英语学习笔记(个人使用)

文章目录


pdf文档密码:jyzsbxyzs

做题技巧:

  • 词汇45分:搞定《历年真题汇编》
  • 阅读:推荐网站 www.china.daily.com.cn 推荐每天看一小段
  • 作文:背10-15篇的范文,与英四作文差不多,三段式{一、二、三、总结}

任务:

  • 常用单词的不规则变化,背一下。应该包括?三单、过去式、过去分词、将来

  • 去弄点介词固定搭配,从初高中?教材里弄?

Ⅰ 基础语法

第1节 名词和代词

一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别

可数名词

规则变化:

结尾变化情况
-s/-x/-sh/-ch结尾、辅音字母+o结尾+es
f/fe结尾f/fe改v+es
辅音字母+y结尾y改i+es

不规则变化:

  1. woman->women
  2. 集体名词:单复数同型 不变化。如fish/sheep/police/crowd/family
  3. 其他:child->children、medium->media

不可数名词

前面不能加数量词。一旦要加数量词,必须在数量词后面加 “单位词+of” 的结构。如 a cup of orange一杯橙汁

二、名词所有格

概念:xx的xx

  • 考点一:
  1. A’s B-----A是有生命的名词
  2. A of B-----A是没有生命的名词
  3. A of B’s-----B是有生命的名词。表达“某人的一个…”时,必须使用这个【双重属格】结构
  • 考点二:

    观察teachers’ office、the bus’s seat、the Children’s Palace(少年宫) 三者的区别

    结论:

    1. 前面的名词是以s结尾的复数形式,变成所有格,直接后面加’。
    2. 前面的名词是单数名词、或者是无s结尾的复数名词,变成所有格,直接后面加’s。
  • 考点三:

    A and B’s + 单数-----AB共同拥有某物
    A‘s and B’s + 复数-----AB各自拥有某物

三、人称代词、物主代词

I、me、my、mine啥的,没啥要记的东西

四、指示代词

this/these承上,指代后面内容:What he told me is this: he is a playboy.
that/those启下,指代前面内容:You are cute. That is why I love you.

考点:that/those可以指代前面重复出现的内容:My bag is similar to that(=the bag) of the shop

五、不定代词

*概念:所指代对象不是特定对象。如every-/some-/no-/any-/no one/any one/all/either(任何一个)

【第一组】both/neither/either/none/all

  • 考点1:意思,固定搭配,数量范围

    neither 两者都不 数量=2 固定搭配neither…nor…既不…也不…

    either 任何一个(代表单数) 数量=2 固定搭配either…or…不是…就是…;要么…要么…

    none 数量>=3

    all 数量>=3

  • 考点2:all与all of的区别

    all of + 限定词 + 名词、all of + 人称代词宾格

    all 可以不加限定词

    –所以all of students是错误的,但是all of us是正确的

    限定词:冠词(a,an,the),形容词性物主代词(my…),指示代词(this…),不定代词(every-…)

【第二组】other/others/the other/the others/another

  • 考点1:意思,固定搭配,数量范围

    other adj. 其余的,另外的 固定搭配:any other

    others n. 其余 固定搭配:some…others…一些…另一些…(没有出现数量范围)

    the other 另一个 区别:数量=2 固定搭配:one…the other… 一个…另一个…

    another 另一个 区别:数量>=3

    the others 其余 固定搭配:some/数字…the others…一些/数字…其余…(在一定的数量范围使用)

    other + n. = others、the other + n. = the others

  • 考点2

    some…other…和some/数字…the others… 的区别:是否有数字范围,有则加the

    1. Some kids are playing games, others are running.
    2. Of their five kids, some are in China and the others are abroad.

六、积累

much许多,指代/修饰不可数名词
little没有,指代/修饰不可数名词
many许多,指代/修饰可数名词
few没有,指代/修饰可数

第2节 动词

🔺vi没有被动,系动词没有被动

第三人称单数 变化规律:

  1. 规则变化

    1. 以-s/-x/-sh/-ch/-o结尾,变单数,后面+es
    2. 以 ”辅音字母+y“ 结尾,变单数,把y改成 i,再加es
  2. 不规则变化

    be -> am/is/are

    have -> has

* 一、及物动词vt.和不及物动词vi.的区别

  1. 主 + vt. + 宾 = 主谓宾结构
  2. 主 + vi. = 主谓结构
  3. 主 + vi. + 介词 + 宾 = 主谓介宾结构

* 二、系动词的种类

结构:主系表

种类:四种

  1. be/am/is/are。补充:be可以翻译为“很” She can be cool.她可以很酷

  2. 感官动词(半系动词):可以作为系动词使用,也可以作为谓语动词来使用。是五感所发出的动作

    看see/notice/watch/look、听listen/sound/hear、尝taste、闻smell、感觉feel

    关注:look/sound/taste/smell/fell

    1. 作为系动词使用【主系表】:译为xx起来,后接 adj.
    2. 作为谓语动词使用【主谓宾】:后接 n.
  3. *表示 “保持” 的词:keep/stay

