gre阅读passage131-174

passage131 3:11

2. The passage implies which of the following about the explanation mentioned in the

highlighted text (This phenomenon… of metabolism)?

这个是问的文章的观点，因此是综合一下文章的立场，而不仅仅是一部分

The explanation predicts that the effect of calorie restriction on longevity will be the greatest （这一点，后文否定了）for the species with the highest rate of metabolism.

There are empirical findings（这一点就是后文的实证） that conflict with a presumption of the explanation.

passage132 5:11 

passage133 5:32 

Some historians question the widely held belief that continually improving education led to gradual African American empowerment in the southern United States from the late nineteenth century through the mid-twentieth century.

注意这一个态度

passage134 3:05

passage135 4:37

（第一句讲了比较的对象）The revival of mural painting that has occurred in San Francisco since the 1970s, especially among the Chicano population of the city’s Mission District, has marked differences from its social realist forerunner in Mexico and the United States some 40 years earlier. （第1次比较）Rather than being government sponsored and limited to murals on government buildings, the contemporary mural movement sprang from the people themselves, with murals appearing on community buildings and throughout college campuses. （第2次比较）Perhaps the biggest difference, however, is the process. In earlier twentieth-century Mexico, murals resulted from the vision of individual artists. But today’s murals are characteristically the products of artists working with local residents on design and creation.

The first is concerned with the artistic aims and ambitions behind the San Francisco murals（这个选项并没有提到另一个）

passage136 3:57

Although Elizabeth Stuart Phelps’ novel Doctor Zay (1882) dominates critical discussion of Phelps’ interest in woman doctors, preceding it were many little-known writings by Phelps. These writings underscored the achievements of already established women doctors, the imperative of medically educating and training women in the face of pernicious resistance, and the medical woman’s symbolic value as an agent of healing in post-Civil War America. An exploration of this largely overlooked(注意这个是形容词，谓语在后面) early prose demonstrates that Phelps played an instrumental role in legitimizing the American medical woman during a crucial earlier period when the number of women doctors in the United States increased substantially, but the woman doctor remained perhaps the most controversial new presence on the nation’s occupational landscape.（注意这一些都是来说period）

passage137 2:54

A bird’s plumage, while contributing to structural integrity and participating in aerial locomotion, completely obscures a bird’s internal activity from human view, greatly impeding our attempts to understand birds as functioning animals. 

passage138 3:29

passage139 6:38

Analyzing levels of proportional representation of American Indians in state and local government jobs is important for several reasons. First, the basic idea underlying the theory of representative bureaucracy is that the demographic composition of bureaucracy should mirror the demographic composition of the general public. This is because in addition to its symbolic value, increased access to managerial position may lead to greater responsiveness on the part of policy makers to the policy interests of traditionally disadvantaged groups such as American Indians. Second, the focus on higher level jobs in bureaucracies (as opposed to non-managerial positions) is especially important because managerial positions represent a major source of economic progress for members of traditionally disadvantaged groups, as these jobs confer good salaries, benefits, status, security, and mobility. Third, it is important to know if there has been growth in the American Indian share of more desirable public sector positions over the last two decades. For instance, Peterson and Duncan argue that the population and power of American Indians have been growing in certain states. Peterson and Duncan also suggest that this growth may reflect the possibility that American Indian population are becoming more active in nontraditional areas of politics, assimilating into mainstream culture, and securing with greater frequency leadership positions in non-tribal government.

注意这几层含义

1.policy

2.economic

3.frequency

This access has meaning apart from any policy benefits(注意这个是名词) it confer on those groups.

This access is largely the result of policy decisions made response to interest of those

groups.其实是讲一种重要性

passage140 3:09

Furthermore, many microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to manipulate （这个词的意思是通过artful的手段来获取自己的advantage）the physiology and behavior of their symbiotic animals.

