名词
(1)专有名词China
(2)普通名词{
个体名词horse
集体名词people
物质名词fire
抽象名词labor
}
可数名词{
个体名词a book
集体名词
My family is a large one(整体)
My family are all music lovers(个体)
(若作为整体则为单数,为成员则为复数)
}
不可数名词{
物质名词water
抽象名词time
(看单词具体含义:time作时间为不可数,作次数为复数times)
}
可数名词词尾+s
s,x,ch,sh结尾的可数名词+es;
book->books
box->boxes
辅音字母+y结尾
变y为i+es
baby->babies
例外:boys,toys,ways
f/fe结尾f/fe变为v+es
wife->wives
例外:roof->roofs scarf->scarfs/scarves(围巾)
o+有生命+es
tomato->tomatoes
o+无生命+s
photo->photos
例外:kangaroo->kangaroos袋鼠,lingo->lingoes行话
不规则变化
man->men,child->children
foot->feet,mouse->mise
单复数同型
sheep,deer,bison,aircraft
某国人
中日不变英法变其他s加中间
Chinese Japanese(中日不变)
Englishman->Englishmen,Frenchman->Frenchmen(英法变)
American->Americans,German->Germans其他s加中间
只有复数形式的名词
trousers裤子
glasses眼睛
thanks感谢
cloths衣服
可数名词用具体的数词来修饰
不可数名词用数词+量词+of来修饰
a glasses of water一杯水
a grain of rice 一粒米
a ray of hope一线希望
a piece of advise一条建议
few,a few,many修饰可数名词
little,a little,much修饰不可数名词
可数名词和不可数名词都而可用some,any,a lot of(lots of)修饰
a few pens一些笔
much meat很多肉
a lot of knives许多刀
lots of orange juice许多橙汁
对可数名词提问用how many
不可数名词提问用how much
How many people are there in your family?你家有几口人?
How much milk do you want?你想要多少牛奶
人称代词
it的用法
无生命的事物
Jim loves football.It keep him healthy
吉姆热爱足球运动。这使他保持健康(it指足球运动)
单个名词
The piano has a long history.It was a gift for my grandfather's 5th bierthday.
这台钢琴有很长的历史。他是我祖父5岁时的生日礼物(it指代钢琴)
整个句子
He never eats pork.It is very strange,isn't it?
他从不吃猪肉。这很奇怪,不是吧?(it指整个句子He never eat pork)
不知性别的婴儿或小孩用it代指
宾格在用于回答问题时可作主语
who broke the window? them!
she还可以指代雌性动物,国家,船只或者车俩
we you they的泛指
用来泛指一般人
We all have our weakness我们都有弱点
You can never predict future谁也不能预测未来
They say global warming is a trend据说全球便面已成为一种趋势
them既可指人,也可指物或动物
The soldier died for her country,I am very proud of them战士为国捐躯,我为他们感到骄傲
Where can I put these eggs? -put them on the table.我把这些鸡蛋放哪儿?把他们放桌子上吧
The dog producted 3 puppies.Take care of them carefully.大狗生下了3只小狗。仔细照料他们
指示代词
this 这,这个 that 那,那个
these 这,这些 those 那,那些
(电话里)this that和可以指人
Who is that? This a Kate.(电话中的对话)你是哪位?-我是凯特
指示代词作主语
Do these meet your requirements?这些达到你的要求了吗?
指示代词作宾语
I will promise that to you.我会向你保证的
指示代词作形容词
this that these those可放在名词前作指示形容词
Do you like this room?你喜欢这间房吗?
指示代词有时还可作表语
My view is this我的观点是这样的
that和those的特殊用法
that可指代前面提到的单数名词,以避免重复
those可指代前面提到的复数名词
the birth rate in the United States this year is much lower than that of 2000
美国今年的出生率比2000年低得多
His suggestion are similar to those you gave.
他的建议和你给出的很相似
this的特殊用法
this+某名词 今年,今天
where were you this morning?
你今天早上在哪?
She is getting married this year?
她准备今年结婚
that的几个特殊用法
like that 这样
that is(to say)这就是说
that's all就这些
that's it说对了
Please fix it like this.
请这样把它固定住
You need to work from Monday to Saturday.That is to say,six days a week.
你需要从周一工作到周六。也就是说,一周工作六天
I quit the team.That's all.
我退出小组,就这些
That‘s it well done!
说对了,做的好
关于these days
表示近来,最近
Online games become more and more popular these days
冠词
定冠词the
不定冠词a,an (元音之前用an)
the
the表示“特定"的,表示某个特定的人或东西
在双方都知晓的名词前
在第二次提到某个东西时
用the
please open the door of our hourse
请把门打开。(我们所在那间房的门)
She bought a necklace and a ring last week.And she gave the necklace to her daughter as a gift.
她上周买了一条项链和一枚戒指。接着她把项链当作礼物送给了她的女儿.(第二次提到项链)
a,an
可数名词前,表“一个”,表示泛指,并没有说特别指定的某本书
He is friend of mine.
他是我的一个朋友
何时不使用冠词
专有名词、可数名词、可数名词复数、抽象名词(用于泛指)、物质名词(用于泛指)前一般不需要用冠词
China has a large population
中国人口众多(专业名词)
Boys like sports more than girls
男孩比女孩更喜欢运动(可数名词复数)
One should make life more meaningful
人应该使生命更有意义(抽象名词,泛指)
Coffee is my favorite drink
咖啡是我最喜欢的饮料(物质名词)
去掉冠词和保留冠词意义差别很大
go to schoo去上学
go to the school 去学校
go to church去教堂做礼拜
go to the church去教堂
go to bed上床睡觉
go to the bed到床那边去
go to hospital去医院看病
go to the hospital去医院
专业名词前冠词的用法
专业名词前一般是不使用冠词的,因为它本身就是特指的
某些特殊的专有名词前面要加上定冠词
地理名词(江,河,海,洋,山,群岛,海峡,海湾)前要加定冠词
the Yangzi River长江
the Red Sea红海
the Philippines菲律宾群岛
the English Channel英吉利海峡
某些国名、机构、学校、建筑物等专有名词前要加定冠词
the United States美国
the Nathonal Gallery国家美术馆
the Universy of Sydney悉尼大学
the Pentagon五角大楼
当抽象名词用于特指,是有一个限制性定语修饰的时候,加定冠词
I like the music.It's so lovely.
我喜欢这段音乐。它太美妙了。
Who is the auther of the poem?
这首诗的作者是谁?
Raising pets inspires the joy of her life
养宠物激起了她生活的乐趣
Regular maintenance can extend the life of a car(regular mantainance定期保养)
定期保养可以延长车的寿命
当物质名词用于特指, 特别是有限制性定语修饰时,加the
Please use the sugar in the blue container
请用蓝色容器里面的糖
The water in this pool is disinfected (disinfexted 消毒的)
这个池子里的水是消过毒的
The air of this city is not good
这个城市里的空气不太好
The soil in the north is much richer than the soil in the south
北方的土地比南方的土地更肥沃
季节、月份、日期前一般不加冠词
节日前可以加the
She was born in summer
她出生在夏天
School usually begin in September
学校通常九月开学
The rains come on Friday
雨季于周五来临
May 1st is the Labor Day
五月一日是劳动节
动词
及物动词(后面跟宾语,宾语可以是名词、代词,还可以和介词短语或副词连用)
Jack accepted her apologies.(宾语为名词)
杰克接受了她的道歉
The news surprised me(宾语为代词)
这则新闻使我吃惊
He divided the cake into four parts(及物动词和介词短语连用)
他把蛋糕分成了四份
The war influenced the whole nation(宾语为名词)
这场战争影响了整个国家
不及物动词(后面不跟宾语)
有些不及物动词后可接介词
My stomach aches
我胃疼
This can lead to serious infection (lead to)
这会导致很严重的感染
The sun rises from the east (rise from)
太阳从东方升起
He insist on his own idea (insist on)
他坚持自己的观点
系动词
也称为连系动词。
本身有词义,不能单独作谓语使用
接表语作系表结构
be,appear,become,feel,fall,get,go,look,keep
You are pretty
你很漂亮
She appears to be ill
她好像生病了
The cloth feels very soft
这布料手感很柔软
He looks tired
他看起来很累
助动词
协助谓语动词够成位于动词词组的动词
无词义,不能单独使用
be,have,do,shall,will,should,would
Do you speak English?
你会说英语吗?
Shall we dance together?
我们能一起跳舞吗?
I will finish the task on time
我将按时完成任务
She said she would come tomorrow.
她说她明天回来
study即是及物动词也是不及物动词
大部分动词可以即使及物动词又是不及物动词
He speaks quite fluent Italian
他意大利语说得很流畅
Who is speaking?
谁在说话?
She‘s drinking coffe now
她正在喝咖啡
She drank a lot
她喝了很多
动词得四种形式
现在式 do
过去式 did
过去分词 done
现在分词 doing
make made made making
put put put putting(以重度闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词双写+ing)
equip equipped equipped equipping
动词的时态
最常用得5种:
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
一般将来时
现在完成时
He teaches German(一般现在时)
他教德语
I am watching TV now(现在进行时)
我正在看电视
She told me a secret yesterday(一般过去时)
她昨天告诉我一个秘密
Zack will graduate from university next year(一般将来时)
扎克将于明年大学毕业
I had ended my trip(现在完成时)
我结束了我的路程
动词时态的构成方法
(过去式不同于过去分词)
一般现在时:谓语考虑三单
一般过去时:过去式
现在进行时:be+现在分词
一般将来时:will+动词原形1
现在完成时:had+过去分词
She is singing in the room
她正在房间里唱歌
He was a postman ten years ago
他十年前是个邮递员
I will come back in three years
我三年后回来
I have finished the lunch
我吃完了午餐
动词得紧缩形式
I am->I'm,I am not->I'm not
he is->he's he is not->he isn't
you have->you've you have not->you haven't
she will->she'll,she will not->she won't
形容词
品质形容词
表示人或者物得品质、性质。
可以用于比较级
He is an honest man
他是一个诚实的人
The flower is very beautiful
这花非常漂亮
She is older than you(比较级)
她比你大
I love hot summer
我喜欢炎热的夏天
类属形容词
表示人或物得类别、种类。
不能用于比较级
His conduct constitutes an economic crime(economic)
他的行为构成了经济犯罪
My uncle likes reading internatinal news(international)
我叔叔喜欢看国际新闻
The captain flies domestic routs only(domestic)
这位机长只飞国内航班
She has a deep understnding of the local culture(local)
她对当地文化有着深深刻的了解
颜色形容词
she is wearing an orange dress(orange)
她穿着一件橘色的衣服
Her face goes red when feeling nervous(red)
她一紧张脸就变红
He is fascinated with your light brown hair(light brown浅棕色)
他对你浅棕色的头发非常着迷
The prize is a white Tedday Bear(white)
奖品是一只白色的泰迪熊
强调形容词
其强调作用的形容词
I have absolute trust in my doctor(absolute)
我完全信任我的医生
It was a total problem to me (total)
对我来说这完全是个问题
The entire continent was coverd with snow(entire)
整个大陆都被雪覆盖了
It was pure luck that he wasn't hit by the car(pure)
他没有被车撞到真是太幸运了
冠词+品质形容词+颜色形容磁+类别形容词+名词
一栋蓝色小木屋
a little blue wooden house
形容词作定语
放在名词前作定语
what a kind girl!
多么好心的女孩!
They are close friend
他们是亲密的朋友
He ordered a cup of white coffee
她点了一杯加奶的咖啡
Could you give me a resonable example?
你能给我一个合理的解释吗?
形容词作表语
be+形容词
a开头的形容词只能作表语
These peaches are ripe
这些桃子熟了
I am sorry to hear that
听到那个我很难过
Susie is alone(at home)
苏西独自一人(在家)
She is aware of his absence
她知道他缺席了
形容词作宾语的补语或状语
Do you think it perfect?(作宾语补语)
你认为这完美吗?