  4. *表示 “变得” 的词:become/turn

可以做表语的词:adj. / n. / 介词短语[如at home] / adv.(方向:up/down/before/after/in)

三、情态动词

  • 考点1:每个情态动词的意思

  • 考点2:情态动词的 肯定、否定 结构及意思

    掌握情态动词的两大结构:① 情态动词+do(动词原型)=谓语动词 ② 情态动词+have done=谓语动词

can/could

意思:可以,能,会 表示:能力

can、could的区别:

  1. 时间:could是can的过去时
  2. 🔺语气:could比can委婉,使用在:表请求,允许

【选择题】

基本版用法:can/could (not) + do (不)可以/能/会 如You can cry.中的can cry是谓语动词

加强版用法:肯定:could + have done 意思:本可以

​ 否定:can’t/couldn’t + have done 意思:不可能

注意:can have done不存在

如何把有情态动词的句子变成疑问句:情态动词放句首即可 如 Could you lend me some money?

may/might

意思:可能,也许,会 表示:可能性

may、might的区别:

  1. 时间:might是may的过去式
  2. *可能性:may比might可能性大
  3. 表示请求、许可🔺:may

🔺总结:表请求允许的有could,can,may

基本版用法:肯定:may/might + do 意思:可能/或许

​ 否定:may not/might not(mightn’t)+ do 意思:可能不

加强版用法:肯定:may/might + have done 意思:可能/也许

​ 否定:may not/might not +have done 可能不

固定搭配:

may well 很可能

may/might as well 不妨

should/ ought to

should = ought to

意思:应该

基本版用法:should/ought (not) to + do (不)应该

加强版用法:should(not)/ought (not) to + have done 本(不)应该

e.g. We should have studied hard.我们本应该努力学习

e.g. You shouldn’t have told him the truth.你本不应该告诉他这个事实

must

基本版用法:肯定must+do 必须

​ 否定needn’t+do 不必

加强版用法1【现在时】:肯定must be+n./doing 一定

​ 否定can’t be + n./doing 不可能

加强版用法2【过去时】:肯定must+have done一定

​ 否定can’t have done不可能

其他:mustn’t 禁止,不许

不存在mustn’t have done这个结构 是错误的

need(半情态动词)🔺
  1. 作为情态动词的用法

    基本版:need to需要

    ​ needn’t to 不必要,不必

    e.g. You needn’t push yourself too hard.你不必强迫自己太紧

    加强版:needn’t have done本不必

  2. 作为谓语动词的用法

    肯定:need to do 需要

    否定:don’t need to do 不必,不需要

    e.g. He needs to spend time.他需要花时间

  3. 总结:

    1. 作为情态动词
      1. 没有单数形式
      2. 后面直接加do
      3. 变成否定式:是在情态动词后面+not
    2. 作为谓语动词
      1. 有单数形式
      2. 后面加 to do
      3. 变成否定式,是在其前面加don’t
dare :敢
  1. 作为情态动词

    dare (not) do (不)敢。daren’t=dare not

  2. 作为谓语动词

    (don’t) dare to do (不)敢

e.g.1 He dares to say his own questions.他敢于说出自己的问题

e.g.2 He dare say his own questions.

除此之外还有will(将来时,将要)、would(will的过去式,常用在虚拟语气里)也是情态动词。但是这里先不讲

做题:

1 判断时间:
情态动词+do表示现在将来的事情
情态动词+have done表示过去的事情—已发生

2 然后结合语境选出答案

【例题】I was really anxious about you. You shouldn’t have left home without a word.

A. mustn’t leave 不是过去发生 排除
B. shouldn’t have left 本不应该 √ 结合语境分析 选这个
C. couldn’t have left 不可能 结合语境分析
D. needn’t leave 不是过去发生 排除

四、助动词(结合高频语法)

种类:be/do/have/情态动词

特点:助动词后面必须接动词词性,没有中文意思
谓语动词=助动词+动词,后面接名词词性,且有中文意思
共同点:有单复数和时态的变化,除情态动词之外

I am(系动词) an idiot.
I am(助动词) taking online course.其中am taking是谓语动词

存在助动词时,肯定句变疑问句,只需把之动词放在句首即可
e.g. He dosen’t like to study. -> Dosen’t he like to study?

第3节 时态和语态

学习要点:1. 时间 2. 形式 3. 助动词

一、一般现在时

该时态要注意第三人称单数

  1. 交通工具时间表

    e.g. The next plane leaves at 3 o’clock.

  2. 主将从现

    应用于当题目出现if,when,as soon as,unless等引导条件、时间、让步状语从句的词时。

    关键字:as soon as

    非典型关键字:if, when, unless

    e.g. I will confess my love when she comes tomorrow.