•being used and manipulated by the knowing men around him

Oversee 更强调看的感觉

passage141 5:35

That clouds represented the weakest element in climate models was illustrated by a study of fourteen such models. Comparing climate forecasts for a world with double the current amount of carbon dioxide, researchers found that the models agreed quite well if clouds were not included. But when clouds were incorporated, a wide range of forecasts was produced. With such discrepancies plaguing the models, scientists could not easily predict how quickly the world’s climate would change, nor could they tell which regions would face dustier droughts or deadlier monsoons.

这里是想表达加入了云，结果不同——》这个推出如果云的系统一致会结论一致

目前是云不统一，因此要解决云的问题

如果考试过程中有拿不准的就mark一下，然后直接过，因为这时很有可能定位不准，而回读有极浪费时间

passage142 5:54

Many theorists now doubt that heat loss from Earth’s core and radioactive decay are sufficient by themselves to produce all the energy driving the tectonic plates whose movements have helped shaped Earth’s surface. This leaves a loose end in current geological theory. Herbert Shaw argues that because scientists have underestimated the input of substantial amounts of energy from extraterrestrial impactors (asteroids and comets striking Earth), they have difficulty accounting for the difference between the quantity of energy produced from sources intrinsic to Earth and that involved in plate tectonics. Whereas most geologists have treated the addition of energy through the bombardment of Earth’s surface by such impactors as a process separate and independent from the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates, Shaw asserts that these processes are indivisible. Shaw’s revolutionary “open-system” view recognizes a continuum between terrestrial and extraterrestrial dynamics, whereas modern plate tectonic theory, like the classical geology developed during the nineteenth century, is founded on the view that Earth’s geological features have changed through gradual, regular processes intrinsic to Earth, without reference to unique catastrophic events. Classical geology borrowed a decisive, if unspoken, premise from Newton—the independence of Earth’s processes from any astronomical context.

discuss an explanation and place that explanation under theoretical context（这里就是说shaw的所提的地方most geologists怎么看）

identify differences between two views of the extraterrestrial impactors and argue that the phenomenon has influenced the development of plate tectonic theory

注意如果作者没有表明自己的立场这样直接写argue是不合适的，作者只是客观陈述

passage143 3:51

passage144 3:48

 passage145 3:05

 passage146 3:41

It was also the period in which biography, through its sheer ubiquity （重点）, became an object of major ideological significance within British culture.

 passage147 5:23

consider explanations for a finding regarding long-tailed skinks

describe the relationship between clutch size and homing success in long-tailed skinks这个只是一个方面

 passage148 9:52 

As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter（这个是本身的局限性）, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families’ emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D. H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation（如果说Gaskell从没有十分好的传达出full participation的感觉，而这种感觉） that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Bartons, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.

The chapter “Old Aice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Leigh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters—about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields, about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see, about job Leigh, intent on his impaled insects—capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers

这里主要讲了两个事

made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge

这一点是必要的

extortionate food prices这一点没有在这一部分提及

managed to transcend her position as an outsider 这里就是来假设没有之前的现实情况

a city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building这里还是要体现出与城市的关系

a city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building

an entomologist who collected butterflies as a child这样表述不好 这个就少了一个方面

 passage149 9:53

Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing, consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits.

注意逻辑是个人的减少了，但人多了

Although a town’s citizens reduce their individual use of water, the town’s water supplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total population of the town.

Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of imported goods within the country continues to increase

这个选项是没有体现个人和总体的关系的

（没有更严格的尝试）Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.

Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels.

事实上寻求的是新方案

 passage150

Despite winning several prestigious literary awards of the day, when it first appeared, Alice Walker’s The Color Purple generated critical unease over puzzling aspects of its compositions. （最初有问题）

In what, as one reviewer put it, was “clearly intended to be a realistic novel,” many reviewers perceived violations of the conventions of the realistic novel form, pointing out variously that late in the book, the narrator protagonist Celie and her friends are propelled toward a happy ending with more velocity than credibility, that the letters from Nettie to her sister Celie intrude into the middle of the main action with little motivation or warrant, and that the device of Celie’s letters to God is especially unrealistic in as much as it forgoes the concretizing details that traditionally have given the epistolary novel (that is, a novel composed of letters) its peculiar verisimilitude: the ruses to enable mailing letters, the cache, and especially the letters received in return.