Have your ticketss ready(作宾语补语)
把车票准备好
He returned to hometown .despaired(作状语)
他绝望地返回了故乡
She is very weak,unable to say anything(作状语)
她非常虚弱,说不出话
定冠词the+形容词
表示一类人
We should respect the old
我们应该尊重老年人
It's wrong to look down upon the poor
看不起穷人是错误的
His wife is one of the unemployed
他的妻子是失业人群中的一员
The injured should be taken to hospital immediately
伤者应立即被送往医院
the+某些形容词
表示某种事物或品质
He likes exploring the mystical
他喜欢探索神秘的事物
We are ready to deal with the unexpected
我准备好了应对预料不到的问题
Challenge yourself to do the impossible
挑战自己去做那些不可能的事吧
Our objective is to discover the good,the beautiful and the true
我们的目标事发掘真善美
副词
时间副词
表示动作的发生时间
Let's start the meeting now
我们现在开会
Lucy moved to London ten years ago
露西十年前搬到了伦敦
See you later
回头见
You look so beautiful today
你今天看起来真漂亮
表示动作发生的频率程度(频率副词)
constantly always rarely
She often goes shopping
她经常去购物
He goes to see his doctor periodically
他定期去看医生
It rarely rain here
这里很少下雨
He never writes to me
他从不给我写信
地点副词
表示地点,地区范围
She is downstairs
她在楼下
His son will study abroad next month
他儿子下个月去国外留学
There is only one KFC restaurant locally
本地只有一家肯德基餐厅
The virus spread widely
病毒散播开来
程度副词和强调副词
程度副词修饰动词’形容词或另一副词
I fully understand him
我完全理解他(修饰动词)
She is terribly hurt
她伤的很严重(修饰动词)
His answer is absolutely correct
他的回答完全正确(修饰形容词)
Everything goes quite smoothly(修饰副词)
事情进展得相当顺利
强调副词,修饰动词,形容词
I quite agree(修饰动词)
我完全同意
He knew completely nothing about it(修饰动词)
他对此一无所知
You are entirely wrong (修饰形容词)
你完全错了
The end of the movie is just perfect(修饰形容词)
这电影得结局太完美了
疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词
疑问副词 how where when why
How is your mother?
你母亲还好吗?
Where did you find her?
你在哪儿找到她的
When are you going to leave?
你打算什么时候离开
Why didn't you call me?
你为什么没打电话给我
连接副词how where when why引导从句或与不定式连用
That 's how I look at it(引导表语从句)
这是我得看法
Tell me where she is(引导宾语从句)
告诉我他在哪
I haven't decided when to tell her(引导宾语从句)
我还没决定何时告诉她
Why Ben fell in love with her is clear(引导主语从句)
本为什么爱上她已经很清楚了
关系副词where when why引导关系从句作宾语
This is the place where I lived in my childhood
这是我童年生活的地方
At the time when I first met him, he was only 9
我第一次遇到他的时候,他只有9岁
Sorry,I can't tell you the reason why I refused the job offer
对不起,我不能告诉你我拒绝那份工作的原因
She is going to Shanghai,where many young people hope to live
她打算去上海,一个许多年轻人希望居住的城市
I ofen read books
I am ofen at home
ofen,usually,never,sometimes
表示频度的副词通常放在动词前面
有系动词be,则放在be后面
He seldom plays tennis
他很少打网球
He is seldom late
她很少迟到
I always go to school on time
我总是按时上学
I am always energetic
我总是充满活力
副词作状语
修饰动词,形容词,副词,整个句子
Have you visited your parent-in-law recently
你最近拜访过你的岳父岳母吗?(修饰动词)
We are terribly happy to see you here
在这里见到你太开心了(修饰形容词)
He drove too fast.I couldn't follow him
他开的太快了,我跟不上他(修饰副词)
Obviously she will come again
显然他还会再来(修饰整句话)
副词作表语
Is Mr.White back?(back)
怀特先生回来了吗?
The match was over at 11 o'clock(over)
比赛11点就结束了
He will be here soon (here)
他马上就来
Have you been abroad before(abroad)
你以前出过国吗?
副词作定语
You take the wrong bus.Take the one behind.(behind)
你成错了车,该乘后面的那辆
Look at the picture below(below)
看下面的那张图片
Please use the down lift(down)
请使用向下的升降机
The neighbours around were very friendly(around)
周围的邻居都非常友善
副词作宾语的补语
与宾语一起构成复合宾语
Keep your coat on if you feel cold(on)
如果你觉得冷可以穿着大衣
I asked him out (out)
我约他出去
Wait a moment.I'll put you through to the doctor right now(through)
稍等一下,我马上为您接通医生的电话
The coach let him in (in)
教练让他加入了(团队)
介词
时间介词
引导时间短语
at,on,in,before,after,until,during
几点钟 at
某一天 on
某年,某月,某个季节 in
Lisa gets up at 7 o'clock
丽莎7点起床
See you on Sunday.
星期天见
Leaves turn yellow in autumn
秋天树叶变黄
He didn't stop writing until midnight
直到物业他才停止写作
地点介词
引导地点短语
in,on,at,under over,in front of,behind
Thd was in the library this morning
泰德今天上午在图书馆
Your book is on the desk
你的书在装上
They are sitting under the tree
他们正坐在树下
In front of the house is a samll garden
房子前面是一个小花园
其他介词
He goes to work by bus(by)
他乘公交上班
Due to the heavy rain,we cancelled the camping(Due to)
由于大雨,我们取消了野营
We are talking about the essay(about)
我们正在讨论那篇文章
She likes drinking coffee without sugar(without)
她喜欢喝不加糖的咖啡
介词短语
名词,代词,动名词,what引导的从句等等与介词构成介词短语
Is she at the airport?她在机场吗?(名词)
I changed my mind because of you 因为你我改变了主意(代词)
He left instead of staying with us 她离开了,并没有和我们待在一起。(动名词)
Thank you for what you have done for me谢谢你为我所做地一切(what引导的从句)
above,over在...之上
over垂直在上
below,under在...之下
under在...正下方
The water came above our knees 水没过了我们的膝盖
There is a lamp over the table桌子上方悬挂着一盏灯(正上方)
Please write your name below the line请在横线下方写上名字
The cat is under the bed猫在床下面(指正下方)
介词短语作状语
She arrived at the cinema on time (on time)她按时到达了电影院
He is good at performance 他善于表演(at performance)
I prepared the dinner for two hours我花了两个小时准备晚餐(for two hours)
At last the manager agreed to our suggestion最后经理同意了我们的建议(at last)
介词短语做定语
of,in,with,to常引导介词短语做定语
The girl next to Tom is his girlfriend(to)
汤姆旁边的那个女孩是他的女朋友
Do you know the boy in purple?(in)
你认识穿紫衣服的那个男孩吗?
That's the difference between us(between)
这就是我们之间的区别
She was employed as a staff of IBM(of)
她被雇用为IBM公司的员工
介词短语做表语或宾语补语
The rose was at its brightest(做表语)
玫瑰花开的正艳‘
The bookshop is around the corner(做表语)
书店在拐角处
I saw him at work(作宾语补语)
我看见他在工作
They found the child in poor health
他们发现那个孩子的健康状态不好
介词构成的动词短语
(动词+介词)
stick to坚持 come across 碰到
look after照料 agree with同意
(动词+副词+介词)
run out of 用完 look down on/upon瞧不起
put up with忍受 look forwar to盼望
连词
并列连词
连接并列的但不相互依存的词,短语,句子
and,or,either..or,neither..nor,not only..but also, as well as
Take a shower and go to bed
洗澡然后上床睡觉
What do you want,chocolate or ice cream?
你想吃什么,巧克力还是冰淇凌
Neither you nor Tim is the right candidate
你和蒂姆都不是合适的人选
We have to travel by air as well as by train
我们要搭乘飞机还是火车
表示转折意思的连词
but,yet
连接两个并列的词或分句
I got home,but nobody was there
我到家了,但是没有人在家
They are brothers,but in a bad relationship
他们是兄弟,但是关系不好
The jewelry was not nice,yet expensive
这件珠宝并不漂亮,但却昂贵
It's incredible,yet true.
这的确难以置信,但却是真的
表示因果关系的连词
因为,for,as,because,since
所以,so,therefore,hence
The plane had been delayed,for the weather was awfully bad
飞机晚点了,因为天气太恶劣了
We look like each other as we are sisters
我们看起来很想像,因为我们是姐妹
She felt very thirsty so she bought a big bottle of water
她觉得很渴,所以她买了一大瓶水
People don't protect the environment,therefore the green hourse effect has become more and more serious
人们不保护环境,因此温室效应变得越来越严重
引导时间状语从句的“从属连词”
从属连词引导从句
when,while,as,before,after,until,till,since,whenever
Everyone stopped talking when the music sounded(when)
当音乐响起的时候每个人都停止了交谈
It took her 2 hours to dress up before she left home(before)
他离开家前花了两个小时打扮
Tracy often drinks a glass of water after she gets up(after)
特雷西在起床后经常喝一杯水
How long is it since you came to China?(since)
你来中国多久了?
多个词时,and只需用在最后一个单词的前面
I like coffee,milk,chocolate and ice cream.
我喜欢咖啡、牛奶、巧克力、和冰淇凌
I'm interested in singing ,dancing ,reading,and traveling
我对唱歌,跳舞,阅读,旅游感兴趣
which would you like,watch,perfume or necklace?(perfume香水)
手表、香水和项链,你喜欢哪一样
He isn't fond of reading newspapers,magazines or periodical(periodical 期刊)
他对阅读报纸,杂志以及期刊不感兴趣
引导条件从句的从属连词
if,unless,supposing,suppose,provided,providing
We will go for a picnic if it's not rainy tomorrow.(if)
如果明天不下雨,我们将去野餐
I will never forgive hime unless he apologizes to me(unless)
除非他向我道歉,否则我不原谅他
Suppose you were him,what would you do?(suppose)
假如你是他,你会怎么做?
I will dance with him provided that he invites me(probided)
如果他邀请我,我会和她跳舞
引导目的从句的从属连词
in order that,so that,so,that
I turned on the light in order that we can see more clearly(in order that)
我把灯打开以便我们都能看的更清楚
Be quick so that we won't miss the bus(so that )
穿上大衣,这样我们就不会错过巴士
Put on your coat so you won't feel cold(so)
穿上大衣,这样你就不会感到冷了
I’ll give you some examples that you can understand the concept more thoroughly.(that)
我将举几个例子,以便我们能更透彻地理解这个概念
引导原因和结果从句地从属连词
because,as,since
so..that,such..that
I didn't see him because it was dark(because)
因为光线太暗,我没有看到他
He was absent as he was ill(as)
他因为生病缺席了
The milk is so hot that I can't drink(so..that)
牛奶太烫了,我喝不了
He has made such a good effort that his French has greatly improved(such..that)
他那样努力地学习,法语得到了极大地提高
引导让步从句地从属连词
although,though,even though ,even if,while
He failed the exam although he prepared well(although)
尽管准备得很充分,他考试还是没及格
Though not beautiful,she is elegant and dignified(though)
他虽然不漂亮,却很优雅端庄
She fell in love with him even though he was poor(even though)
尽管他很穷,她还是爱上了我他
I will arrive on time,even if it rains.(even if)
即使下雨,我也会准时到达
感叹词
感叹词
表示说话人得情绪,语气较强烈,用!,如果不够强烈,用逗号
Oh,how kind you are
呵,你真好
Oh,what a sunny day
呵,多么晴朗的天气
oh!how you frightened me!
啊! 你吓了我一跳!
Oh,there he is!
啊,他来了
oh的用法
oh,al,well
oh表示惊讶,恐慌,痛苦高兴等
“哦”,“啊”,“呵”,“哎呀”
Oh,how terrible the movie is!
啊,这电影真恐怖!(惊恐)
“Oh,oh” he cried."My stomach!My head!"
“哎呦,哎哟!”他大声喊道,“”我的肚子!我的头!(痛苦)
Oh,I'm very sorry for having you wait so long!
哦,我非常抱歉让你久等了!(懊悔)
Oh,great!She's getting married!
哦,太好了!她要结婚了(高兴)
ah的用法
惊讶,高兴,懊悔,痛苦,恳求
“啊”,“呀”
Ah,it's incredible!