二、一般过去时

规则变化:

一般情况
以不发音的e结尾
以重读闭音节结尾双写再加edstop-stopped,plan-planned
以辅音字母+y结尾y变i加edcarry-carried

注:重读闭音节中的闭音节指:最后三个字母是“辅元辅”。

不规则变化:见[不规则动词表1](file:///D:/IT_Learning/专升本/!购买的网盘资料/专门下载的/莎莎英语/高中不规则动词/1.jfif)、[不规则动词表2](file:///D:/IT_Learning/专升本/!购买的网盘资料/专门下载的/莎莎英语/高中不规则动词/2.jfif)、[不规则动词表3](file:///D:/IT_Learning/专升本/!购买的网盘资料/专门下载的/莎莎英语/高中不规则动词/3.jfif)

关键词:just now刚刚,……略

三、一般将来时

固定搭配:

  • will do(或者 第一人称I/we+shall do)

  • be going to do 打算

  • * be about to do 即将

  • * be to do 预计

关键词:in+一段时间(如in two years)

四、进行时

一般情况
以不发音的e结尾去e加ing
以重读闭音节结尾双写再加ing
以-ie结尾ie变y加inglie-lying,tie-tying

五、完成时

have/has||had||will have + done(过去分词)

1. 现在完成时

动作延续从过去到现在

关键词:for+一段时间

高级考点:在定语从句中,当先行词被 最高级/序数词/the very/the only 修饰时,从句时态用现在完成时

This is the only party that she has enjoyed (enjoy) in her life.

2. 过去完成时

动作延续从过去到过去

考察形式:必须和另一个时间做参照。先发生的是过去完成时,后发生的是一般过去时(搜索no sooner可见案例)

非典型关键词:by+过去时间

3. 将来完成时

动作持续从现在/将来到将来

关键词:by+将来时间

I will have gone to New Zealand by the end of next year.

* 六、现在完成进行时

have/has been doing

考点仅状从since 搜索可得

七、过去将来时

  • would do
  • was/were going to do

She asked(一般过去时) me when I would go next week(一般将来时).

第4节 形容词、副词及其比较等级

形容词

  • 名词 + -ic/-al/-able/-ful/-ent/-ive/-ous/-less/-ish/-ly/-y
有e的把e去掉再加
-ichistory->historic、class->classic、economy经济->economic
-almusic->musical、person->personal、addition->additional
-able能fashion->fashionable、read->readable能读的、eat->eatable能吃的
-fulbeauty->beautiful、color->colorful、help->helpful
-iveeffect作用->effective有效的、act行为->active活泼的、detect查明->detective
-ousdanger->dangerous、desire->desirous、nerve->nervous
-less否定hope->hopeless、use->useless、job->jobless事业的
-ywind->windy、snow->snowy、rain->rainy
  • a + 动词

    like像->alike相似的、live->alive、sleep->asleep、wake->awake

  • 表示是人或物的内外特征,颜色的词等等

adj.修饰n.,作定语

副词

  • adj. + ly、-ed/-ing结尾的词 + ly

    clear->clearly、different->differently、surprising->surprisingly、excited->excitedly

  • 表示 时间/地点/频度/连接/疑问/关系

    时间副词:ago,before,now,yesterday,nowadays,today,soon
    地点副词:here,there,out,ahead,over,up,down,inside,outside
    频度副词:always,often,seldom,usually,sometimes
    连接副词:besides, however,meanwhile,otherwise,then,therefore
    关系副词:when,where,why,how
    “非常”:very,so

adv.修饰v./adj./adv./句子,作状语
修饰adj./adv./句子 时,adv.放前面
修饰v. 时,adv.可前可后,通常放后面

比较级

能修饰比较级的词有much、still、even等

第5节 连词、介词及介词短语

连词conj.

一、并列 and
  1. A and B
  2. both A and B
  3. not only A but also B
  4. 和 A as well as B

对接高级语法考点的是主谓一致:2.3.就近原则,4.就远原则

二、选择 or
  1. 或者 A or B

  2. 否则 or+句子,or else,otherwise

  3. 重点辨析:

    或 either A or B

    既不是也不是 neither A nor B

  4. 固定搭配:whether (…) or not

三、转折 but
  1. but=while=yet=whereas=however**,**=not…but
  2. 虽然和但是不能同时使用
四、因果 so

下面都是接句子的

  1. 因为 because=for=since=as

  2. 所以/因此 so=therefore

  3. 对接表语从句:because和so不能同时使用(其它同义词也不能)

    固定句式:The reason (why…) is that …

介词及介词短语 prep.