（这里指出的这些就是，就是指的是perceived的violation）

也就是说，结构就是首先说有问题，之后又具体讲了

Indeed, the violations of realistic convention are so flagrant that they might well call into question whether The Color of Purple is indeed intended to be a realistic novel, especially since there are indications that at least some of those aspects of the novel regarded by viewers as puzzling may constitutes its links to modes of writing other than Anglo-European nineteenth-century realism. For example, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., has recently located the letters to God within an African American tradition deriving from slave narrative, a tradition in which the act of writing is linked to a powerful deity who “speaks” through scripture and bestows literacy as an act of grace. For Gates, the concern with finding a voice, which he sees as the defining feature of African American literature, links Celie’s letters with certain narrative aspects of Zora Neale Hurston’s 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, the acknowledged predecessor of The Color Purple.

Gates’s paradigm suggests how misleading it may be to assume that mainstream realist criteria are appropriate for evaluating The Color Purple. But in his preoccupation with voice as a primary element unifying both the speaking subject and the text as a whole Gates does not elucidate many of the more conventional structural features of Walker’s novel. For instance, while the letters from Nettie clearly illustrate Nettie’s acquisition of her own voice, Gates’s focus on “voice” sheds little light on the place（在这些地方） that these letters occupy in the narrative or on why the plot takes this sudden jump into geographically and culturally removed surroundings. What is needed is an evaluative paradigm that, rather than obscuring such startling structural features (which may actually be explicitly intended to undermine traditional Anglo-European novelistic conventions), confronts them, thus illuminating the deliberately provocative ways in which The Color Purple departs from the traditional models to which it has been compared. 还是要讲清楚这个不同

1. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the letters from Nettie to Celie?

A. They mark an unintended shift to geographically and culturally removed surroundings

B. They may represent a conscious attempt to undermine certain novelistic conventions（这里就是realistic novel）

C. They are more closely connected to the main action of the novel than is at first apparent(无中生有的比较)

尤其要注意一个例子出现的位置，关注其作用

D. They owe more to the tradition of the slave narrative than do Celie’s letters to God

E. They illustrate the traditional concretizing details of the epistolary novel form

看文章就看每一部分有什么作用

3. According to the passage, an evaluative paradigm that confronts the startling structural features of The Color Purple would accomplish which of the following?

A. It would adequately explain why many reviewers of this novel have discerned its connections to the realistic novel tradition（这个并不是说为什么这些人这么想）

B. It would show the ways in which this novel differs from its reputed Anglo-European nineteenth-century models

C. It would explicate the overarching role of voice in this novel（否认这一点，才提的这个）

D. It would address the ways in which this novel echoes the central themes of Hurston’s Their Eyes Are Watching God（前面的细节）

E. It would reveals ways in which these structural features serve to parody novelistic conventions（反的）

4. The author of the passage suggests that Gates is most like the reviewers mentioned in the first paragraph in which of the following ways?

A. He points out discrepancies between The Color Purple and other traditional epistolary novels对象不对

B. He sees the concern with finding a voice as central to both The Color Purple and Their Eyes Are Watching God

C. He assumes that The Color Purple is intended to be a novel primarily in the tradition of Anglo-American nineteenth-century realism

D. He does not address many of the unsettling structural features of The Color Purple

E. He recognizes the departure of The Color Purple from traditional Anglo-European realistic novel conventions

在选择之前首先，Gates这个人他是不赞同传统的realistic

就是说要看好有几波人，然后各自观点

 

 passage151 8:58

“Blues is for singing,” writes folk musicologist Paul Oliver, and “is not a form of folk song that stands up particularly well when written down.”

其实这一篇文章就是来处理写下来的blue的问题

 passage152 9:53

Revolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records（的可用性） that they produce.

Quite different is the outcome of successful insurrections like those of July 1830 and February 1848.这一句说明了7月也是成功的

As a consequence, it may prove difficult or impossible to establish for a successful revolution a comprehensive and trustworthy picture of those who participated, or to answer even the most basic questions one might pose concerning the social origins of the insurgents.