啊,真令人难以置信!(惊讶)
Ah,here's the pen I'm after
呀,我要找的笔在这呢!(高兴)
Ah,what a lovely baby!
呀,多可爱的宝宝啊!(赞美)
Ah,how pitiful!
啊,真可怜!(怜悯)
well的用法
欣慰,惊讶,犹豫,让步,无奈
“好吧”,“不过”,“嗯”
well,finally here you are!
好了,你终于到了!(欣慰)
well,what can we do next?
嗯,下一步我们该怎么做?(犹豫)
well,you must come to dinner tomorrow
不过,你明天一定要来吃晚饭(让步)
Well,I have tried my best
嗯。我已经尽力了(无奈)
why也可以用作感叹句
表示惊奇,惊讶
"怎么搞的"
不足为奇
”这么简单“
Why!The watch is gone!
怎么搞得!手表不见了!
Why,you look so pale!
怎么搞的,你看起来很苍白
why,it's so easy!Even a child do it
这么简单!甚至连小孩子都能做
Why!It's him
怎么搞得!竟然是他!
打招呼
hello,hi,hey
Hello,is anyone there?
歪,有人在吗?
Hi,Julie,How are you?
嗨,朱莉,最近怎么样
Hey,come here!
嘿,到这边来!
Hello,who's here?
歪,谁在那?
用来表示疼痛的感叹词
ow,ouch
"啊",“奥”,“哎呦”
Ow!My leg hurts.
奥!我腿疼
Ow!You are hurting me
啊!你把我弄疼了!
Ouch,I cut my finger
哎呦,我把手指割破了
Ouch!You stepped on my foot!
哎呦,你踩到我的脚了!
女性常用
oh dear,dear me,(my)goodness,(good)gracious me
Oh dear! I've lost my key
天哪!我把钥匙弄丢了
Dear me,who can help me?
天哪!谁能帮帮我
My goodness!My wallet is gone
我的天哪!我的钱包不见了
Gracious me!What have you done to yourself?
我的天哪!你把自己弄成什么样子了?
男性常用
oh Lord,(good)heavens,good Lord
表示惊讶,不高兴等
“天哪”,”我的老天“
Oh Lord,please help me!
天哪!请帮帮我吧!
Good heavens! what a messy room!
我的老天!这房间真乱
Heavens,is she really only 5 years old
天哪,她真的只有5岁
Good Lord,what else can we do?
我的老天,我们还能做什么
数词
基数词
one,two,three,fore,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,
eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,ninteen,twenty,
thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninty
a hundred,a thousand,a million,a billion
几十几中间加连字符
28 twenty-eight
56 fifty-six
71 seventy-one
101~999
先说几百,中间用and,后面根几十几
135
one hundred and thirty-five
302
three hundred and two
100以上的数
第四位thousand 第七位million 第十位为billion
2276
rwo thousand ,two hundred and seventy-six
4,802,000
four million,eight hundred and two thousand
6,300,000,000
six billion three hundred million
序数词
first,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,
eleventh, twelfth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth ,eighteenth,nineteenth
twentieth,thirtieth,fourtieth,fiftieth,sixtieth,seventieth,eightieth,ninetieth
1~19后面加th
20,30....y->ie+th
两位数的序数词
25 twenty-fifth
三位数的序数词,最后一个基数词变为序数词
121 one hundred and twenty-first
分数词
基数为分子,序数为分母
分子大于1,序数词用复数形式(区别几十几的序数词)
1/3 one-third
3/4 three-fourths
分数时百分数时,百分号用percent表示
1% one percent
100% one hundred percent
小数,小数点用point
0.5 zero point five
6.9 six point nine
顺序可以用基数词也可以用序数词
paragraph one / the first paragraph第一段
chapter one / the first chapter第三章
part ten / the tenth part 第十部分
lesson twenty-nine /the twenty-ninth lesson 第二十九节课
in the/one's...
MY mother is in her forties
She is in her early twenties
编号的东西用基数词
第20页 Page 20
305号房间 Room 305
8号车厢Carriage No.8
701路公共汽车Bus No.701
日期用序数词
June 1st 6月一号
August 22nd 8月22号
April 23rd 4月23号
October 8th 10月8号
基数词用于复数形式
There are hundreds of apple trees around
这附近有基百颗苹果树
序数词与a连用
表示,再一次,又一次
序数表示这是第几次
Shed wanted to try that dissert a second time
她想再次尝尝那款甜点
He‘s getting married a third time 他将第三次结婚
be动词
表示事物的性质和状态
..是..
..有..
I am Tom
我是汤姆
There are seven days in a week
一个星期有七天
be动词的种类
am/is/are
我am
它/她/他is
你are
be的疑问句
含be的陈述句变为疑问句
主语和be对换位置
Are you ready?
你准备好了吗?
be的否定否定句
be后面+not
You are not my friend
你不是我的朋友
如果省略宾语并且be动词位于句末,an/is/are不可以缩写
否定形式缩写为she/he isn't;you/they aren't
I am not 的缩写只有I'm not
Are you a singer?
Yes,I am.(宾语省略be位于句末)/No I'm not
be+现在分词,构成进行时态
Jim is watching his new car
吉姆正在系洗他的新车
be+过去分词,构成被动时态
The window was broken by Tom
窗户是被汤姆打碎的
be+不定式
1.表示最近、未来的“计划或安排”
2.表示"命令"
3.表示“征求意见”
4.表示“相约、商定”
He is go to New York next week.
他下周要去纽约(计划)
You are to explain this
对此你要做出什么解释(命令)
How am I to answer him?
我该怎样答复他(征求意见)
We are to meet at the school gate
我们再校门口集合(相约)
助动词do
do随着实义动词的时态、人称、数的变化而变化
do/does/did
Do you like an ice cream?
你喜欢冰淇凌吗?
Why does he come here?
他为什么来这里呢?
Where did he go when he left here?
他离开这儿去了哪里
助动词do的疑问句
do+主语+动词原型构成一般疑问句
DO you want to pass the exam?你想通过测试吗?
助动词do的否定句
do+not+动词原形构成否定句
I do not want to be criticized
我不想挨批评
助动词do作为代动词
为避免与前面的动词重复,do可以表示刚提到过的动作
Do you smoke?你抽烟吗?
No,I don't
They don't work hard,do they?
Yes,they do.不,它们工作努力
No,they don't 对,他们呢工作不努力
助动词do的祈使句
构成祈使句一般用do,不用did和does
Don't worry.不要担心
Don't go there不要去哪里
助动词do表强调
助动词do放在动词原形前面,加强该动词的语气
Do come to my birthday party
一定要来参加我的生日宴会
倒装句中的助动词do
Never(Only)+do+主语+动词原形用于倒装句
Never did I hear of such a thing
我从未听说过这样的事情
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
叫了三次,他才来参加会议
助动词have
have/has/had
have用于现在
has用于三单
had用于过去
I have lived here all my life
我一辈子都住在这里
助动词have的疑问句
have作为助动词用于完成时态的一般疑问句
have/has/had置于句首
Have you been waiting long?
你等了很久吗?
助动词have的否定句
have/has/had+not
haven't/hasn't/hadn't
I haven't seen you for ages
我好多年没见到你了
had better的用法
had better是“最好..”的意思
you had better stay at home
你最好呆在家里
had better的否定式为had better not
可以缩写为主语+'d better not
You 'd better not asked too many question
你最好不要问太多问题
have->'ve
has->'s
had->'d
have not->haven't/主语've not
has not->hasn't/主语’s not
had not->hadn't/主语‘d not
have+过去分词构成完成时态
I have made a cake
我已经做了一个蛋糕
have的现在时态
have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时态
I have been studying English for ten years
have的完成时态被动态
have+been+过去分词,构成完成时被动时态
My mother has been sent to work in Tibet
助动词can和must
can引导的疑问句
表示请求或允许,”可以“,”能“
句末加上please更显礼貌
Can you help me,please.
can't+动词原型
用于否定句表示”不能够、不可能“,带有较强的否定意义
You can't play basketball.
must+动词原型
用于肯定句,”必须“,”一定要“
You must finish it today.
must't+动词原形
用于否定句,”一定不要“,”不能“
We mustn't think only of ourselves
我们不能只考虑自己
must表示对现在情况的推测,后接动词原型且通常为状态词(be,have,know)
若为动作动词,则需要转换其他说法
He is sure to win
他一定会赢
He must win.
他必须要赢
当后面接完成时态,用来谈论已发生的情况
I did't hear the phone.I must have been asleep
can表示能力或提要求
表示能力,”能“,”会“
表示请求或允许,”可以“,”能“
用于在疑问句中提出要求
I can finish the work in time
我能及时完成工作
Can you speak English
你会讲英语吗?
表示可能或表示怀疑
can,表示怀疑用于一般疑问句,带感情色彩
He can be at home now
他现在可能在家
The moon can't always be full
月亮不可能一直是圆的
Can it be ture;
那会是真的吗?
must表示”必须“和一定要
可用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句.
must't表示”一定不要“,”禁止“
You must hand in the summary today
你今天一定要交总结
Must you go so soon?
你一定得这么早走吗
We must't only think of ourselves
must的否定、被动结构
用needn't,其后可以接被动结构
Must I come over tonight?我今晚必须过来吗?
No,you needn't不必
I think I must be off
我想我得走了
助动词will和shall
will和shall用于将来时
可以和动词原型构成一般将来时
He will go to Shanghai
他要去上海
I shall not come if it rains tomorrow.
如果明天下雨我就不来了
will和shall对应的人称
shall用于第一人称,will只用于第二、第三人称
口语中,will也用于第一人称
I shall come to see you
我要过去看你
I will come to pick you up
我会开车过来接你
shall+not->shan't
We shan't give you the task
我将不给你安排这个任务
will+not->won't
He won't do the cleaning
you shall,he shall
主要用于陈述句中的第二,第三人称,表示说话人的意图,允诺,警告,命令,决心等
"必须"”应该“”可以“
You shall have it back next week
He says he won't go,but I say he shall
他说他不去,但我说他必须去
尽量用I‘ll等缩写式
I‘ll/you'll/He'll/She'll/It'll/We'll/they'll
I'll answer your question
我将回答你的问题
”意志“表达多注意
表达主语的意志,will
说话者要把自己的"意志"表达或行使出去,shall
I won't see him again
我不会再和他见面
You shall not do that again
你不要再做那样的事
第一人称问句使用”shall“
Shall I call you a taxi?
shall在问句中的用法
问:Shall..
答:....shall...
will...
...will...
Shall we go to shcool tomorrow?
我们明天需要上学去吗?
Yes,we shall ,We'll have an exam.
是的,我们必须去。我们明天有考试
助动词should与would
should做情态动词
通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务,译为"应该",”应当“
The group leader announced that we should begin to work soon
小组长宣布我们不久就开始工作
should +not->shouldn't
I should not tell you the event
我不应该告诉你这件事情
We shouldn't ask such question
我们不应该问这样一些问题
would+动词原形
would是will的过去式,用于过去将来时:would +动词原形
同时它也是一个情态动词,表示某种情况的可能性比较大+动词原形
"将要",”想要“,”愿意“
He said he would come
他说他要来
He would go in spite of our warnings
尽管我们警告他了,但他执意要去
would not->wouldn't
I would not attend the meeting
我不参加那个会议
I wouldn't report it to her
我不会把这件事反馈给她
would that...
这是一种虚拟语气
would that they were safe home again!
愿他们能再平安回到家
should 表责任和义务
情态动词,表示现在或将来的责任和义务,
"应该",”应当“
这时可以它和ought to,be supposed to互换
In sum,theory should be combined with practice.
总之,理论应该与实践相结合
should表意外、惊喜
should作为情态动词,表示意外、惊喜或说话人看来是不可思议的
why,who,how开头的疑问句或某些感叹句中,should”竟会“,”居然“
How should I know it?
我怎么会知道这件事?
Why should you be so late today?
