to be heard by a wide audience

connecting the movement's leaders with local communities

exposing bias in supposedly objective newspaper accounts

laying the groundwork for a later national effort 就是有作用呀

 

passage191

Except in special situations, human beings' battle with mosquitoes will not be won by a simple campaign to eliminate the insects. （这个是claim）(后面是一个例子)Social tradition and habits, it seems, do much to ensure continual contact between mosquitoes and people. On the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, for example, mosquitoes breed in the leaf axils of a plant called dracaena. Although dracaena is not a food plant for humans, its use as a hedge or boundary marker is is deeply rooted in tradition. Here, as in other parts of the world, human behavior ensures contact and conflict between people and mosquitoes.

I am not advocating a policy of live and let live; we already know that living with mosquitoes is very unpleasant. But until we accomplish the difficult task of understanding how our habits often perpetuate--even create--our problems, efforts to resolve our battle with mosquitoes will probably fail.（这个是结论）

An argument is advanced, then it is refuted, and an alternative is suggested.

注意作者并没有提及敌方观点，只是说了自己的观点，然后举了一个例子

A hypothesis is presented, weighed, and qualified, and then the modified hypothesis is reaffirmed. 没有  hypothesis

Opposing views are presented, evaluated and then reconciled.

A problem is identified, a solution is proposed, and potential difficulties with the solution are raised

这种题型要把文中每一部分文字的作用划分出来

其实是这样的，机经的话一方面能够遇上一些题，另一方面，通过训练能够举一反三

arguing that social traditions can perpetuate people's problems with mosquitoes这个题就是说这个问题为啥难以解决

suggesting how the breeding habits （不是这个带来的问题）of mosquitoes create problems for people

discussing shortsighted proposals to eliminate problems with mosquitoes文中的意思是无法eliminate

outlining ways in which people can alleviate the problems caused by mosquitoes

discussing various ways in which people come into contact with mosquitoes

B. At birth, there was no difference in size between offspring of mothers that had been given BPA and offspring of mothers in the control group.

 

passage198

Only since the late 1960s have literary scholars attempted to establish an accurate and systematic literary history of women novelists. Many previous histories suffered from “Great Traditionalism,” an approach that, by limiting itself to a group of women writers termed “great,” ignored the diversity among women novelists. These histories excluded the minor novelists, who are the links in the chain that binds literary generations together, and who allow us to see the continuities in women’s writing. Given the distortions produced by this concentration on “great” writers, as well as the obviously problematic tendency of many literary scholars to apply stereotypes of femininity, it was not surprising that some literary scholars in the early 1960s evaded the important issue of women’s sexual identity entirely(这一点很明确), focusing instead on the form and style of women’s writing. Such an approach, while insightful and very valuable（respect）, did not consider the crucial connections between women’s writing and changes in their legal and economic status.(critical)

注意前文说的是histories 而之后才说了many literary scholars

address issues of form and style more frequently when discussing “great” women novelists than when discussing minor women novelists 这个是history

interested but puzzled to be uncertain as to action or choice 要有这种感觉

 

passage200

Given that larvae are reared in a controlled environment by specialized nest workers, it seems more likely that this size variation has an adaptive function and that the colonies benefit from rearing workers of a range of sizes.

 

passage201

Pueblo Bonito, the most impressive of the “great houses” at the prehistoric Chaco Canyon site in New Mexico, comprised over 600 rooms and 4 to 5 stories. Traditional interpretations have viewed the great houses as almost entirely residential, with some archaeologists estimating the population of Pueblo Bonito at 1,200. But Windes recently challenged this view by pointing out the paucity of hearths recorded during the excavation of Pueblo Bonito, which revealed only 3 upper-story hearths, in contrast to 59 ground-floor hearths: habituation rooms would have required hearths for cooking and heat. It is possible, however, that the collapse of upper-story floors disturbed evidence of upper-story hearths to such an extent that they were not revealed by early excavations such as those conducted by Pepper’s field crews in the 1890s and Judd’s in the 1920s. Additionally, reliance on room features for early population estimates is complicated by the Chacoan’s later remodeling, especially given Judd’s disinclination to destroy later structures and features to expose earlier ones. The failure of early excavations to strip off intact floors may have concealed evidence of hearths in upper-story rooms.

要读视角读层次

就中间提了一下不同的观点

Upper-story rooms with hearths were probably used for different purposes than were lower story rooms with hearths.这个和主题关系不是特别密

 

passage202

Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China’s Yangtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years. Before this evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Yangtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported).（下面和上面是一个层次） Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. （这里提了两点）They argue that the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.