这篇文章关心的一个重要的方面是who participated

access to narratives and memoirs written by eyewitnesses of a given revolution

文中曾经提到过这个不可靠

 passage153 8:39

有些题拿不准，但是有可能一开始就排除了正确选项，还是不要太纠结，先往下做

3. Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph of the passage?

A. It provides specific applications of the critical approach introduced in the preceding Paragraph 其实是论证更全面一些

B. It present a caveat about the critical approach discussed in the preceding paragraph

这个就是说也不能，就这样肯定，有些是没有这一层意思的

C. It presents the research on which a theory presented in the preceding paragraph is based

D. It refutes a theory presented in the preceding paragraph and advocates a return to a more traditional approach

E. It provides further information about the unusual phenomenon described in the preceding paragraph

The major difficulty, however, with the findings of critics such as de Jongh is that it is not easy to assess the multiplicity of levels in which Dutch viewers interpreted these pictures. De Jongh’s followers typically regard the pictures as purely symbolic. Not every object within Dutch paintings need be interpreted in terms of the gloss given to its equivalent representation in the emblem books. Not every foot warmer is to be interpreted in terms of the foot warmer in Rowmer Visscher’s Sinnepoppen of 1614, not every bridle is an emblem of restraint (though many were indeed just that)

They are not useful in interpreting seventeenth-century Dutch landscape painting.

这个有点绝对了

They contain material that challenges the assumptions of the nineteenth-century critics about seventeenth-century Dutch painting（还是这一句话）

 

 passage154 11:23

Late-eighteenth-century English cultural authorities seemingly concurred that women readers should favor history, seen as edifying, than fiction, which was regarded as frivolous and reductive. Readers of Marry Ann Hanway’s novel Andrew Stewart, or the Northern Wanderer, learning that its heroine delights in David Hume’s and Edward Gibbon’s histories, could conclude that she was more virtuous and intelligent than her sister, who disdains such reading. Likewise, while the naïve, novel-addicted protagonist of Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, Catherine Morland, finds history a chore, the sophisticated, sensible character Eleanor Tilney enjoys it more than she does the Gothic fiction Catherine prefers.

一开始提出了一个观点，之后又提到了一个问题，就是论点

Yet in both cases, the praise of history is more double-edged than it might actually appear. Many readers have detected a protofeminist critique of history in Catherine’s protest that she dislikes reading books filled with men “and hardly any women at all.” Hanway, meanwhile, brings a controversial political edge to her heroine’s reading, listing the era’s two most famous religious skeptics among her preferred authors. While Hume’s history was generally seen as being less objectionable than his philosophy, there were widespread doubts about his moral soundness even as a historian by the time that Hanway was writing, and Gibbon’s perceived tendency to celebrate classical paganism sparked controversy from the first appearance of his history of Rome.

 

 passage158

Sportfishers introduced the Zander, a type of perch, to Britain’s rivers and canals in the 1970s. Because zander eat large numbers of smaller fish, they have had a devastating effect on native fish populations. To protect the native fish, a government program removed a significant proportion of the zander from Britain’s waterways last year. Surprisingly, this year the loss of native fish to zander has been greater than before.

注意这里基于的假设是zander的数量应该是少了，而这个选项要表达的是实际上数量多了

就是说要和这个措施联系起来

Most of the zander removed were fully grown, and fully grown zander eat large numbers of smaller zander. 这里看好对象

The climate in Britain is very similar to the climate in regions to which zander are native.

而比如这个选项，并不能说明政府措施的。。

 

 passage159

There are many structural and thematic similarities between Piers Plowman by Langland (1330-1400) and House of Fame by Chaucer (1342-1400), two Middle English poems relating dream visions. Some critics have argued that because a number of the shared elements are uncommon in Middle English poetry, and because Langland’s poem probably predates Chaucer’s by a few years, Chaucer was most likely influenced by Piers Plowman when writing House of Fame.