靠自己积累,考的都是固定搭配

第6节 冠词和数词

* 冠词

不定冠词:a/an

定冠词:the

  • 特指
  • 某一类人:the+adj. 如有钱人the rich
  • 序数词(不包括分数)e.g.the first&最高级e.g.the most beautiful
  • 独一无二的东西e.g.the sun&专有名词
  • 吃三餐打球类下棋不要the,玩乐器要the

数词

  1. 基数词:个数

  2. 序数词:第几

    first、second、third、fourth、fifth、sixth

  3. 考点1:有数字不要s和of

    成百上千 hundreds of

    三百 three hundred

    三百个学生 three hundred students

  4. 考点2:分数

    前基后序(子基母序),基>1序+s

    1/3 one third

    2/3 two thirds

Ⅱ 高频语法

123节考引导词,456节考谓语动词

第1节 定语从句

一、什么是定语

定义:定语就是修饰名词(名词短语)的成分

定语的成分:adj 、n、介词短语、形容词性物主代词、从句 都可以充当定语。

二、定语从句

(一)构成:{名词}+引导词+句子

(二)定语从句术语

​ (1)引导词:指代前面的名词并引导从句

​ (2)先行词:位置在引导词之前,定语从句所修饰的名词就是先行词

(三)引导词的选择【选择题】:

​ (1)先行词

​ (2)在从句中所充当的成分

  1. 引导词的分类

    1. 关系代词:that/which/who/whom/whose/as
    2. 关系副词:when/where/why
  2. 先行词的选择:

    1. 关系代词

      1. that

        ①先行词是 人/物

        ②在定语从句中充当 主语/宾语

        【定语从句中,引导词只能用that的4种情况:】

        情况1

        ​ 当先行词被最高级/序数词修饰,或本身是基数词/序数词/最高级时:

        最高级:例如 the best/the most interesting/the oldest

        序数词:例如 the first/the second

        情况2

        ​ 当先行词是不定代词或者被不定代词修饰

        不定代词:all(考过)、each、any、many、much、nothing、everything、anything、none、the one

        All __ she likes to do now is driving her car on the highway. 选B

        A. this B. that C. what D. which

        情况3

        ​ 当先行词即有人也有物

        情况4

        ​ 当先行词被 the very、the only、the same、the last、little、few 修饰时

        情况5(面授课补充)

        ​ 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that

        e.g. Who is the gilr that is crying?

        情况6(面授课补充)

        ​ 主语是there be 结构,修饰主语时

        There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.

        注意1

        ​ 当先行词出现以上任何一种情况时,首先 that 做引导词;但一定要验证that是否满足以上两个条件:

        ①先行词是 人或物

        ②在从句中充当 主语 或者 宾语

        真题演练(2016.21)

        They talked about things and persons that they had visited in Beijing.

        分析:visit是及物动词,visit+宾语,这里的that是作为从句中的宾语。

        !!!注意2:只能用which不能用that的情况:

        1. that不能用于非限制性定语从句(有逗号的)
        2. 介词在先行词后面时
      2. which

        ①先行词是 物

        ②在定语从句种充当 主语/宾语

      3. who

        ①先行词是 人

        ②在从句中作 主语

      4. whom

        ①先行词是 人

        ②作 宾语

        e.g. The author whom you criticized(批判) in your view has written a letter in reply.

      5. whose

        ①先行词是 人/物

        ②在从句中作 定语—— = “的”(需要满足的条件:从句完整→ 有主有宾 / 有主有表)

        e.g.1 He has a cook whose cover is veru beautiful.

        翻译先行词+whose+名词 通顺即可,例如书的封面

        e.g.2 The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr.Williams .

      6. as(高分补充)

        ①先行词是 人/物

        ②在从句中作 主语/宾语

      总结:(必背)

      先行词是在从句中作
      that人或物主/语
      which主/宾
      who
      whom
      whose人或物从句必须满足条件:完整(有主有宾/有主有表)——作定语=“的”。翻译:先行词+whose+名词,通顺即可

      真题演练(2007.9)

      All that is needed is peace and progress.

      All不定代词,必须使用that(满足了①先行词是物②引导词在从句中充当主语的条件)

      从句的部分:this is needed

      从句的划分:

      ①引导词到句号之前结束(都没有出现主句的谓语动词时)

      引导词到主句的谓语动词之前结束

    2. 关系副词when/where/why

      1. when

        ①先行词是 时间

        ②在从句中作 状语——从句完整(有主有宾/有主有表)

      2. where

        ①先行词是 地点

        ②在从句中作 状语——从句完整

      3. why

        ①先行词是 原因(reason、cause)

        ②在从句中作 状语——从句完整

      考点:what,whether不能引导定语从句

      注意:

      1. 先行词表时间、地点、原因时:一定要验证when/where/why是否满足两个条件。
      2. 如果引导词在定语从句中充当的是 主语或者宾语【从句不完整】,即使先行词表时间、地点、原因,也不能选when、where、why,只能 that 或者 which。

      课堂练习:

      [外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-qKhD5YuZ-1667735076138)(D:\Users\玄离\Pictures\Typora\英语\image-20210929202711605.png)]

      题目解析:wealthy富有的

(四)介词+引导词

介词放在句末:who,whom,that,which可以省略
介词放在关系代词前:只能用 介词+which/whom 的结构

  1. 介词后面的引导词可以是什么引导词?

    1. which:先行词是 物
    2. whom:先行词是 人

    when = 介词 + which(如 in which)
    where = 介词 + which
    why = for +which

  2. 介词的选择由谁决定?