最后一段是对范围在进行了讨论

Yet （这个整个和上文转折）while（两句递进） most strands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Yangtze drainage, two northern outlier populations（注意这里可能指的是rice, 而不是人）（这个是依据） were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Yangtze, evidence that the Yangtze wetlands may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice’s wild ancestor.（一定要理解最后一段在强调什么）

1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the conclusion that the author makes based on the 1984 survey?

A. Areas south（不应该说这个对象） of the Yangtze basin currently have less wild-rice habitat than they once did.

B. Surveys since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Yangtze as well as along the middle and lower Yangtze. （这个选项没有削弱）

C. The populations of wild rice along the Yangtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relatively recently.（提出他因）

D. Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.（提的对象不匹配）

E. In East Asia, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-day geographic range is.（没有削弱）

2. Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivation began in the Yangtze River region pointed to which of the following for support?

A. lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Yangtze at an early date （没有否认这一点）

B. lack of evidence regarding the initial stages of rice cultivation in the Yangtze region

C. recent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice's wild ancestor（注意发现的是什么，这一帮人又是什么观点）

D. new information regarding the dates of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia（信息不对）

E. new theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture in East Asia（这些选项都换了内容）

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “southern-origin theory?”

A. The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture.

B. The theory fails to take into account the apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the north is missing.（他们利用这一点）

C. The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice's geographic range.

D. Reassessment of the dates of some archaeological evidence has undermined support for the theory. （这个对应发现，对应最后一段）

E. Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Yangtze region provides support for the theory.（这个不是推断，他们就是这样认为的）

 

passage 204

The conventional story of the American colonists’ revolt against Britain holds that the founders of the United States established a form of government that, although flawed by its leaders’ failure to recognize the rights of women and African Americans, was nevertheless unsurpassed in its promise of human equality. There is, however, a cynical counterstory, which details the founders’ lust for property and their crass manipulation of the colonial population, and characterizes leaders（注意这一部分是一个细节的例子，因此不应该重点来概括） like Thomas Jefferson as having wielded promises of equality merely as deceptive tools, discarded once the Revolution was won, and as having deliberately allowed the United States to be governed by a small, powerful elite. Both of these stories assume that a homogeneous revolutionary leadership employed an equally homogeneous egalitarian discourse to justify its actions. Even a cursory examination of the public discourse from the period, however, makes it clear that the leadership was anything but homogeneous in its discourse, and that overall the relative emphasis placed on the words “liberty” and “property” was far greater than that placed on “equality”.

一定要看懂两个观点对立的核心点在哪

2. According to the passage, which of the following best summarizes the primary difference between two accounts of the American Revolution?

像这种概括类的注意不要选很小的细节

A. The first account acknowledges the failure of the revolutionary leaders to recognize the rights of women and African Americans, while the second does not address the issue of equal rights.

B. The first account claims that the government succeeded in its goal of providing equal rights for all of the colonists, while the second reports that the new nation was governed by a small, powerful elite.

C. The first account employs traditional historical scholarship and sources, while the second reports that new nation was governed by a small, powerful elite.

D. The first account suggests that the revolutionary leaders sincerely promised equality, while the second reports that the leaders’ false promises of equality were a deceptive means of gaining colonists’ support.

E. The first account does not address the issue of public discourse, while the second describes how public discourse shaped the outcome of the Revolutionary War.

 

passage 206

African American painter Malvin Gray Johnson (1896-1934) grew up in urban environments, including New York City, but in 1934 visited and painted scenes from the small town of Brightwood, Virginia.（第一句背景）Some critics have celebrate the Brightwood paintings, which depict a vibrant natural landscape and close-knit Black community, as Johnson’s discovery of an “authentic” African American life in the rural South. This view, which reflects a common tendency to regard African American artists’ imagery as unmediated documentation of direct experience, overlooks Johnson’s interpretive thinking. In truth, Johnson’s conceptualization of the South was largely formed before he left New York, where he had studied the French expressionist Paul Cézanne. Johnson’s Brightwood paintings reflect Cézanne’s stylistic influence and tendency to present rural life as an idyllic alternative to modern industrialism.

call attention to an aspect of Johnson’s technique that has been largely overlooked这种范围有问题

contest to make the subject of dispute, contention, or litigation;especially : dispute, challenge

contest a particular interpretation of Johnson’s Brightwood paintings 这里就对应this view那一部分