你今天怎么来的这么晚
一般过去时
过去的动作或状态
I went to see a film yesterday
我昨天去看电影了
谓语动词加ed
He finished the homework last week
他上周i完成了作业
不规则的变化形式
辅音字母+y 变y为i+ed
study->stardied
辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写辅音字母,+ed
stop->stopped
beg->begged
plan->planned
dot->dotted
不规则动词
go-went
make-made
get-got
come-came
is/am-was
see-saw
bring-brought
teach-taught
think-thought
buy-bougnt
catch-caught
fly-flew
do-did
say-said
sit-sat
spend-spent
eat-ate
give-gave
write-wrote
read-read
put-put
fell-felt
find-found
hear-heard
know-knew
grow-grew
He studied in this college for three years
他在这所大学学习三年
一般过去时的时间状语用谓语动词的过去式表示
-ed
last night
last week
last month
last year
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
in 1999
two hours ago/one week ago/three years ago
I got the news last night
我昨晚的到了这个消息
表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时
没有1表示过去的时间状语
The sea became rough,almost turned over the boat and mixed the broken glass together
海变得狂爆起来,几乎掀翻了船,并且混合着一些破碎的玻璃
表示过去的动作和状态
I had a word Julia this morning
经常或反复的动作
always,never
Mrs.peter always carried an umbrella
彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞
已经终止的习惯
used to do
常常做某事
He used to drink
他过去喝酒(意味着他现在不喝酒了,喝酒这个动作终止了)
意义上的过去式
I didn't know you were in Paris
我不知道你在巴黎
一般将来时
将来的动作
will/shall +动词原形
shall仅用于第一人称
who will be on duty at six?
will=的全面性
所有人称都可以用will
He will go back to America
一般将来时的否定和疑问
will/shall +not
won't/shan't
疑问句will提前
We won't go to visit that factory
一般将来时的时间状语
通常与表示将来的时间状语连用
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week
in...years/weeks
They will study hard next year
明年它们将努力学习
一般将来时可以表示未来习惯性的动作
Autumn will come after spring
shall/will+动词原型
现在还没发生,要在将来的的某个时刻发生
I shall/will not be free tomorrow
我明天没空
be+going +不定式
说话人的意图,打算,某种可能性
He is going to spend his holidays in London\
be+不定式的表述方法,还可描述两种请款
1.按计划将要发生的动作
2.要求或命令他人做某事
The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days
新桥三天后通车
特殊词强调计划和安排
come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin
用一般现在时或现在进行时,表示按计划将要发生的事
The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m
那架飞机上午11点起飞
现在进行时
be+doing
Is he reading a magazine now?
他现在正在读一本杂志吗?
现在进行时的否定句型
be+not
He isn’t reading in the classroom now
他现在没有在教室读书
现在进行时的疑问句型
be提前
Is he reading a book in the classroom?
他正在教室读书吗?
时间状语和标志性动词
right now,at present,at the moment,now
He is cleaning the office now
他现在正在打扫办公室
现在进行时采用被动形式
be+being done
`the work is being done now
这项工作正在进行
正在发生的动作
They are having a football match
它们正在进行足球比赛
现阶段的动作
现在一直进行的动作
He is preparing for CET Band 6
他正在为大学英语六级做准备
情感表示
现在进行时可表示说话人的情感
赞许,批评,喜欢,厌恶
表示经常性,相当于一般现在时描述的情况
He is akways thinking of others,not of himself
(表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己
计划安排
表示近期按计划或安排要发生的动作
go,come,leave,arrive,have,lunch,return.dine(进餐,尤指晚餐)
sleep,stay,play,do,wear(穿,戴)
I'm dinning out with my friend this evening
现在完成时
表示一直持续的动作
持续到现在动作或状态(be),
常与for+(时间段),since+(时间点或过去时的句子)连用
Mary has been ill for three days
玛丽病了三天了
I have lived in the city since 1998
自从1998年以来我一直住在这座城市
现在完成时的否定句式
have/has+not
I have not yet copied the important file
我还没有备份这个重要的文件
have/has提前的一般疑问句
现在完成时的一般疑问句,have/has提到句首,首字母大写
Have they cancelled the gathering meeting
它们已经取消聚会了吗
现在完成时的时间状语
常与for+时间段,since+时间点或过去时的句子
We have remained to be part of the club since last year
我们自从去年以来就一直是这个俱乐部的成员
He has been here waiting for you for one hour
他一直在这里等你,已经一个小时了
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示事情做过了
He finished the task yesterday
他昨天完成那项任务了
He has finished the task yesterday
他现在已经完成任务了
完成性
表示截至到i现在已完成的动作
By now,I have collected all the data that I need
到目前为止,我已经收集了我需要的全部资料
影响性
表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响,带有结果的动作
Have you had your dinner?
你吃完饭了吗?
延续性
表示过去发生的动作持续到现在
It has been five years since he joined the army
他参军已经五年了
重复性
可以表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作
We have had four competitions this semester
我们这学期已经举行了四次比赛
be+not/do+not
I like English
I do not like English
I am not happy
do+not->don't
I don't know how to do it
我不知道如何做这件事情
第三人称单数does+not
does not->doesn't
She doesn't eat pizza
她不吃比萨
never.seldom,hardly等否定词
表示否定意义的词
She never swims
他从不游泳
He seldom gets up early
他很少早起
They hardly miss any important meeting
他们几乎没有错过重要的会议
前面的单句已经是否定句,反义疑问句应该相反,助动词用肯定的形式
He doesn't go to cinema today,does he?
他没有去电影院,是吗?
am/is/are+not
This is abook
This is not a book
第三人称单数用doesn't+实义动词
后面的动词用原型
He eats an apple
他吃苹果
He doesn't eat an apple
他不吃苹果
do‘t+实义动词
实义动词前+don't
I teach English
I don't teach English
特殊词的转换
原句中有some,变为否定句时,要换成any
有too和also,变为否定句时,换成either
I eat some apples
我吃了一些苹果
I don't eat any apples
我没有吃苹果
Tom goes to school too
汤姆也去上学
Tom doesn't go to school either
汤姆也没有去上学
一般动词的疑问句
do提问“你”
Do you
Do you live here?
你住在这儿吗?
does提问“他她它”
Does he go to school by bus?
他骑自行车上学吗?
自我提问用Do I
Do I look pretty?
我看起来漂亮吗?
do提问do回答,does提问does回答
Do you like fried chicken?
你喜欢炸鸡吗?
Yes. I do /No I don't
Does he speak English?
他说英语吗?
Yes,he does/No,he doesn't
用yes,I do/No,I don't是英语的习惯性用法
be动词提前
陈述句变为一般疑问句
be动词(am/is/are)
Are you in Class 2,Grade 1?
你是在一年级二班吗?
do/does引导的一般疑问句
陈述句中有一个实义动词,且其语态为一般现在时,百为一般疑问句时要在句首+do/does
Do you like these animals?
Does she want to go to cinema?
一般疑问句一般读升调
Do you feel well?
你感觉还好吗?
一般疑问句有时不用yes或no回答
Are they in town now?
他们现在在镇上吗?
I think so
我想是的
Of course
当然
Sorry,I don't know
对不起,我不知道
No problem
助动词should与would
should做情态动词
通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务,译为"应该",”应当“
The group leader announced that we should begin to work soon
小组长宣布我们不久就开始工作
should +not->shouldn't
I should not tell you the event
我不应该告诉你这件事情
We shouldn't ask such question
我们不应该问这样一些问题
would+动词原形
would是will的过去式,用于过去将来时:would +动词原形
同时它也是一个情态动词,表示某种情况的可能性比较大+动词原形
"将要",”想要“,”愿意“
He said he would come
他说他要来
He would go in spite of our warnings
尽管我们警告他了,但他执意要去
would not->wouldn't
I would not attend the meeting
我不参加那个会议
I wouldn't report it to her
我不会把这件事反馈给她
would that...
这是一种虚拟语气
would that they were safe home again!
愿他们能再平安回到家
should 表责任和义务
情态动词,表示现在或将来的责任和义务,
"应该",”应当“
这时可以它和ought to,be supposed to互换
In sum,theory should be combined with practice.
总之,理论应该与实践相结合
should表意外、惊喜
should作为情态动词,表示意外、惊喜或说话人看来是不可思议的
why,who,how开头的疑问句或某些感叹句中,should”竟会“,”居然“
How should I know it?
我怎么会知道这件事?
Why should you be so late today?
你今天怎么来的这么晚
一般过去时
过去的动作或状态
I went to see a film yesterday
我昨天去看电影了
谓语动词加ed
He finished the homework last week
他上周i完成了作业
不规则的变化形式
辅音字母+y 变y为i+ed
study->stardied
辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写辅音字母,+ed
stop->stopped
beg->begged
plan->planned
dot->dotted
不规则动词
go-went
make-made
get-got
come-came
is/am-was
see-saw
bring-brought
teach-taught
think-thought
buy-bougnt
catch-caught
fly-flew
do-did
say-said
sit-sat
spend-spent
eat-ate
give-gave
write-wrote
read-read
put-put
fell-felt
find-found
hear-heard
know-knew
grow-grew
He studied in this college for three years
他在这所大学学习三年
一般过去时的时间状语用谓语动词的过去式表示
-ed
last night
last week
last month
last year
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
in 1999
two hours ago/one week ago/three years ago
I got the news last night
我昨晚的到了这个消息
表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时
没有1表示过去的时间状语
The sea became rough,almost turned over the boat and mixed the broken glass together
海变得狂爆起来,几乎掀翻了船,并且混合着一些破碎的玻璃
表示过去的动作和状态
I had a word Julia this morning
经常或反复的动作
always,never
Mrs.peter always carried an umbrella
彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞
已经终止的习惯
used to do
常常做某事
He used to drink
他过去喝酒(意味着他现在不喝酒了,喝酒这个动作终止了)
意义上的过去式
I didn't know you were in Paris
我不知道你在巴黎
一般将来时
将来的动作
will/shall +动词原形
shall仅用于第一人称
who will be on duty at six?
will=的全面性
所有人称都可以用will
He will go back to America
一般将来时的否定和疑问
will/shall +not
won't/shan't
疑问句will提前
We won't go to visit that factory
一般将来时的时间状语
通常与表示将来的时间状语连用
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week
in...years/weeks
They will study hard next year
明年它们将努力学习
一般将来时可以表示未来习惯性的动作
Autumn will come after spring
shall/will+动词原型
现在还没发生,要在将来的的某个时刻发生
I shall/will not be free tomorrow
我明天没空
be+going +不定式
说话人的意图,打算,某种可能性
He is going to spend his holidays in London\
be+不定式的表述方法,还可描述两种请款
1.按计划将要发生的动作
2.要求或命令他人做某事
The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days
新桥三天后通车
特殊词强调计划和安排
come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin
用一般现在时或现在进行时,表示按计划将要发生的事
The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m
那架飞机上午11点起飞
现在进行时
现在进行时
be+doing
Is he reading a magazine now?
他现在正在读一本杂志吗?
现在进行时的否定句型
be+not
He isn’t reading in the classroom now
他现在没有在教室读书
现在进行时的疑问句型
be提前
Is he reading a book in the classroom?
他正在教室读书吗?
时间状语和标志性动词
right now,at present,at the moment,now
He is cleaning the office now
他现在正在打扫办公室
现在进行时采用被动形式
be+being done
`the work is being done now
这项工作正在进行
正在发生的动作
They are having a football match
它们正在进行足球比赛
现阶段的动作
现在一直进行的动作
He is preparing for CET Band 6
他正在为大学英语六级做准备
情感表示
现在进行时可表示说话人的情感
赞许,批评,喜欢,厌恶
表示经常性,相当于一般现在时描述的情况
He is akways thinking of others,not of himself
(表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己
计划安排
表示近期按计划或安排要发生的动作
go,come,leave,arrive,have,lunch,return.dine(进餐,尤指晚餐)
sleep,stay,play,do,wear(穿,戴)
I'm dinning out with my friend this evening
现在完成时
表示一直持续的动作
持续到现在动作或状态(be),
常与for+(时间段),since+(时间点或过去时的句子)连用
Mary has been ill for three days
玛丽病了三天了
I have lived in the city since 1998
自从1998年以来我一直住在这座城市
现在完成时的否定句式
have/has+not
I have not yet copied the important file
我还没有备份这个重要的文件
have/has提前的一般疑问句
现在完成时的一般疑问句,have/has提到句首,首字母大写
Have they cancelled the gathering meeting
它们已经取消聚会了吗
现在完成时的时间状语
常与for+时间段,since+时间点或过去时的句子
We have remained to be part of the club since last year
我们自从去年以来就一直是这个俱乐部的成员
He has been here waiting for you for one hour
他一直在这里等你,已经一个小时了
现在完成时和一般过去时都表示事情做过了
He finished the task yesterday
他昨天完成那项任务了
He has finished the task yesterday
他现在已经完成任务了
完成性
表示截至到i现在已完成的动作
By now,I have collected all the data that I need
到目前为止,我已经收集了我需要的全部资料
影响性
表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响,带有结果的动作
Have you had your dinner?