    1. 固定搭配

      e.g. The people with whom he worked thought he was a bit strange.

      固定搭配:work with sb.(与某人一起工作)

    2. 句子意思

      He bought a telescope(望远镜) through which he could study the sky.

      他买了一个望远镜,通过 望远镜它可以观测天空

(五)as引导定语从句的用法(了解即可):

  1. as引导 非限制性 定语从句既可以放于主句之前,也可以放于主句之后。

    常用以下句型:

    ​ ①as is known to all 众所周知

    ​ ②as is said 据说

    ​ ③as is reported 据报道

    ​ ④as is announced …被宣布

    ​ ⑤as we all know 正如我们所知

    ​ ⑥as I expect 正如我想的那样

    ​ ⑦==as is the often case      通常就是这样==

    e.g. As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.

(六)固定搭配 the same … as 和the same that …引导的定语从句

​ (1)the same … as … 表示引导的定语从句的从句内容与先行词是同类不同物,翻译成“像…一样”

​ (2)the same … that …同类且同物,即同一个食物,翻译为“正是…”

e.g. Sana is the same woman as I love. 我喜欢的是像凑崎纱夏一样的女人

​ Sana is the same woman that I love. 我喜欢的正是凑崎纱夏

(七)区别限制性非限制性定语从句

e.g. I love the girl who is happy.我爱快乐的女孩(她不快乐了我就不爱她了)——限制性定语从句

​ I love the girl, who is happy(补充说明的作用,相当于插入语).我爱这个女孩,她是快乐的(即使她不快乐我也爱她)——非限制性定语从句

后者的从句可以去掉,前者不行

从句及区别点限制性非限制性
与先行词的关系关系紧密,删除后影响句子意思关系疏松,起补充说明作用,删除后不影响主句意思
不用逗号,
不可用that!!!
是否可以修饰句子不可以(修饰先行词)可以(作为插入语)
翻译时的区别常译为定语常译为两个独立的句子

补充:定语从句和同位语从句的区别

e.g.1 I have a dream that sounds ridiculous.——定语从句

我有一个听起来很可笑的梦想

e.g.2 I have a dream that I become a rich lady.——同位语从句

区别:

  1. 定语从句是对前面名词的修饰,同位语从句是对前面名词的解释。
  2. 看引导词that是否在从句中充当成分,如果不充当成分是同位语从句,反之则为定语从句
  3. 定语从句的先行词为所有名词,同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词、载体名词——可以被解释的词。

定语从句做题方法:

第一步:看ABCD选项——考从句

第二步:看横线前的词,如果是名词(90%考定语从句)

第三步:看先行词(人、物、事件、地点、原因?)排除答案

第四步:分析从句的句子成分(主语、宾语、状语)

真题演练:

This is the very film that I’ve long wished to see.

Jerry is the only one whose advice Tom might listen to.

He spoke confidently, which impressed me most.

他说话很自信,这(这件事,而不是这个人)给我留下了最深刻的印象。

This dictionary(字典), which my father bought in the US, has been recommended to my class by my English teacher.

作业:

  1. 熟记所有定语从句引导词的两个条件,能默写出来
  2. 基础不好的听回放

默写:

  • 连接代词

    that 先导词是人/物,从句中做主/宾

    ​ 必须用that的四个情况:先导词被比较级/最高级、被或是不定代词如each/everyone/all等、the very/the only修饰,先导词有人也有物时

    which 先导词是物,从句中做主/宾

    who 先导词是人,从句中做主

    whom 先导词是人,从句中做宾

    whose 先导词是人/物,从句完整,从句中做定语 ”…的“

    as 先导词是人/物,从句中做主/宾,引导非限制性定语从句

  • 连接副词

    when从句完整,从句中做时间状语

    where从句完整,从句中做空间状语

    why 先导词是原因result,从句完整,从句中做状语

第2节 状语从句

这节主要在于记住引导词的意思

一、副词adv.

复习:adv.可以修饰adj./adv./v./句子

二、状语

(1)什么是状语:状语可以修饰adj./adv./v./句子。副词就是状语

(2)状语的成分:

​ 例子:

  1. She smiles sweetly(副词).
  2. I tried again and again(副词短语).
  3. He runs fast like a crazy dog(介词短语).
  4. He leaves, crying(非谓语动词).
  5. I will return the book as soon as I finish(从句).

注意:状语不能修饰名词。

三、九大状语从句

按照引导词的意思分类,一共有九大状语从句

1. 时间状语从句
  1. 引导词:

    1. 普通引导词:
      when 当…的时候;突然
      as 正当;随着
      while 当…的时候
      once 一旦
      as soon as 一…就…
      before 在… 之前
      after 在… 之后
      since 自从… 以来
      not…until…
      until/till

    2. 名词短语类引导词:
      the moment 一…就…
      everytime 每当
      the day 那一天
      the instant 一…就…

    3. 副词类引导词:
      immediately 立即
      一…就…:directly、no sooner…than…、hardly…when…、scarcely…when

    注意:当while翻译为“当…时候”,后面大多跟进行时态。

    真题演练

    I’d just got off the plane when I realize I had left my key at my seat.