主要就是讲了一种解释，以及存在的问题

 

passage 210

Having a larger assortment to choose from increases consumers’ expectations about matching their preferences. The heightened expectations seem logical, since assortments containing more or more varied items should increase the degree to which preferences can be matched. In practice, however, as assortment size increases, the degree to which consumers realize better preference matches often rises relatively little. Larger assortments may not actually offer more variety, the market may simply not supply an envisioned offering, or in the absence of sophisticated search tools, consumers may miss a better preference match even if it is available. Therefore, larger assortments can increase the likelihood that expectations will not be met, leaving consumers less satisfied with options chosen from larger rather than smaller assortments.

consumers’ anticipation of meeting specific expectations directly affects their satisfaction with a selected option 这一点是前面提到的

注意这个题的assumption是之前提到的，是提高了这种match 的期望 而不是adjust the preferences they had beforehand

换句话说，错误的选项，会有一些小点有问题，这个是需要注意的，这个就是adjust

 

passage 212

The recently announced discovery of the first known planet orbiting a pulsar (the ultradense, pulsating remnant off the supernova explosion of a star) turned out to be based on faulty data. Had this discovery been confirmed, theorists would have had difficulty accounting for the existence of such a planet. The supernova would certainly have destroyed any preexisting planets. This particular pulsar is relatively young, allowing little time for a new planet to have coalesced, and it rotates relatively slowly, implying that it has not interacted with any nearby star since the supernova.

But newer evidence of a different pulsar with planets is more promising. This is a rapidly spurring “millisecond pulsar” thought to be a much older object that has pulled gaseous material from a stellar neighbor, causing its rotational speed to increase. Leftover, unconsumed gas around such a pulsar could, in theory, coalesce into planets. Or the pulsar’s radiation might have vaporized a companion star, providing new material for planetary formation.

注意干扰选项的设置

E. The state of knowledge of an unexplainable phenomenon is outlined and an approach to further investigation is recommend

半真半假

1. Two sets of research findings relating to similar phenomenon are mentioned, and the theoretical implication of each are discussed.

3. Which of the following can be inferred regarding the pulsar discussed in the first paragraph?

注意这个推断题

If it had interacted with a nearby star since the supernova explosion, it would rotate faster than it does.

 

passage 214

Marine ecosystems certainly have less permanence than terrestrial ecosystems. Ashore, ecologists are not confronted with shifting ecological discontinuities, or with changes in the characteristic conditions of individual ecosystems, because, unless man intervenes, the tree line on a mountain or the passage between grassland and savannah remains approximately static over a human lifetime. It is only on the millennial scale that such boundaries migrate significantly, or that characteristic regional ecosystems disappear. Urban sprawl, deforestation, overgrazing, and intensive agriculture are accomplishing in a few decades what nature cannily do in centuries, but that sad fact does not alter the argument. Although the human population explosion can produce pressures that rapidly shift ecological boundaries and modify ecosystems ashore, it is paradoxically more difficult directly to modify the average locations of the ephemeral and shifting ecological boundaries of the sea. We can accomplish this only indirectly by atmospheric modification, resulting in a changed global climate and a shifted ocean circulation.

Indeed, if we are agreed that the regional characteristics of marine ecosystems are consequent on the characteristics of the physical environment, then we must assume that ecological conditions are as impermanent as the physical conditions themselves. And these, it is now well understood, are in continual flux and state of change at all scales of variability.

注意这篇文章主要讲的海洋

第二段就没有提陆地

另外

Susceptible 是易受影响的意思

B. explain how human intervention has affected marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
注意这个会更多的去说结果，而不应该去对比，以及讲原因

They are more closely tied to surrounding physical conditions than are analogous boundaries on land

注意这个属于第二个部分的内容

 

passage 215

W.E.B. Du Bois’ exhibit of African American history and culture at the 1900 Paris Exposition Universelle attracted the attention of a world of sociological scholarship whose value his work challenged. Du Bois believed that Spencerian sociologists failed in their attempts to gain greater understanding of human deeds because their work examined not deeds but theories（这一点对应第一个题） and because they gathered data not to affect social progress（这个对应第二个题） but merely to theorize. In his exhibit, Du Bois sought to present cultural artifacts that would shift the focus of sociology from the construction of vast generalizations to the observation of particular, living individual elements of society and the working contributions（这个，是要突出的部分） of individual people to a vast functioning social structure

1. The passage implies that Du Bois attributed(to regard as a characteristic of a person or thing)(这个意思要理解到位) which of the following beliefs to Spencerian sociologists?