你吃完饭了吗?
延续性
表示过去发生的动作持续到现在
It has been five years since he joined the army
他参军已经五年了
重复性
可以表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作
We have had four competitions this semester
我们这学期已经举行了四次比赛
be+not/do+not
I like English
I do not like English
I am not happy
do+not->don't
I don't know how to do it
我不知道如何做这件事情
第三人称单数does+not
does not->doesn't
She doesn't eat pizza
她不吃比萨
never.seldom,hardly等否定词
表示否定意义的词
She never swims
他从不游泳
He seldom gets up early
他很少早起
They hardly miss any important meeting
他们几乎没有错过重要的会议
前面的单句已经是否定句,反义疑问句应该相反,助动词用肯定的形式
He doesn't go to cinema today,does he?
他没有去电影院,是吗?
am/is/are+not
This is abook
This is not a book
第三人称单数用doesn't+实义动词
后面的动词用原型
He eats an apple
他吃苹果
He doesn't eat an apple
他不吃苹果
do‘t+实义动词
实义动词前+don't
I teach English
I don't teach English
特殊词的转换
原句中有some,变为否定句时,要换成any
有too和also,变为否定句时,换成either
I eat some apples
我吃了一些苹果
I don't eat any apples
我没有吃苹果
Tom goes to school too
汤姆也去上学
Tom doesn't go to school either
汤姆也没有去上学
一般动词的疑问句
do提问“你”
Do you
Do you live here?
你住在这儿吗?
does提问“他她它”
Does he go to school by bus?
他骑自行车上学吗?
自我提问用Do I
Do I look pretty?
我看起来漂亮吗?
do提问do回答,does提问does回答
Do you like fried chicken?
你喜欢炸鸡吗?
Yes. I do /No I don't
Does he speak English?
他说英语吗?
Yes,he does/No,he doesn't
用yes,I do/No,I don't是英语的习惯性用法
be动词提前
陈述句变为一般疑问句
be动词(am/is/are)
Are you in Class 2,Grade 1?
你是在一年级二班吗?
do/does引导的一般疑问句
陈述句中有一个实义动词,且其语态为一般现在时,百为一般疑问句时要在句首+do/does
Do you like these animals?
Does she want to go to cinema?
一般疑问句一般读升调
Do you feel well?
你感觉还好吗?
一般疑问句有时不用yes或no回答
Are they in town now?
他们现在在镇上吗?
I think so
我想是的
Of course
当然
Sorry,I don't know
对不起,我不知道
No problem
who+be+动词+..
..是谁
Who is your English teacher
谁是你的英语老师
who+行为动词+..
谁做...
Who ate my cake?
谁吃了我的蛋糕
who can..
谁能..
Who can help me with my English
谁能帮我辅导英语
who作为连接代词
即有疑问含义又有连接作用
I asked him who came into the room(主语)
我问他谁到屋里去了
还可作表语,宾语
Who won the first place?
否定回答,Nobody/No one
Who was late today?
今天谁迟到了
who作为关系代词,引导定语从句
从句中作主语用who,在限制新定语从句中可用taht代替
who作宾语常被省略
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller
开店售书的人叫做书商
All that/who heard him was delighted
所有听了它讲话的人都很高兴
who与whoever
谁
无论谁
引导主语从句,有时也引导宾语从句
whoever比who语气更强
Who comes will be welcome
谁来都欢迎
who用于强调句
强调主语且主语是人时,用who
It is the professor who told us the story
是教授告诉了我们这个故事
those who句型
...的人
those 泛指一般的人
those who want to go there come here place
那些想去那儿的人请来这边
whom
whom做疑问代词
口语中who可以替代whom
Whom did you see?
你见到谁了
whom are you wrighting to?
你在给谁写信
whom做介词宾语
在紧跟介词时只能用whom,不能用who,且不能省略,whom常做疑问代词
To whom should I write?
我应当给谁写信?
whom+不定式
whom做连接代词可以引导不定式短语,常做宾语
不定式的主动形式常表被动意思
We can't decide whom to invite
我们不能决定该邀请谁
whom做关系代词
关系代词whom在从句中做宾语,口语中常省略,句子的先行词也是指人的名词或代词
The boy(whom)I lend money to lives in towm
我借钱给他的那个男孩住在镇上
关系代词whom引导限制性定语从句,从句中作宾语可以省略
口语中who可以替代whom,也可以省略
The teacher(whom/who)I like is very kind
我喜欢的那个老师很善良
whom引导非限制性定语从句
不可替代,不可省略
His mother,whom he loved dearly,died in 1918
他深爱的母亲在1918年去世了
表整体的部分
先行词是人,表达范围时,of+whom
of前经常加many,most,all和数词
In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don't know
房间里人很多,许多我不认识
表所属关系
先行词是物
the+n+of+which
或of+which+the+n
whose+n
He's written a book,the name of which I've forgotten
他写了一本书,书名我忘记了
whom和whomever
whom是who的宾格,whomever是复合关系代词,也只能做宾格,等于anyone whom
There are students in our lcass who /whom you have met
我们班有些学生你见过
I like whomever you like
你喜欢的人,我都喜欢
疑问词what
what表示“什么”
shat做疑问词,引导特殊疑问句。
如疑问词做主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问
What+谓语动词+其他成分
what's your plan ,then?那么你有什么计划?
what can we do about it?关于这件事我们能有什么办法?
what表示“什么样的”
疑问词+一般疑问语序
what school are you in?
你在什么学校?
what表示泛指
泛指某一个人或是事物,可以泛指任何事物或者“凡是...的人”
此时的what是关系代词,引导宾语从句
I'll do what I can
我将尽力而为
what表示特指
可以特指这个人或事物,那个人或事物,所有人和事物
He is no longer what(=the man that)he used to be
他不再是以前的他
Don't poke your nose into what(=the thing that)doesn't concern you
别多管闲事
在一个小范围当中选择时,我们会用which
which color do you like?
你喜欢哪个颜色?
what color do you like?
你喜欢什么颜色?
what和whatever
..的事物
用来引导名词性从句,并在从句中做主语和宾语
whatever任何事物,无论什么
可引导名词性从句和状语从句
no matter what 无论如何
what可以引导名词性从句
以为the thing which
与whatever含义相同
The dictionary is just what I want for my study
这部词典正是我学习要用的工具
what表示感叹
what引导感叹词,多么
What luck!
真幸运
What fools!
真是些笨蛋
what表达“正如、犹如”
A is B what X is to Y中的what相当于as,常与as替换
Air is to us what water is to fish
空后对于我们正像水对于鱼
what用于插入语结构
what’s more..
常做插入语用来引起下文
He is firendly to us .And what 'more,he studied very well
他对我们很友好,而且,他学的很好
疑问词which
which表疑问
哪一个,哪一些
Which will you take?
你想拿哪一个
which做主语
which可以引导定语从句,在句中充当主语
She was not in the train which arrived just now
她不在刚到的火车上
which做宾语
可以引导定语从句,充当宾语
which可省略
The car(which)I hired broke down
我租的汽车坏了
which做介词宾语
先行词是时间,地点,原因等词时,介词+which一般在定语从句中做时间,地点,原因状语
介词+which 可以分别用when,where,why代替,若不是做时间,地点,原因状语,则不能替换
I will remember the day forever when/on which I won the first prize in the contest
我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天
关系代词which和that两者都可指物
引导非限制性定语从句,介词后只能用which
Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous
彼得开的很快,这是很危险的
、
which和whichever
whichever引导名词性从句或状语从句,which是个疑问词,用在疑问句中
做关系代词,引导定语从句
I'll read whichever book you recommend
你推荐的任何书我都愿意看
which foreign language have you studied?
你学过哪一门语言
which的特殊含义
which可代表整个句子的内容或主句中的某一成分
Tom has found a good job,which is we all hope
汤姆找到了一份好工作,这正是我们大家所希望的
in which case
引导非限制性定语从句,相当于in that/this case,如果时那样/这样的话
不能在in which case 咋加上并列连词
She may be late,in which case we ought to wait for her
他可能迟到,因此我们要等他
at which point
引导定语从句,就在这时,就在那时
相当于and at that(this)moment
It started to rain ,at which point we ran
开始下雨了,于是我们跑开了
疑问词whose
whose表疑问
谁的
用于提问形容词性的物主代词
There are my bananas->Whose bananas are these?
这些是我的香蕉,这些香蕉是谁的?
whose某人的
whose做关系代词,某人的,从句中做定语
Do you know anyone whose family is in Beijing?
你认识加载北京的人吗?
whose某物品的
引导定语从句,某物品的
He saw a house whose windows were all broken
他看到一所房子,窗子全都破了
whose某动物的
The deer whose leg had been hurt couldn't run fast
那只腿受伤的鹿不能跑的很快
whose不等于who‘s
whose时who的所有格所有格形式,谁的
who’s是who is的缩写,谁是
Whose is that computer?
那台电脑是谁的
whose引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句
修饰的先行词是表示人的名词,连词在从句中做定语,后面要接名词,”(先行词)的“
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down(the man's car)
那人车坏了,他们跑过去帮忙
whose引导非限制性定语从句
去掉定语从句对句子的意思也没有影响
This is Tom,whose father is a doctor
这是汤姆,他父亲是医生
介词+whose+名词
She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday
她就是昨天我和她父亲谈过话的女孩
I love my motherland,for whose godd future I will work hard
我爱我的祖国,为了她美好的未来我要努力工作
whose和of which
whose既可以指人,又可以指物,of which 只能用来指物
He borrowed a book of which the/whose author was a peasant
他借了一本书,书的作者是一个农民
疑问词when
疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,做疑问代词,常与介词since,till,up to等连用,什么时候
When will they come back?他们什么时候回来?(疑问副词)
Since when have they had the house?他们从什么时候起有这栋房子的?(疑问代词)
Till when is the library open?图书馆开放到几点?(疑问代词)
when做连接副词
引导名词性从句或不定式,什么手时候
从句使用陈述语序
I'd like to know when they will come.
我想知道他们什么时候来。(when引导宾语从句)
When she'll be back depends much on the weather
她何时回来在很大程度上取决于天气(when引导主语从句)
Have you decided when to go sightseeing?
你们已经决定什么时候去观光了吗?(我很引导不定式结构)
when做关系副词
引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
Do you remember the time when the three of us went on a picnic
你还记得我们三个人去野餐的那段时光吗?
when引导时间状语状语从句
when做从属连词,引导时间状语从句,当...时,在..的时候
When you see him,please say hello to him
见到他时,代我向他问好
when和what time做疑问词
引导特殊疑问句
when引导的疑问句,不一定指出具体的时间点,可用tomorrow,next month回答
what time必须说出具体的时间,at two o'clock ,at five past ten
When will they come back?他们什么时候回来?
This afternoon今天下午
What time will they come back
At two o'clock
When表示条件
相当于if,引导条件状语从句
How can I get a jpb when I can't even know any English
如果我一点英语都不会,怎么能找到工作呢?
When表示对比
相当于where,while,since既然,然而
How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
既然他们不愿听我的,我有怎么能帮助他们弄明白呢?
when从句中使用虚拟语气,本来..确..
She paid When she could have entered free
本来可以免费入场,而她却服了款
when的句型一
when引导的特殊疑问句,When will it be convenient for you to..?你看什么时候方便..