    A. as
    B. when——(突然)
    C. while
    D. after

  2. 注意before与after:跟着从句一起翻译

    在…之前:before

    在…之后:after

    We had conducted hundreds of experiments 【before we finally achieved the desirable result.】

    【在达到理想结果之前】我们已经做了上百次实验

  3. 注意since——自从…

    e.g. Since he married(过去时) with her, he has been(完成时) a butterball(胖子).

    • 考点:结合时态考察

      从句过去时,主句现在完成时/现在完成进行时(从过、主完)

    【看不懂但懒得研究】面授课补充:区别since和before

    it is/ has been some time since sb. did sth.

    it was some time since sb. had done sth. 表过去和将来

    it was/ had been some time before sb. did sth.

    it will be some time before sb. does sth.表过去和将来

  4. 注意no sooner…than、hardly…when、scarcely…when 引导的时间状语从句

    e.g.

    1. I had no sooner begun to take a shower than the water was unavailable.
    2. They hardly had arrived at the bus stop when the bus started to leave.

    含义:一…就…

    时态:主句过去完成时,从句一般过去时(从过、主过完)

    【补充】且当其在句首时,主句要部分倒装(助动词前置)

  5. 区分 until和not…unitl

    until直到

    not…until直到…才…

2. 地点状语从句

常用引导词:where

*特殊引导词:wherever、anywhere、everywhere…

e.g. The man made a mark where he left the swoop. 刻舟求剑

3. 原因状语从句

常用引导词:因为:because、since、as、for

特殊引导词:因为:seeing that…、now thatin that、considering that…、giving that…

面授课补充:not that…, but that…不是因为…而是因为…

Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.

A. in that——因为

B. in time——及时、准时

C. in turn——轮流

D. in effect——实际上

注意:有一些介词也译为“因为”,但是后面只能跟名词或名词短语,不能引导从句,例如:because of、due to/owing to/thanks to/for the sake of/as a result of…

4. 目的状语从句
1)为了:so that/ in order that

注意:in order that + 句子、in order to + do

2)以防:lest、for fear that、in case

结合虚拟语气:用should + do结构表忧虑或目的,lest和for fear that的should可省略,in case如果是虚拟语气should不能省略

5. 结果状语从句

引导词:

  1. 结果是;以致:so that
  2. 因此:so…、therefore、hence
  3. 如此…以至于…:so…that…、such…that…

重点:

  1. so 和 such的区别:so(adv.)+adj.、such(adj.)+n.

    It was so difficult work that he couldn’t finish it alone.

    辨析选项:B. such a difficult work不能选,因为work是不可数名词,前面不能加a【这题考点不是从句】

    • 特例:little

      little译为“小”时用such,译为“少”时用so

      e.g.1 George had so little money that he had to get a job.乔治没有钱,所以他不得不找工作干。(money不可数名词)

      e.g.2 They are such little children that they can’t do anything. 他们是小孩,什么事都干不了。

  2. 结合倒装考察(倒装部分会讲)(部分倒装)

6. 条件状语从句

常用引导词:if如果、unless除非

特殊引导词:as只要、as long as只要(注意区别as soon as一…就…)、only if只要、providing that假如、supposing that假如

考点总结:

  1. 主将从现——主句一般将来时,从句一般现在时
  2. if结合虚拟语气考察(虚拟语气部分再具体讲解)
  3. 只要:as long as
  4. 除非:unless

面授课补充:where除了表示地点外,还可以表示条件、比较、让步

Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(条件)

7. 让步状语从句
1)虽然:though/although/while(表对比)/as

- I wonder how much you charge for your service.

- The first two are free while the third costs $30.

as/though引导让步状语从句时要倒装(宾语/表语 前置)(有情态动词/助动词 时 实义动词 前置)

  • 表语前置

    Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me. 这些贵族尽管很傲慢,他们却害怕见我。

    • 如果表语为单数可数名词,这个名词不带冠词

      Child as he is, he knows a lot.

  • 实义动词前置

    Try as I might, I couldn’t lift the stone.

    Praised as he was, he remained modest.

    • 句中没有情态动词/助动词时,主语后面加助动词do/does/did/will

      Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.

      Fail as he did, he would never give up.

      • 注意,句中谓语有副词修饰时,则副词前置

        Again and again as he fail, he didn’t lise heart.

2)即使:even if/ even though

even if/ even though/ though/ although与but不能连用(但可以和yet,still,nevertheless连用)

even if/ even though 所接的句子常用虚拟语气:We would’t give up even if we should fail ten times.

3)无论…:-ever=no matter+

whoever = no matter who
whatever = no matter what
wherever/whenever/however/whichever略

注意:no matter后必须+疑问词

4)不论是还是不是:whether… or not

注意:whether不可换成if

* 8. 方式状语从句
1)as 正如、按照

As we all know, … 众所周知

(Just) as … so … 正如…一样,…也一样

Just as you like going shopping, so I like playing computer games.