Many of the themes and structures of Piers Plowman are also found in Latin, Italian, French works with which Chaucer could well have been familiar.

注意这个选项的意思是Chaucer这个人是有可能熟悉这个结构的

There is no evidence that Chaucer and Langland ever met or that they corresponded with each other about literary topics.

注意这个选项，没有证据不代表没有

重点在借鉴上

 

 passage160

The Great Sphinx is a huge statue in Egypt that has a lion’s body with a man’s head. The face of the Sphinx has long been claimed to be that of pharaoh Khafre, who lived around 2600 B.C., but it cannot be: erosion patterns recently discovered on the lion’s legs can only have been caused by heavy rains, and the Sahara has not had heavy rains in over 10,000 years.

这里argument 就是就是说这个face不是pharaoh Khafre

现在应该找一个支持是pharaoh Khafre的evidence

 

 passage161

Although initially symptomless, glaucoma can eventually cause blindness when not properly treated.

Tests under laboratory conditions of the traditional treatment, daily administration of eyedrops, show it to be as effective in relieving the internal ocular pressure that causes glaucoma as is a new laser-surgical procedure.

Yet glaucoma-related blindness occurs in a significantly smaller percentage of patients who have had the surgery than of patients for whom only the eyedrop treatment was prescribed.

注意这里的逻辑

第二句 是说一样好

第三句 是说surgery好

问为啥surgery最后会好

所以有两个方向一个是说surgery 怎么好了

或者说另一个怎么不好了

The eyedrops traditionally prescribed to treat glaucoma are normally prescribed to treat

other disease of the eye. 说还治疗别的病

A significant percentage of the people for whom the eyedrop treatment has been prescribed fail to follow the prescribed daily regimen, because the eyedrops have unpleasant side effects.不follow

There is no known physiological cause of glaucoma other than increase in pressure inside the eye原因不清楚

Doctors rarely recommend the surgery for glaucoma patients who have already started the traditional course of treatment doctor不推荐新方法

Glaucoma-related blindness is no more common among patients who have had only the

surgery than it is among patients who had the surgery after using the eyedrops

就是说接不接受传统的差不多常见

 

 passage162

In mountainous regions, the timberline is the highest altitude at which trees grow. In the Rocky Mountains, the current timberline is at the altitude above which growing season temperatures remain cooler than 10 degrees centigrade. Fossilized remains of trees that grew 10,000 years ago have been found 100 meters above the current Rocky Mountain timberline. Clearly, therefore, the climate of the Rocky Mountains is cooler now than it was 10,000 years ago.

就是说10000年前，这个地方的温度应该高，因为，有Fossilized remains，而由此推出有树，timberline应当更高，这个地区应当更温暖

In the past 10,000 years, the only trees to have grown above today's timberline are the trees whose fossilized remains been found.只有这些树

No trees grew 10,000 years ago at altitudes higher than the ones at which fossilized tree remains have been found.没有树

The fossils are not of species of trees that were able to tolerate cooler growing temperatures than are the species that currently grow near the timberline（就是说基于树同样耐寒，控制变量）

The Rocky Mountains have not eroded significantly over the past 10,000 years.腐蚀

The climate of the Rocky Mountains has never been significantly warmer than during the lifetime of the trees whose fossilized remains have been found.

在tree的lifetime 没有变warmer

这个相当于根据一个evidence 得到一个结论，但是要补充一个推证的前提

 

 passage163

The caribou is the only animal that depends on cotton grass as a major source of food.

注意这个设计错误选项的方法和别的建立联系

 

 passage164

Although the percentage of first graders in Almaria who were excellent readers varied little between 1995 and 2010, the percentage of first graders who had considerable difficulty reading their schoolbooks increased markedly during that period. This evidence strongly indicates that the average reading ability of first graders decreased between 1995 and 2010.

注意读一些关键的连词

认为难的人增加-》平均阅读能力下降

The average difficulty of the schoolbooks used in first-grade classrooms in Almaria

decreased between 1995 and 2010.