When will it be convenient for you to arrange an interview for me?
你看什么时候方便为我安排面试
When的句型二
When are you going to..?
你打算什么时候..to后面跟动词原型
When are you going to buy a new computer?
你打算什么时候买一台新电脑?
疑问词where
表示..在哪里
作疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,where+be动词..在哪里
where are you?
你去哪?
where表示在哪儿做..
where 做疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,where+do/did/does
where do they go?
他们要去哪里?
where引导名词性从句
作连接副词,引导名词性从句
名词性从句包括{主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句}
It's really none of your business where I spend my summer holidays
我去哪里过暑假确实跟你无关(主语从句)
I wonder where she lives
我想知道她住在哪里(宾语从句)
The problem is where we should put the vase
问题是我们该把花瓶放在哪里(表语从句)
I really have no idea where she has gone
我真不知道她去哪儿了(同位语从句)
where引导宾语从句
作关系副词,先行词在从句中作地点状语,引导限制性和非限制性定语从句
The book is on the table where you left it
书在桌子上,你放在那里的
We then moved to Paris,where we lived for six years
我们后来搬到巴黎,在那里住了六年
定语从句用which和where不看先行词,而是看句子是否完整
如果先行词在从句中地点状语,就用关系副词where
句子不完整,用which
This is the school where I studied last year
这是我去年学习的学校
studied为不及物动词,句子完整
where 引导地点状语从句
一般置于主句之后
Sit where you like
你爱坐哪都可以
where 表条件
where+地点从句,(there)+主句,哪里..哪里就..
主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用
主句在从句前面,there一般都不用
Where there is a will,there is a way
where和wherever
两者都可以表示任何地方,wherever的语气强烈一些
where一版表示一个特定的而非特指的地方。where,anywhere和everywhere任何地方
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you
不论我在哪儿,都会想你的
where+不定式
where+不定式构成不定式短语在句子中作主语和宾语
可以转化为相同意义的句子,需在where后加一个适当的主语,把不定时变为谓语动词
Where to go for a picnic hasn't been decided
=where we shall go for a picnic hasn't been decided
(我们)去哪里野餐还没有决定
疑问词why
表疑问
位于句首,为什么,回答常用because
Why are you sad?
你为什么悲伤
why表感叹
可以放在句首或句中做插入语,表示惊奇等情绪
Why,what's happening?
啊,有什么事吗?
why表建议
why not.. /why don't
表示客气地提出建议,请求
Why not go and have a look?
干嘛不去看看?(让我们去看看)
Why don't we go out to lunch today
今天为社么不出去吃午饭呢?(我们一起出去吃午饭吧!)
why表责备
why didn't you (你为什么不...)
否定疑问句,常用于反问
Why didn't you wait for me?
你为什么没有等我
why not和why don't
why not后面接动词原形,why don't后面接主谓结构
why not do something
why don't+主语+do something
为什么某人不做某事
区别在于要不要加主语
Why not go to cinema
Why don't we go to cinema
why引导主语从句
作为连接副词,引导主语从句
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever
他为什么这样做永远是个迷
why引导宾语从句
He asked her why she was doing that
他问她为什么要那样做
why引导表语从句
一般用That's why..这个句型
That’s why I 've come to see you
这就是我为什么来见你的原因
why引导定语从句
Why只能引导限制性定语从句,先行词只有reason,从句中充当原因状语
why相当于for which
Do you know the reason why he is not here now
你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗?
疑问词how
how提问方式,方法
怎样
How is the word spelt?
这个单词怎么拼?
how提问“健康状况,处境”
..身体好吗?
..怎么样?
How is Miss Zhang?
张小姐身体好吗?
how与形容词连用
how修饰形容词指1数量,程度的多少
How old is your uncle?
你叔叔多大了?
how与副词连用
how修饰副词也指数量程度的多少
How fast does he drive?
他开的有多快?
how come..
..是怎么回事
与why差不多
how come后接的句子用正常语序,而不是半倒装语序
How come you never visit us any more?
你怎么不来看我们了?
how与many,much连用
how many 修饰可数
how much修饰不可数,可以问多少钱
How many students are three in your class
你们班有多少名学生
how about
用于询问或征询意见
相当于what about
后接名词,代词或动词的ing形式
..怎么样..
..好不好..
How about the others?
剩余的怎么样?
How about a drink?
来一杯吧?
how 表感叹
多么
How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语
How fine the weather is!天气多么好啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!
how作为连接副词
怎么 或者..的方式
How all this happened was a mystery(主语从句)
这一切怎么发生的都是个迷
Tell me how you're getting on.(宾语从句)
告诉我你的进展如何
That‘s how I look at it(表语从句)
这是我的看法
Do you know to start this machine?
你知道怎样启动这台机器吗?(不定式短语)
假设句
if引导条件状语从句
当,无论何时
if中的时态和主句中的时态相同
If you mix yellow and blue,you get green;
你将黄色与蓝色混合,便会得到蓝色
if+not
副词短语
不然的话,否则
We should do it with all our heart,if not we will leave it unfinished
我们应该全心全意地做这件事,不然的话,我们将会半途而废
if引导让步状语从句
即使是,虽说
If she's poor,at least she's honest
虽说她很穷,但至少他还是诚实的
if 做连词,引导否定地条件状语从句
If we are not healthy,happiness is impossible
没有健康,我们就不可能幸福
if如果,是否
if表示是否主要用于宾语从句
Lily asked if/whether she liked it
莉莉问她是否喜欢它
if做连词
if引导条件状语从句
假如,如果
主句用一般将来时,if引导地状语从句用一般现在时
If it doesn't rain,we will go to the park next Sunday.
如果不下雨,下个星期天我们将去公园
if后接否定动词
感叹句中,表示沮丧,惊奇
Well,if I haven't left my false teeth at home
真倒霉,我把假牙丢在家里了!
if用于虚拟语气
if从句中用过去式,表示不可能实现
If you were a bird,you could fly.
假使你是只鸟,你便会飞了。
句子主谓一致
语法一一致原则
主语单数,动词单数,主语复数,动词复数
Both my parents are doctors
我的父母都是医生
意义一致原则
谓语动词地数取决于主语所表示地概念
This news is important for us
这条消息对我们很重要
paris is among the largest cities in the world
巴黎是世界上最大地城市之一
就近原则
谓语动词的数取决于主语最靠近它的词语
either..or..
neither..nor..
not only..but also..
连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致
Either you or he has taken it
不是你拿了就是他拿了
谓语与前面的主语一致
with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as
The teacher together with some students is visiing the factory
老师和一些学生在参观工厂
时间,距离,度量,宽度,被看作整体时,用单数,强调个体可以用复数
Ten dollars is too much for this old coin
这个古币不值10美元(整体)
Three dollars were paid for the old coin
哪个古钱花了3块钱(个体)
a(the) number of..作主语
the number of +复数名词 ..的数目
The number of absent student is 6
缺席的学生人数位6
a number of+复数名词
大量的...
A number of people were injured
不少人受了伤
the+形容词作主语
指一类人,谓语用复数
The young are mostly ambitious
年轻人多半有雄心
从句作主语
谓语通常用单数
Whoever told you that was lying
不管这话是谁对你说的,都是撒谎
倒装句的主谓一致
在副词here,there,now,then,up,down,in,out,away
等做状语或表语的介词短语
分词短语+谓语动词+主语 的倒装结构中,谓语动词的数由动词后面的主语决定
On the wall hang two maps
墙上挂着两幅地图
On the wall hangs a map of the world
墙上挂着一副世界地图
反意疑问句
反义疑问句表示问话人对自己的看法没有把握,需要对方证实
陈述句+简略的一般问句
简略的一般问句通常由两个词构成,一个是肯定或否定的be动词,情态动词,助动词,一个是人称代词
陈述句是肯定的,简略问句部分用否定式,not要用缩略式
若陈述部分是否定。简略问句部分用肯定式
反意疑问句的主语必须是人称代词
You know how to get there,don't you?
你知道怎样去那儿,不是吗?
YOu've got my E-mail,haven't you?
你收到了我的电子邮件了,不是吗?
含否定词的反意疑问句
陈述部分含有seldom(=not ofen,不常),hardly(=almost not,几乎不)
few(=not many,很少),little(=not much, 一点儿),never(从不,永不)
这些词本身具有否定意义,简略问句用肯定式
You seldom play tennis,do you?
你很少打网球,对吧?
含have的反意疑问句
陈述句部分含have,若为助动词,反意疑问句也用have
若表所有,反意疑问句可以用have也可以用do
表示吃,玩等意思,反义疑问句用do,不能用have
若用have to,通常用加助动词do的形式,不过有时也可用have(特定行为时)
He has a lot of money,hasn't/dosen't he?
他有许多钱,不是吗?
He dosn't have any money,does he?
他没有钱,是吗?
He ofen has to get up early,doesn't he?
他经常要早起,不是吗?
含情态动词的反意疑问句
若陈述句部分含有情态动词,情况比较复杂,反意疑问句会重复前面同样的情态动词,
must,反意疑问句可能用mustn't或needn't
也可能根据must后的动词形式来确定(当must表示推测时)
The boy can read and write,can't he?
这男孩会读写,不是吗?
You must leave at once ,mustn't/needn't you?
他必须(有必要)马上离开。不是吗
He must be tired,isn't he?
他一定累了,不是吗?
陈述句的主语是不定代词
somebody,someone,everyone,everybody,no one,nobody,something,anything,nothing,everything
附带问句通常用they做主语
指代物的不定代词做叙述句的主语时,附带问句用it做主语
Nobody came,did they?没有人来,是吗?
Everything is ready,isn't it?
一切都准备好了,不是吗?
let的反意疑问句
let‘s引出的肯定祈使句,附带问句shall we
let's引出的否定祈使句,附带问句用all right?或O.K?
let us引出的祈使句,附带问句要用will you
Let's go swimming,shall we?
我们去游泳,好吗?
Let's not go there,All right?
我们别去那里,好吗?
Let us go to the zoo,will you?
让我们去动物园,好吗?
祈使句的反意疑问句
陈述部分为祈使句,反意疑问句通常用will you,won't you,would you
陈述部分为否定式,反意疑问句只用will you
Close the door,will you?
把门关上,好吗?
Pass me the book,will you?
递给我那本书,好吗?
Try to be back by two,won't you
争取两点之前回来,好吗?
Don’t forget to post the letter,will you?
请别忘了寄信,好吗?
复合句的反意疑问句
陈述部分为主从复合句,其反意疑问句一般应与主句保持一致,陈述部分为I think(believe,suppose)that..
反意疑问句通常与从句保持一致(注意否定的转移)
She said that I did it ,didn't she?
她说是我干的,不是吗?
I think that he is wrong ,isn't he?
他认为他错了
I don't suppose he will come,will he?
他想他不会来了,不是吗?
省略句的反意疑问句
叙述句为省略句,没有主语和谓语动词时,反义疑问句要根据实际需要确定主语和助动词
What’t beautiful paintings,aren't they?
多美的画,不是吗?
How odd,isn't it?
多古怪,不是吗?
there be句型
there be的人称和数
be在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致
主语是不可数名词或是单数可数名词时用is,复数用are
There is a flower in the bottle
瓶里有一朵花
There is some money in the purse
钱包里有些钱
There are many people living here
有许多人生活在这儿?
there be的就近原则
句子中有几个并列的主语时,be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语一致
There is a boy,a girl and two women in the hourse
房子里有一个男孩,一个女孩,和两个妇女
There be的介词前置
陈述句中为了强调地点,可将介词短语提至句首
In the tree there are five bird
树上有五只鸟
On the book there is an eraser
树上有一块橡皮
一般疑问句及其答语
be提到there前,首字母大写
肯定答语是Yes,there is/are
否定答语是No,there isn't/aren't
Are there two cats in the tree?有两只猫在树上吗?
Yes,there are是的,有两只
Are there any bird here?树上有鸟吗?
