python篇 异常小结

1.异常

1.1.异常概念

相较于正常而言不正常的现象叫做哟异常，在程序开发过程中遇到的错误或bug都是补充正常情况（错误并非异常，异常并非等价于错误，异常指的是软件在运行的过程中，因为一些原因【如：使用者使用不当】引起的程序错误，导致软件崩溃的现象，叫做异常）

异常发生的后果：导致程序的崩溃

1.2.相关知识点

---

python篇 面向对象
python篇 io流运用
python篇 流程控制语句

---

2.异常处理

处理异常（容错）：包容出现不正常的错误，保证程序的正常运行，

处理异常方式：try-except()语句块-----异常捕获

num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
result = num + 10
print("{} + 10 = {}".format(num,result))

比如我非要输入字符

请输入一个数字:zhangsan
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "D:\python\pyc\学习\异常.py", line 1, in <module>
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'zhangsan'

Process finished with exit code 1

代码出现异常：并不影响后面代码的执行，需要继续执行下面的代码

3.语法格式

try:
	//有可能发生异常的代码
except:
	//处理异常

try:
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    result = num + 10
except:
    print("你疯了！居然不输入数字！")

print("结束")
# print("{} + 10 = {}".format(num,result))

E:\py\python.exe D:/python/pyc/学习/异常.py
请输入一个数字:张三
你疯了！居然不输入数字！
结束

Process finished with exit code 0

改

try:
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    result = num + 10
except:
    print("你疯了！居然不输入数字！")
    print("开始处理异常")
    num = int(input("必须输入的是数字:"))
    result = num + 10

print("结束")
print("{} + 10 = {}".format(num,result))

捕获异常 Exception as e

try:
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    result = num + 10
except Exception as e:
    print("发生了异常",e)
    print("你疯了！居然不输入数字！")
    print("开始处理异常")
    num = int(input("必须输入的是数字:"))
    result = num + 10

print("结束")
print("{} + 10 = {}".format(num,result))

ValueError

try:
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    result = num + 10
except ValueError as b:
    print("发生了异常",b)
    print("你疯了！居然不输入数字！")
    print("开始处理异常")
    num = int(input("必须输入的是数字:"))
    result = num + 10

print("结束")
print("{} + 10 = {}".format(num,result))

常见异常
builtins 异常库

[‘ArithmeticError’, ‘AssertionError’, ‘AttributeError’, ‘BaseException’, ‘BlockingIOError’, ‘BrokenPipeError’, ‘BufferError’, ‘BytesWarning’, ‘ChildProcessError’, ‘ConnectionAbortedError’, ‘ConnectionError’, ‘ConnectionRefusedError’, ‘ConnectionResetError’, ‘DeprecationWarning’, ‘EOFError’, ‘Ellipsis’, ‘EnvironmentError’, ‘Exception’, ‘False’, ‘FileExistsError’, ‘FileNotFoundError’, ‘FloatingPointError’, ‘FutureWarning’, ‘GeneratorExit’, ‘IOError’, ‘ImportError’, ‘ImportWarning’, ‘IndentationError’, ‘IndexError’, ‘InterruptedError’, ‘IsADirectoryError’, ‘KeyError’, ‘KeyboardInterrupt’, ‘LookupError’, ‘MemoryError’, ‘ModuleNotFoundError’, ‘NameError’, ‘None’, ‘NotADirectoryError’, ‘NotImplemented’, ‘NotImplementedError’, ‘OSError’, ‘OverflowError’, ‘PendingDeprecationWarning’, ‘PermissionError’, ‘ProcessLookupError’, ‘RecursionError’, ‘ReferenceError’, ‘ResourceWarning’, ‘RuntimeError’, ‘RuntimeWarning’, ‘StopAsyncIteration’, ‘StopIteration’, ‘SyntaxError’, ‘SyntaxWarning’, ‘SystemError’, ‘SystemExit’, ‘TabError’, ‘TimeoutError’, ‘True’, ‘TypeError’, ‘UnboundLocalError’, ‘UnicodeDecodeError’, ‘UnicodeEncodeError’, ‘UnicodeError’, ‘UnicodeTranslateError’, ‘UnicodeWarning’, ‘UserWarning’, ‘ValueError’, ‘Warning’, ‘WindowsError’, ‘ZeroDivisionError’, ‘build_class’, ‘debug’, ‘doc’, ‘import’, ‘loader’, ‘name’, ‘package’, ‘spec’, ‘abs’, ‘all’, ‘any’, ‘ascii’, ‘bin’, ‘bool’, ‘breakpoint’, ‘bytearray’, ‘bytes’, ‘callable’, ‘chr’, ‘classmethod’, ‘compile’, ‘complex’, ‘copyright’, ‘credits’, ‘delattr’, ‘dict’, ‘dir’, ‘divmod’, ‘enumerate’, ‘eval’, ‘exec’, ‘exit’, ‘filter’, ‘float’, ‘format’, ‘frozenset’, ‘getattr’, ‘globals’, ‘hasattr’, ‘hash’, ‘help’, ‘hex’, ‘id’, ‘input’, ‘int’, ‘isinstance’, ‘issubclass’, ‘iter’, ‘len’, ‘license’, ‘list’, ‘locals’, ‘map’, ‘max’, ‘memoryview’, ‘min’, ‘next’, ‘object’, ‘oct’, ‘open’, ‘ord’, ‘pow’, ‘print’, ‘property’, ‘quit’, ‘range’, ‘repr’, ‘reversed’, ‘round’, ‘set’, ‘setattr’, ‘slice’, ‘sorted’, ‘staticmethod’, ‘str’, ‘sum’, ‘super’, ‘tuple’, ‘type’, ‘vars’, ‘zip’]

异常继承的关系：
BaseException()所有异常父类
Exception() 常见异常父类，BaseException子类

4.finally关键字

表示必须执行的代码放到finally中
finally：该关键字表示，必须（必要）执行的代码（释放资源）

try:
    num = int(input("请输入一个数字:"))
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    print("哈哈哈哈")
    result = num + 10

except ValueError as b:
    print("发生了异常",b)
    print("你疯了！居然不输入数字！")
    print("开始处理异常")
else:
    print("没有发生异常")
finally:
    print("不管如何都要执行")

再来

def demo(msg):
    try:
        input(msg)
        print("hello world")
        return "A"
    except Exception as e:
        print("处理了异常")
        return "B"
    finally:
        print("释放资源")
        return "C"
    return "D"

res = demo(input(">>>>>>:"))
print(res)

123>? 123
hello world
释放资源
C

如果return后存在finally，代码不会直接返回，而是需要去执行finally代码块，再执行返回

5.自定义异常

自定义异常：首先创建一个类，之后继承Ecception或者BaseException,建议继承Exception

raise弹出异常

class MyException(Exception):
    def __init__(self,msg):
        Exception.__init__(self,msg)

def login(username,password):
    if username == "" or username == None:
        #抛出异常 ---- 使用 raise 关键字（自定义的异常进行抛出）
        raise MyException("用户名不能为空！")
    if username == "" or username == None:
        #抛出异常 ---- 使用 raise 关键字（自定义的异常进行抛出）
        raise MyException("密码不能为空！")

if __name__ == '__main__':
    # login(None,None)
    # 异常捕获
    try:
        login(None, None)
    except Exception as e:
        print("捕获到的异常，信息是--->",e)