The average number of schoolbooks used in first-grade classrooms in Almaria increased

between 1995 and 2010. 这种设置错误选项的方式就是谈论别的话题点

这种题还是要看一下相关性，很多时候一些选项都是通过说一些别的方面来拼凑

 

 passage166

Although several ancient cultures practiced mummification, mummies from ancient Egypt are generally more well-preserved than mummies of similar antiquity from other cultures. One possible explanation for this difference is that the mummification techniques or material used by ancient Egyptians were better than those of other cultures. A second, more likely, explanation is that the extremely dry climate of ancient Egypt was largely responsible, given that dryness promotes the preservation of organic remains generally

要注意argument所强调的那个点，那个方面

No ancient people living in very damp areas practiced mummification.

这里不是这样充分，不直接

Bodies from ancient Egyptian tombs dating from before the practice of mummification

began are almost as well preserved as ancient Egyptian mummies.

这个非常明确的说出了技术不起决定性作用

 

 passage168

the relatively soft metal used for Carthagian coin molds sometimes resulted in the production of series of coins with unintended bumps

给出他因

这个逻辑题，要做的是分析出要填什么方向的句子

 

 passage169

it is impossible to determine whether a charred deposit dating from so long ago resulted from a fire caused by lightening or from the purposeful use of fire

给出他因

 

 passage170

Because of strong overall stylistic similarities, prehistoric cave paintings in El Castillo, Spain and others in Altamira, Spain, were thought to date from the same period.

Recent pigment analyses, however, established the Altamira paintings as by far the older and as about the same age as a third group of paintings done in a different overall style.

Nevertheless, this case does not prove that stylistic similarities cannot be a reliable indicator of closeness in age, since _____.

这里就是要填一个说，stylistic similarities还是有作用的

首先这里是肯定recent study 的，所以如果stylistic similarities是正确的，应该能够得到和其类似的结论

there are certain stylistic features that the Altamira paintings share with all known paintings of their period and do not share with the El Castillo paintings

 

 passage172

Although the term “Palace” is widely used and deeply ingrained in Minoan archaeology, Driesen has marked that term has been used to describe a number of quite different things and that there is no consensus on what the term signifies. The debate usually centers on the presumed functions of the building. Evans assumes that the building known as Places has several roles, including royal residences, administrative centers, economic centers, manufacturing centers, and cult centers. Over the years, each of those functions has been called into questions. For example, Schoep notes, “The use of the term Place carries with it a whole host of perhaps unhelpful baggage, which consciously or unconsciously encourages interpretation of the “Palace” as the residence of a royal elite, occupying supreme position within a hierarchical social and political structure”, she suggests using the more neutral term “court-centered building” instead. The problem, however, come not from the architectural label one applies, but from making unwarranted assumptions about how the Palaces were used.（是作者对于Minoan archaeology问题的反对）I use the word “Palaces” (capitalized to signal its arbitrariness) not to imply a range of functions but to refer to a group of buildings that share a set of formal elements.（作者认为是有这样的共同点，It has been used to describe buildings that are formally dissimilar to one another 所以这里用这个时态就是说出了他要反对的观点

It is the correct term for most of the Minoan buildings to which it has been applied.这个选项，文中作者也是说道这个有问题了

It is the correct term for most of the Minoan buildings to which it has been applied.

It is a term that I. Schoep recommends replacing.注意这里说的是替换，因此就对了

在做题的时候可以大致写一写序号

 

 passage174

Before 1970, children in the United States were commonly vaccinated against smallpox. In the early 1970s, large-scale vaccinations of children against smallpox were discontinued because smallpox had virtually disappeared from the world.

注意这两句相当于说的是两个年龄段的人

Recently, some scientists have cautioned that the Unite States could be exposed to smallpox again. Contrary to what many people believe, this exposure would probably find all age-groups（而这里要攻击的点是，即使是接种的人也会有问题） within the United States population at comparable levels of risk of contracting smallpox, since _____.

smallpox vaccinations lose their efficacy after about 20 years

smallpox is a highly communicable disease among people who are not immune to it这个选项就相当于说了一个没什么要紧的问题