No,there aren't 不,没有
there be用于特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句what is +地点介词短语(无论主语是单数还是复数都用is)
there be后面的地点状语进行提问时,where is/are+主语
可数名词(主语)前的数量进行提问时,用how many
how many+复数名词+are there+其他(主语无论单数还是复数都用are)
There are some birds in the tree->What's in the tree?
树上有一些鸟。->树上有什么?
There are three books on the desk->How many books are there on the desk?
卓上有三本书->桌上有多少本书
there be形式主语
there be是存在句中常用结构
there在句中处于主语位置,起形式主语的作用,真正的主语是随后的名词词组,其谓语动词通常是be的各种时、体等形式。
There is ice on the lake
沪上有冰
There were three students in the classroom then
当时教师有三个学生
there be特殊句式
there+情态助动词+be
预见,可能,必然,过去习惯存在
There might be some desserts if you wait a bit
如果你等一会儿,可能会有甜点
There ought to have been someone on duty all the time
本来应该有人全天值班
there连用特殊动词
表示存在,发生,出现,坐落,等意义的不及物动词,也可以与there连用
appear,seem,come,remain,exist,live,stand,lie,arise,enter,follow,occur,rise,grow,happen,belong,arrive,fly,flash,sail,pass.run,spring up,emerge
There exist many ancient temples in the country
那个国家有很多古老的寺庙
There lies a small village in the mountain
山里有个小村子
独立主格结构
there+being用作状语,,形成独立主格结构
There being no further discussion,the chairman stood up and left the meeting room
没有可讨论的了,主席站起来,离开了会议室
There being a teacher,the student got there to greet
有一个老师过来了,那个学生去问候
祈使句
表示请求,命令,劝告,祝愿或建议的句子,祈使句主语一般为第二人称单数,但往往省去不用
英语祈使句的谓语总是动词原形
Watch your steps走路小心
Be quiet!保持安静
肯定变成否定
动词原形前加don‘t
Don't worry别担心
Don’t speak so loud别这么大声说话
与please连用
语气委婉,与please连用
Please don't get angry
请不要生气
please drive more slowerly
请开慢一点
以let开头的祈使句
let后接第一人称me,us表示建议
Let me have a try
我来试一试
Let's go out to have a dinner togetther
我们一起出去吃饭吧?
let后一般接第一人称
可以接第二人称,但是不符合习惯
接第三人称很常见
let+第三人称代词(him,her,it,them)/名词
Let her join our choir
让他加入我们的合唱团吧
be+过去分词
be可以和少数过去分词连用,用于祈使句
表示一时的的行为的形容词,才能用于be/don't be之后
careful/careless,patient/impatient,quiet,silly
be/don't be常与不可与表状态的形容词连用,hungry/thirsty/pretty
Be quiet!
安静点!
Don't be silly!
别傻了
be+名词
这是一种习惯用法
Be a man!
要做个男子汉
Be a angle and fetch me slippers please
请行行好,把我拖鞋拿来
没用动词的祈使句
祈使句还可用名词,形容词,副词来表示
Help!
救人呦!
Fire!
失火了
Patience!
要有耐心!
Careful!
小心!
比较级
形容词或副词前加more,或后缀-er
natural->more natural
clearly->more clearly
warm->warmer
fast->faster
比较级常见修饰语
much,a lot,far,a bit.a little,a great deal,slightly
She's feeling a lot better today
她今天感觉好多了
Japanese is much more difficult than English
日语比英语难多了
She felt a great deal more comfortable now
她现在感觉舒服多了
It's slightly warmer today
今天稍缓和一点
the+比较级,the+比较级
后者随着前者的变化而变化
越..越..
The sooner,the better
越快越好
The harder you work,the better result you 'll get
比较级+and+比较级
more and more+原级,越来越...
It becames warmer and warmer when spring comes
春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了
I'm forty years younger than you
我比你小40岁
you're a head taller than Jack
你比杰克高一个头
一般形容词或副词+er 变比较级
old->older
high->higher
重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的,双写+er
big->bigger
thin->thinner
hot->hotter
fat->fatter
辅音字母+y
y->i+er
busy->busier
heavy->heavier
e结尾的单词+r
large->larger
polite->politer
多音节以及某些双音节
more+形容词
important->more important
difficult->more difficult
少数单音节单词,特别是分词形容词
more+形容词
fond->more fond
glad->more glad
pleased->more pleased
tired->more tired
good/well->better
bad/badly->worse
much/many->more
little->less
far->father/further
old->older/elder
more..than..的三个用法
1.比...更多
more为many/much的比较级,表示数量,后接名词
I made more mistakes than you
我犯的错误比你多
Last year there were more births than death
去年出生的人口多于死亡的人口
2.比..更
more后接多音节形容词或副词
He is more careful than others
他比其他人跟更仔细
Travelling by thain is more relaxing than driving
乘火车旅行比开车轻松得多
3.与其说..不如说..
对同一个人或物在两个不同方面进行比较或取舍
more..than..
He is more lucky than clever
与其说她聪明,不如说他幸运
He was more frightened than hurt
他受伤倒不算什么,可受惊不小
less..than..的用法
较..低
不及..
less +形容词+than+比较成分
表示前者不如后者
I have always tried to help those who are less fortune than I
我一直设法帮助比我不幸的人
最高级
三者或三者以上
最...
在形容词或副词前+most或后缀+est
形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词前可省略
Jack is the tallest of the three
杰克是三个人中最高
最高级的修饰语
very,the second,much the,(by)far the,not quite the,nearly.almost,by no means
It was of the highest quality
它的质量是最高的
This is much the most important
这是最重要的
Hainan is China's second largest island
海南是中国的第二大岛
This is by far the most expensive bicycle in the shop
这是这家商店里最贵的自行车
not more than =at most
not more than至多=at most
I'll stay here not more than three days
我在这里最多待三天
not less than=at least
不下于,至少
I'll stay here not less than three days
not more than最多
not less than至少
no more than仅仅,只有,只不过=only
He is no more than an ordinary teacher
他只不过是个普通的老师
no less than多达,有..之多,简直,与..没有差别=as much as
We walked no less than three miles
我们走了三英里之远
单音节及少数双音节形容词或副词
old->oldest
high->highest
late->latest
soon>soonest
重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写+est
big->?biggest
thin->thinnest
hot->hottest
fat->fattst
辅音字母+y
busy->busiest
heavy->heaviest
happy->happiest
early->earliest
e结尾+st
large->largest
polite->politest
brave->bravest
simple->simplest
most+多音节
important->most important
difficult->most difficult
少数单音节单词,特别是分词形容词,必须+most
fond->most fond
good/well->best
bad.baddly->worst
much/many->most
little->least
far->farthest/furthest
old->oldest/eldest
at+形容词最高级
构成表语或状语
The peony was at its brightest
牡丹花正在盛开
I knew she was at her worst
我知道她这时情绪最早
never+比较级表示最高级
I have never drunk better beer
这是我喝过最好的啤酒
I have never met a kinder man
这是我遇见过的最仁厚的人
He had never spend a more worring day
这是我度过的烦恼的日子
非人称代词it
常不译出来
it指天气
It is cloudy
天气多云
It is a lovely day
今天天气晴朗
It指时间
It's already nine o'clock
已是9点了
It's Tuesday today
今天星期二
it指距离
It‘s a long way form here
从这儿去很远
It’s three miles to the beach
到海边有三英里
it指环境
It's lovely here
这里环境优美
It getting very crowded here
这儿变得很拥挤
make it及时赶到,成功,办成
it没有明确的意义,成为人们日常的习惯用语
You can make it if you hurry
如果你赶快还能及时赶到
it做形式主语
不定式,动名词,从句等复杂成分用作句子主语,为保持句子平衡,通常将真正的主语放在句末,it作形式主语放在句首
It's very important to remember it
记住这一点很重要
It’s hard work climbing mountains
爬山是费劲的事
It‘s nuknown when he will come
他什么时候来还不知道
it作形式宾语
不定时,动名词,从句作宾语,且后根由宾语补语,通常在宾语补语前使用形式宾语it
真正的宾语移至句末
动词+it+宾补+不定式(动名词,从句)
I find it difficult to do the job well
我发现做好这件事不容易
it在强调句中的用法
It+be+被强调的部分+that(who)+其他部分
It was yesterday that he got married
他是昨天结婚的
It was you who had been wrong
错的是你
it的习惯用语
make it
it本身没实际意义
It is very kind of you
你真好
It is my turn
轮到我了
I can't help it
我没有办法
That's it
这就对了
动词分词
什么是动词分词
分词兼有动词和形容词性质的非限定词,不随人称和数变化,现在分词和过去分词,
动词+ing,表示动作正在进行
动词+ed,表被动,已经完成
I heard someone knocking at the door
我听见有人在敲门
He is a man loved by all
他是一个受大家爱戴的人
分词的作用
分词在句中可以作定语,表语,状语和宾语补语
Do you know the boy standing at the gate
你认识站在门口那边的男孩吗?
分词的否定形式
not+分词
Not knowing her address,we couldn't get in touch with her
现在分词的被动态
表示一个被动动作,现在分词用被动态,现在分词的一般时和完成时都有被动形式
being done,having been done
现在分词一般时的被动态,表示现在正在进行的动作
Who is the women being operated on?
正在接受手术的女人是谁?
现在分词完成时的被动式
表示之前完成的动作
The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it
话题已经开始了,他不得不谈下去
过去分词可以直接表被动,现在分词也有被动形式
过去分词在表被动的同时还表完成
现在分词在表被动的同时海表进行
Written in haste,the book has many mistakes
=Being written in haste,the book has many mistakes
=Having been written in haste,the book has many mistakes
这书因写的很仓促,所以错误不少
过去分词作状语,表示被动和完成,一般可以表时间和原因
Seen from the moon,the earth looks green
从月球上看时,地球是绿色的(时间状语)
Broken down on the high way,his car was carried away by the police
由于他的车在高速公路上坏了,。于是被警察拖走了(原因状语)
Given a few minutes,I'll finish it
再给几分钟时间,我就会完成了(条件状语)
Explained a hundred times,he still can't understand it
即使给他解释一百遍,他还是不明白(让步状语)
逻辑主语
分词属非谓语动词,所以它可以没有真正的主语,但有逻辑主语
I often hear him singing this song
他经常听她唱这首歌(him时singing的逻辑主语)
Hearing the news,he couldn't help crying(he是hearing的逻辑主语)
独立主格结构
当分词的逻辑主语于主句的主语不同,其作用相当于一个壮语从句,常用来表示时间,原因,条件,行为方式,伴随情况
Her work done,she sat down for a cup of tea
他干完活了,坐下来喝茶(表时间)
The condition being favorate,he may succeed
若条件有利,他或许能成功(表条件)
There being no taxi,we had to walk
没有出租车,我们只好步行(表原因)
Almost all metals are good conductor,silver being the best of all
几乎所有的金属都是好导体,而银则是最好的导体(表伴随情况)
不定式
to+动词原形
是一种非谓语形式,具有名词,形容词,副词的特征
To complete the program needs much effort
完成这项计划需要很大努力
They have three tickets to spare
他们多出三张票
I find it interesting to stay with you
我发觉与你待在一起很有趣
不定式可带有自己的宾语和状语,从而形成不定式短语
具有名词,形容词,副词的性质
可做主语,宾语,宾语补语,表语,同位语,定语,以及状语等句子成分
Is it necessary to bring an umrella today?
今天有必要带雨伞吗?