如果能够理解到这个程度，就能知道 就是选提到了什么

3. It can be inferred from the passage that Du Bois believed which of the following statements about the artifacts he included in his exhibit?

注意这个人的artifacts 要反映出其没有的特点，而这就是他的诉说中提到的

They were chosen to encourage Spencerian sociologists to form useful generalizations这明显就是其已有的问题，不选

 

passage 217

Wildcats are improbable candidates for domestication. Like all felids [cats], wildcats are obligate carnivores, meaning they have a limited metabolic ability to digest anything except proteins. Wildcats live a solitary existence and defend exclusive territories, making them more attached to places than to people. Furthermore, cats do not perform directed tasks and their actual utility is debatable; even as mousers, in this latter role, terrier dogs and ferrets are preferable. （注意这些动物对应前文这一点，是例子的作用）Accordingly, there is little reason to believe an early agricultural community would have sought out and selected the wildcat as a house pet. Rather, the best inference is that wildcats exploiting human environments were simply tolerated by people and, over time and space, they gradually diverged from their “wild” relatives.

1. The author would most likely agree that in early agricultural communities cats would have been

这个题是考例子的作用

more tolerant than ferrets of contact with humans这个选项在提到的那一部分，并没有这个词tolerant

 

passage 218

Underscore是强调的意思

分论点的作用，看总的

 

passage 220

Ecologists had assumed that trees in the consistently warm tropics grew at a slow but steady rate, unvarying from year to year. However, a study at La Selva, Costa Rica, showed that trees grew less in hotter years and more in cooler ones: between 1984 and 2000, dramatic differences occurred in the six species of trees studies, with trees adding twice as much wood in some cooler years as they did in the scorching El Nino year of 1997-1998. Because tree growth is an index of the balance between photosynthesis, in which trees absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and release oxygen, and respiration, in which the opposite occurs, the La Selva data were the first hint that rapidly rising global temperatures, driven by human-generated emissions of CO2, may be pushing tropical forests to release more CO2, thereby intensifying global warming. （注意这里没有调和与下面这个theory的关系）（这一句可以看出在温度高的时候长得慢，同时释放跟多CO2）This raised serious questions about a popular theory that tropical forests act as a sponge, soaking up much of the excess CO2 that humans pump into the atmosphere. The La Selva data are consistent with a model of global CO2 flux developed by Keeling, who concluded that the amount of CO2 taken up in tropical landmasses rose in cooler years and fell in hotter ones, accounting for year-to-year changes in the amount of CO2 that stays in the atmosphere.

reconcile two competing theories that explain a phenomenon
调和不对

point out the implications of a particular study for two related theories

这里就是用两个theories更好的说一下现象

grow less and intensify photosynthesis这个选项半真半假

in which the opposite occurs文章在这里变得更为浓缩

 

passage 221

In the 2,000-year period immediately before European contact, many native groups of the Northern Plains of North America specialized in big-game hunting, subsisting primarily on bison. Bison routinely became fat-depleted in the spring, reducing their nutritional value, yet these groups did not supplement their diets with the nutritious, fat-rich fish（注意这里是说谁不吃） that were abundantly available. Malainey et al. find a possible explanation in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth century accounts from three frontiersmen who had adapted to lean-meat diets during extended periods in the plains. Each had an opportunity to consume fish after extended meat dependence and upon eating it, became weak and ill. Malainey notes that prolonged lean meat dependence renders the body incapable of digesting lipids (fats), perhaps explaining native hunters’ fish avoidance.

 

passage 221

Migratory songbirds breeding in Eurasia’s temperate forests depend on a summer flush of insects, particularly caterpillars, to feed themselves and their offspring. In some places, these caterpillars are emerging earlier in responses to rising global temperatures. In theory, the songbirds could simply push up their departure from their winter quarters to catch the earlier flush of insect prey. If, however, the birds rely on a fixed cue such as increasing day length to begin flying north, they may be unable to adjust the timing of their migration. Precisely this disruption in the emergence of insects relative to the timing of songbird migration has been identified as the cause of a significant decline in populations of pied flycatchers in the Netherlands.