2)as though=as if 仿佛,好像(从句要虚拟语气)

I remember the whole things as if it happened yesterday. 我记得整件事,就像事情昨天刚发生一样

He treats me as though I were a stranger. 他待我如同陌生人一样

9. 比较状语从句
1)…越…,…越…

The + 比较级, the + 比较级

The harder you study, the luckier you are.

2)和…一样

①肯定形式 as…as
否定形式 not as…as = not so…as

第一个as后面必须紧跟adj./adv.
It’s generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.

倍数+as+adj.+as可以表示xxx是xxx的几倍。而用than来表示时要:倍数+比较级+than

This brand of handbag is twice as expensive as that one. = This brand of handbag is once more expensive than that one.

②肯定形式 the same…as…
否定形式not the same…as… = not such…as

Your watch is not such as mine.

第3节 名词性从句

一、名词或名词短语能做什么成分

主语、宾语、标语、同位语

【什么是同位语?】

用来使用同位语则说明前后两部分指的是同一个对象;
同位语用来解释说明前面部分。(前后注意用逗号或者破折号隔开)

同位语的例子:这是我的老婆,凑崎纱夏

二、什么是名词性从句:

1、什么是从句:从句就是 引导词+句子

2、名词性从句就是名词或名词短语能够充当的成分,从句都可以充当,这就叫做名词性从句。

一共有 4 类:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句。

三、如何快速识别主语从句;宾语从句;表语从句;同位语从句?

注意:

① that 在宾语从句中可以省略

② if在名词性从句中,翻译为 是否

(1)名词性从句的引导词:

  • 试译:

    ①你不爱我是你的错

    That you don’t love me is your fault.

    ②你爱我吗是显而易见的

    Whether you love me is obvious.

    ③你爱谁真是个秘密

    Who do you love is really a secret.

  • 继续思考:

    ①你爱我——陈述句

    ②你爱我吗——一般疑问句

    ③你爱谁——特殊疑问句

  • 引导词分为三类:

    ①that:当从句是陈述句时:需要注意的是 that 在从句中不充当成分,也没有实际意思。并且在不影响句子意思的情况下,宾语从句的引导词 that 可以省略。

    ②whether/if: whether 可以引导所有的名词性从句,而 if 只能引导宾语从句

    ③特殊疑问词

    常见的连接副词:when、where、why、how

    常见的连接代词:who/whoever、whom/whomever、what、which、whose

    名词性从句中:特殊疑问词的意思极所作成分如下:

    特殊疑问词在从句中充当成分
    who/whoever主语
    whom/whomever宾语
    这些后面 + 不完整句子
    which/whichever主宾定
    what/whatever
    这些后面 + 完整/不完整句子
    when/whenever时间状语
    where/wherever地点状语
    why状语
    how/however
    1. 这些后面 + 完整句子
    2. 注意:however在名词性从句当中,翻译为“无论如何”。在其他句子中翻译为“然而”。

所有从句都是陈述句语序:引导词+主语+谓语

四、名词性从句的应用及考点分析:

(1)名词性从句在写作中的应用:

  1. 主语从句:it …that …
英语中文
①it is common knowledge that……是一个常识
②it is my belief that…=I think that…我认为…
③it is self-evident that……是显而易见的
④it has been found that…人们已经发现…
⑤it is beyoud dispute that……是毋庸置疑的
⑥it is universally acknowledge that…人们普遍认为/众所周知
⑦it has been widely accepted that…人们普遍认为/众所周知
⑧it is generally agreed that…人们普遍认为/众所周知
  1. 同位语从句

    e.g. The evidence that she has a pair of big eyes manifest that she is really a beauty.
    她长着一双大眼睛这个事实表明她是个美女

    句型:The evidence/truth that …manifest/indicates/suggests that…
    这个事实表明…

(2)考点分析

  1. 考察引导词选择

    题型1:宾语从句

    ①只考察引导词的选择:熟记《名词性从句引导词总结表格》 密码1234 只读

    ②考察引导词+宾从语序(引导词+主语+谓语——陈述句语序):

    ​ step1 判断句子是否为宾语从句(不能是表语从句);
    step2 宾语从句的语序,引导词+主语+谓语+其他成分。

真题演练(2018.10)

Could you tell me how much it costs (宾语从句) to fly from Xiamen to Beijing.

错误选项辨析:how much does it cost.(是疑问句语序所以不行)

​ 题型2:考察 it 作形式主语

​ 题型3:考察 it 作形式宾语

​ ①sb. + find/think/consider/feel … it(形式宾语) + 形容词 + that从句
②sb. + find/think/consider/feel … it(形式宾语) + 名词 + to do

​ e.g.1. I think it important that we should try to understand others.
e.g.2. He makes it a rule to help others in need.

真题演练(2018.12):

What puzzles me is why her books are 50 popular among teenagers.