He agrees to go with us
他同意跟我们一起去
不定时的否定式
否定词not或never置于不定式之前
not to do/never to do
Take care not to break it
小心别把它打破了
疑问词+不定式
相当于一个名词性从句
常用在某些动词,如tell,know,imagine,learn,decide,forget,remember,consider,understand等后面做宾语,主语,表语,同位语
He asked me how to open the box
他问我这盒子怎么打开
You have to consider what to do next
你必须考虑下一步怎么办
不定式的时态和语态
主动 被动
一般时 to do to be done
完成时 to have done to have been done
进行时 to be doing to be being been done
完成时 to have been doing
不定式的进行时表示与谓语动词同时发生,并且正在进行的动作
可用进行时态表示将来意义,不定式的进行时有时也可表将来
He seems to be saying something
他似乎在说什么(同时)
He is happy to be coming home
就要回家了他感到很开心(将来)
不定式的完成时
谓语发生之前的动作
He seems to have caught a cold
他似乎感冒了
不带to的动词不定式
一般都有小品词to
情态动词及助动词之后一般要省略to
He can speak several languages
他能说好几种语言
感官动词feel,hear,look at,listen to,notice,observe,sense,see,watch
使役动词make作宾补,省略to
I heard them break a glass in the next door
我听见他们在隔壁打破了一个罐子
不定式作介词besides,but,except的宾语,或系动词be的表语,而在介词besides,but,except或be前有do的形式,省略to
We can do nothing but wait there
我们除了在那儿等待之外,没有其他办法
不定式cannot but,had better/best,rather than,sooner than,would rather,would sooner,know better than等短语之后,不定式前to省略
I would rather watch a TV play than play cards
我宁愿看一场电影,也不愿打牌
动名词
+ing,形式上与现在分词相同,动名词具有动词性质外,还有名词性质
Being lost can be a terrifying experience
迷路是一种可怕的经历
We need a new working method
我们需要一种新的工作方法
句法功能
动名词可作主语,表语,宾语,定语,宾语补语等,不能作谓语
Finding work is difficult these days
现在找工作不容易(作主语)
动词的否定式
not置于动名词之前
Not being punctual makes him unreliable
不准时使人觉得他不可靠
动名词的复合结构
名词所有格或物主代词后加动名词,构成动名词复合结构
名词属格或物主代是动名词的逻辑主语
Your denying everything will get you nowhere
你否认一切对你并无益处
既可以接不定式又可接动名词的动词,但两者意义不同
forget,rmember,regret接不定式,发生在谓语之后
ing作宾语,发生在谓语之前
I forgot to tell you about it
我忘记告诉你那件事了
I remembered giving the book to LiLei,but he said I didn't
我记得我把书给李雷了,但是他说我没有给
动词go on,stop接不定式,表目的,ing作宾语,表继续或停止所做的事
Now stop to listen to me,please
现在停下来听我将
Now stop writing,please
现在停止写字
动名词的完成时
having+动词过去分词
He denied having been there
他不承认到过那里
He apologized for having broken his promise
他因没遵守诺言表示道歉
动名词的被动式
being+动词过去分词
I appreciate being given this opportunity
我很感谢给了我这个机会
动名词的主动表被动
need(需要),want(需要),worth(值得),deserve(该),后常跟动名词的主动形式表被动意义
Your bicycle needs repairing
你的脚踏车需要修理
These flowers want watering
这些话该叫水了
The book is not worth reading
这本书不值一读
You deserve punishing
你该受到惩罚
只可接动名词的动词
enjoy,miss,practise,suggest,consider,avoid,mind,finish,put off,givep up
后只可接动名词作宾语
You'd better avoid making mistakes
你最好避免犯错误
He decided to put off going home
他决定推迟回家
被动句
be+过去分词
如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者,句子后+by,被(由)...
主语+be+过去分词+(by..)
A letter is being wirtten by Lucy now
一份信正在由露西写
被动句的否定式
主语 be not+过去分词+(by)
The letter was not written by Lucy
这封信不是由露西写的
被动句的疑问式
一版疑问句:be+主语+过去分词+(by..)
疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by..)
Shall I be allowed to go with you?
允许我跟你们一块去吗?
含有情态动词的被动式
情态动词+be+过去分词
This can't be done in a short time
这不是短期内可以完成的
情态动词need的被动句在肯定式和疑问句要加to
They need to be cautioned
他们需要提醒
She needs to be told about it
这事需要告诉她
什么情况下用被动句?
不知道或不必知名动作,的发出者时可用被动语态
The glass is broken
玻璃杯破了
要强调,或突出动作的承受者时用被动语态
The plan has already been canceled
这个计划已经取消
八种常用时态的被动语态
助动词be+动词的过去分词,be有时态,人称和数的变化
一般现在时 am/is/are+过去分词
Rice is grown in South China
华南种植水稻
一般过去时 was/were+过去分词
The glass was broken yesterday
这块玻璃是昨天打碎的
现在进行时 am/is/are being +过去分词
The project is being carried out
这个计划正在执行中
过去进行时
was/were+being+过去分词
This road was being built at this time last year
去年这条路还在修建
一般将来时
will be +过去分词
The cars will be sent abroad by sea
这些汽车将由水路运往国外
过去将来时
would be +过去分词
The Manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year
经理说这个工程年底前将会完成
现在完成时
have/has been+过去分词
This novel has been translated into several language
这本小说已被译成了几种语言
过去完成时
had been+过去分词
When I got to the theatre,I found the tickets had already been sold out
我到达剧院时,发现票已经卖完了
双宾动词的被动句
(award,buy,give,leave,lend,offer,pay,show,teach,tell)
在变为被动时态时,即可把间接宾语作为被动语态的主语,也可以把直接宾语作为被动语态的主语
此时间接宾语需改为介词to和for引起的状语
He gave her some money
她给她一些钱
->She was give some money/Some money was given to her
He bought her a watch
他给她买了一块表
->A watch was bought for her/She was bought a watch
主动表被动
read,wash,clean.cook,cut,wear,carry
作不及物动词切表示主语的某种属性时,通常主动形式表被动意义
The cloth washes well
这种布料很好洗
The book seels quickly
这些书卖的很快
This chese doesn't cut easily,It's too soft
这奶酪不容易切,太软了
This shirt will wear very long
这衬衫可以穿很久
强调句
英语句子一般为,主,谓,宾,表,状
有时为了强调某部分,就故意将它移到句首或句末
I was reading English this mornin——this morning ,I was reading English
今天早晨,我在读英语(强调主语及状语)
Though he will try,he can't succeed——Try as/though he will,he can't secceed
尽管他会尝试,但他不会成功(做强调谓语)
Though he learn English,he didn't learnt it well——English as/though he learnt,he didn't learn it well
尽管他学英语,但他学的并不好(强调宾语)
Though he is ill ,he keeps on working——ill as/though he is,he keeps on working
他病了,他仍坚持工作(强调表语)
用词强调
用不同的词进行修饰从而起到强调的目的
I do like swimming
我的确喜欢游泳
He did go there last night
他昨天晚上的确去过那儿
I don't know it at all
我一点也不知道
What on earth are you doing there?
你到底在那儿干什么
用句子强调
It is/was +被强调部分+that/who
强调人时用that和who都可
强调不是人,只能用that
It was in the room that Li Lei was born
李雷就出生在这间房
It is Wei Fang who has broken the record
就是魏方打破了记录
not..until用于强调句
(was)not until..that..
It was not until his wife left that he came
他妻子走了之后他才来
It was not until the rain stopped that they started
直到雨停他才出发
强调句的一般疑问式
be提到句首,使用“Is /Was it+强调部分+that/who”
Was it in the office that he was killed?
他是在办公室被杀害的吗
强调句的特殊疑问句
特殊疑问句
疑问词(Who/What/When/Where/Why/How)+is/was it that。。
When was it that he got married?
它是什么时间结婚的?
强调从句
It is/was+被强调的从句+that(who)
可强调
because引导的原因状语从句,但通常不能引导since,as引导的原因状语从句
,也不能强调由although引导的让步状语从句
It was what he said that surprised me
是他讲的话让我吃惊
强调句的时态
It be..that.. be的时态应与句子一致
It was my two sisters who know her best
是我的两个姐姐最了解他(同时用过去时)
It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this
对此须受责难的将不再是你(同时用将来时)
有时也可以不一致,主要见于It is..that..用现在时,句子用过去时
It is she who enjoyed reading novels as a pastime
是她已读小说来消遣
倒装句
完全倒装
整个谓语放在主语之前
Here comes the bus
公共汽车来了
Round and round flew the plane
飞机盘旋着
部分倒装
谓语的一部分放在主语前
句子的强调部分提前
How are you doing?
你情况怎么样?
条件句中的倒装
虚拟条件句中有were,should,had,省略if,将were,should,had置于句首
Were I Tom (If I were Tom),I would refuse
如果我是汤姆,我就会拒绝
状语从句中的倒装
as/though引导的让步状语从句必须将表语和状语提前
即形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前
Clever though he was,he couldn't conceal his eagerness for praise
虽说他很聪明,却不能掩饰他对获得赞扬的渴望
here,there,now,then,out,in,up,down,off,away
等方向性副词开头的句子,句子主语是名词,用完全倒装
Here comes the bus
公共汽车来了
表语和地点状语位于句首表强调,用倒装
Among them was my friend Jim
他们当中就有我的朋友吉姆
否定词开头的倒装
never,hardly,seldom,little,few,not untilm,not,not only,no sooner,no longer,nowhere,by no means置于句首,部分倒装
Never have I seen such a teacher
我从未见过那样的老师
so/neither/nor引导的倒装
so/neither/nor+助动词+主语
He can sing English songs and so can I
他会唱英文歌,我也会
only+状语
部分倒装
状语包括:副词,介词短语,状语从句
Only then did he realized that he was wrong
到那时他才意识道他错了
so..that引导的倒装
so+形容词/副词置于句首置于句首,则后面的主语用部分倒装
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape
省略句
主语的省略
祈使句可以省略主语
Beg your pardon
请你再说一遍
谓语的省略
一般疑问句可省略前面的助动词或be动词
there be中的there也可省略
(Is there) Anything you want to tell me?
有什么事要告诉我吗?
表语的省略
口语中,省去表语比较常见
Are you ready
你们准备好了吗
Yes,We are(ready)
是的,准备好了
主语和助动词的省略
表达心里感受时,主语,系动词常被省略
(I've )Got to go now
(我)得走了
在对话中,回答别人的问题,省略相同的部分,做简短的回答
Do you like playing volleyball?
你喜欢打排球吗?
Yes,I do
是的,我喜欢
状语从句的省略
时间,条件,让步,方式等状语从句
如果从句和主句的主语一致,或从句主语为it,谓语为be,将从句的主语和be省略
Solid can be turned into liquid(can be turned into)gas if heated enough
如果加到足够热,固体会变成液体,而液体又会变成气体
if构成的省略
可省略从句的主语和部分谓语
固定短语
If any,if necessary,if possible.if not, if so
There are few, if any.mistakes to in that book
那本书就是有错误也不多
并列句中的省略
后面有词和前面的词相同,有时可省略。避免重复
i work in a factory and my sister(works)on a farm
我在工厂工作,我妹妹在农场工作
名词性从句的省略
wh-引导的名词性从句,从句谓语与主句谓语相同。从句省略全部谓语,主语也可以省略
只保留一个wh词
She will go to Beijing.but I don't know when (she will) go to Beijing
他将去北京,但我不知打破是什么时候
感叹句
表示强烈情绪或感觉
Hurrah!We get it
好哇!我们赢了!
Nonsens!
胡说!
My money!stop!
我的钱,站住!
Wonderful!They all being to me
妙极了!他们全是我的了
how引导的感叹句一
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语
How boring this is!
这实在太无趣了
How beautiful you sing!
你唱得真美妙
how引导的感叹句二
how+主语+谓语
此时how用于直接修饰动词
How I missed you
我多么想念你
How you've grown
你都长这么大啦
what引导的感叹句
What a/an+形容词+名词+主语+谓语
What a bad cough he has!
他咳得好厉害
What a good heart you have!
你心肠真好
what修饰名词
how修饰状语,形容词/副词
What bad news it is
这是多么糟糕的消息啊
How cold it is!
今天多么冷啊!
疑问形式的感叹句
否定疑问词表示感叹句
Isn't the weather nice!
天气多么好呀!
Hasn't she grown
她长这么大了!
感叹句的省略
how和what引导的感叹句,表示强烈情感时,口语中常用省略句
省略主语和谓语
How lucky(I am)!
我是多么幸运啊!
副词置于句首的感叹句
here,there开头的倒装句构成的感叹句
There goes the bell
打铃了!
Here comes the bus!
公共汽车来了
表愿望的感叹句
wish和may表达愿望
Wish you happiness!
祝你幸福!
May you both be happy
祝你们俩幸福