 

2. According to the passage, populations of insects preyed upon by pied flycatchers.

A. are finding less food as temperatures rise in the Eurasian forests that they inhabit

B. are endangered because of global warming

C. have recently experienced changes in the timing of their life cycles relative to the calendar

D. have recently begun inhabiting cooler climates largely unfrequented by pied flycatchers.

E. have increased significantly because of lack of predation.

这里注意E选项 的结果是原文中没有提到的
C 选项是一个同义替换

Widespread climate change challenges traditional notions that preserving specific chunks of land is an adequate way to protect endangered species.

注意走逻辑线

 

passage 228

A recent exhibition of works by late-nineteenth-century painters Mary Cassatt, Berthe Morisot, and Eva Gonzales offered a rich visual counterpart to studies focusing new attention on the social and ideological forces that influenced their work. The paintings by Gonzales were particularly illuminating. Long marginalized by scholars as little more than an apprentice of Edouard Manet, Gonzales is revealed by the exhibition as possessing remarkable, if uneven, talents. Given the exhibition’s focus, and especially the provocative new emphasis on Gonzales, the accompanying catalog proved disappointing. There often-quoted essays by critics contemporary to the artists— essays in themselves noteworthy but historical artifacts nonetheless—provided the exhibition with its only critical readings. Thus, a significant opportunity for scholarly debate was not only lost but even seemed pointedly avoided.

注意对这个人的评价是好的

但是exhibit不好

所以只能是补充，而不能是全然的代替

E. The industries whose production dropped sharply during the 1970's included a

disproportionately large number of energy-intensive industries.

他因

E. The shallow end of the lake had been dry for less than 30 years by the time Jeffrey pines started growing in the lake bed.

一定要清楚原文的纠结点在哪里，是时间

这个选项的意思，如果shallow的多于30年+120年 反面的就成立了

所以要少于30年
B. No tree remains of any kind are present at the bottom of deeper parts of Lake Tomwa. 像这种选项就是凑的

逻辑单题，就注意一定纠结点在哪

 

passage 231

When on an airplane, Consuelo never enjoys movies that have been widely recommended because the poor quality of the picture spoils her enjoyment. Since in no circumstances （就是没有例外）does she ever enjoy movies that have been widely derided, it follows that she never enjoys movies on airplanes.

If a movie shown on an airplane is not widely derided, then it is invariable widely recommended.这里就是两种情况

阅读注意 功能 逻辑 句意

 

passage 235

When rats are placed under conditions of stress, their adrenal glands immediately increase production of the hormone corticosterone, and soon thereafter the rats’ white blood cell count drops substantially. Yet rats without functioning adrenal glands experience little decrease in white blood cell count when placed under conditions of stress. It is likely, therefore, that an increase in corticosterone produced by a rat’s adrenal glands causes the rat’s white blood cell count to decrease.

For this paragraph, the author only mentions one increase and one drop.

passage 238

Because different mammalian species favor different environments, identifying and counting bones from prehistoric deposits in caves can reveal much about climatic change. However, using large mammals’ bones can be problematic.(the sentences below serve to prove this sentence) Some species, such as red deer, are very adaptable—at home on both open may have traveled considerable distances(paraphrase: The ability of some species to thrive in multiple types of environment) before being discarded: both carnivores and humans can have large hunting territories and bring home large animals quite unlike those near their den or campsite. Consequently, the bones of the small mammals found with cave sediments provide a better index of climate change they are generally more numerous, the species are more sensitive to environmental conditions, and few travel far within their short lives.

 

For the first time, you need not and should not read the details like examples or explanations, what you do should care is the overall structure and the function of each sentence.

 

passage 240

In the late 1990s, the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft detected magnetized patches of terrain near the north pole of Mars and also in the Terra Sirenum region, which is in the planet’s southern hemisphere.

Global magnetic is only a hypnosis

These magnetic features may be relics of a global magnetic field in the vicinity of several huge, ancient craters in the Terra Sirenum region, astronomers believe these craters were formed some 3.8 billion years ago from the impact of chunks of debris pelting the inner solar system, where Mars orbits the Sun.

Chunks of debris->craters’ forming process-> Global magnetic field vanished

Global magnetic field vanished -> before crates formed

If a global magnetic field once existed on Mars, it must have vanished before these craters formed. Such large impacts beat rock to temperatures well above 600 degrees Celsius---high enough to erase any magnetic field that metallic particle within the rock strong at the time the craters formed, it would have realigned and remagnetized the articles as they cooled.

The Surveyor findings thus suggest the magnetic field vanished early in the planet’s 4.5 billion year existence