各选项辨析:

  • What可以充当主语 “什么/所…的”
  • That没有实际意思不充当成分
  • Which可以充当主语 “哪个/哪一个”
  • Why充当状语

做题方法:

  1. 判断是否为名词性从句,且分析从句是否缺意思或者缺成分。
  2. 根据名词性从句的引导词在从句当中所充当的成分以及固定意思做题。

(2010.21)That she broke the world record in the Winter Olympics Games was beyond our imagination.

(2011.1) You should accept the fact that you have lost the very good chance.
同位语从句,译为“你已经失去了最好的机会,其中very翻译为 最、非常 ”

(2013.13)We all feel it our duty to make our hometown more beautiful.
题型3:it作形式宾语:sb. feel/think/consider + it + 名词 +to do

作业

  1. 回顾如何快速识别主从、宾从、表从、同位语从句
  2. 回顾名词性从句引导词表格(能够熟记各个引导词在从句中所充当的成分以及固定意思)
  3. 熟记做题攻略。

(面授课补充)

  • 常见可以接同位语从句的名词有:

    order/question/belief/evidence/discovery/fact/knowledge/hope/rumor/statement/suggestion/proposal/idea/news等

第4节 虚拟语气

  • 考点罗列:

    1. 🔺if非真实条件句

      与过去相反 从句had done 主句should have done

      与现在相反 从句did 主句should do

      与将来相反 从句did/should do/were to do 主句should do

    2. 省略if

      条件:从句中有had/were/should

      倒装句式:had/were/should提前

    3. 🔺It is + adj. + that 从句

      谓语动词:should+v.原型(should可以省略)

      注意:被动(should be done)

    4. 🔺表建议/命令/要求/主张

      同3

    5. lest/for fear that/in case

      同3

    6. would rather

      过表现将,过完表过

    7. it is (high/about) time (that)

      过表全/should do(should不可省略)

    8. wish/if only

      同6,将变情(I will do -> I would do)

一、if虚拟语气

答题步骤:首先找谓语动词看表什么时态

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法1——should + v.原型,并且should可以省略

  1. 以防:lest、in case that、for fear that…
    命令:order、direct、command、instruct(命令;指导)
    建议:suggest、propose、advice、insist
    要求:ask、request、require、demand
    必要的:necessary(adj.)
  2. 句型:It is + adj. + that 从句(从句的谓语动词用should + v.原型)

注意被动语态:主动should+v.原型,被动should be+过去分词
e.g. He ran away lest he (should) be seen.

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法2——过表现将,过完表过

  1. sb. would rahter + (that) 从句

  2. wish/ if only/ but for/ or/ otherwise/ as if/ as though/ without

    将变情(I wish do -> I would do)

二、虚拟语气的特殊用法3——变过/变should+v.原型 表所有,should不可省略

It is (high/about) time + (that)从句

变过,或变should + v.原型(should不能省略)。表所有

省略if

第4节 虚拟语气(线下课版)

一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法

虚拟语气表愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。虚拟语气所表示的这些含义并不是客观存在的事实。

区别条件从句主句
现在事实相反if + 主语 + 过去式(这里be的过去式是were)主语 + should/would/could/might + do
过去事实相反if + 主语 + had + 过去分词主语 + should/would/could/might + have + 过去分词
将来事实相反if + 主语 +过去式/ should + do/ were to + do主语 + should/would/could/might + do

补充例句:【与将来事实相反】If it were fine tomorrow, I would go shopping.

三种分别对应的例句:

  1. If you took a taxi, you might get there sooner.
  2. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
  3. If there should be/ were to be something wrong, they would tell you at once.

二、虚拟语气在if的条件句中的用法

如果虚拟条件句中含有 were,had,should 等助动词,可以省略 “ if ”, 把从句中的这些助动词放在句首,表强调。

三、without、but for要不是、otherwise否则 引导的含蓄虚拟语气

过表现将,过完表过

e.g.

  1. But for electricity, there would be no mordern industry.
  2. Without your help, we could never have succeeded.
  3. He was having a meeting, otherwise he would have come over to help us.

四、虚拟语气在从句中的用法

  1. sb. wish + (that) + 从句

    if only + 句子

    从句
    与现在事实相反一般过去时(be动词用were)
    与过去事实相反过去完成时(had+过去分词)
    将来的可能性would/could + do

    【注意】:if only 经常单独使用,没有主句。

  2. as if/ as though + 句子、i would rather (that) + 句子

    • as if/ as though:似乎,好像

      as if/as though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虚拟语气。

    if从句例句
    与现在事实相反一般过去时(be动词用were)He acts as if he knew me.他显得认识我似的
    与过去事实相反过去完成时(had+过去分词)He talks as if he had been abroad.他说起话来好像曾经出过国
    将来的可能性would/might/could + doHe opened his mouth as if he would say something.
    • would rather:过去式表现在将来,过去完成时表过去

      e.g. I’d rather you hadn’t said it.我真希望你没有这样说过。(表过去)

  3. it is (high/about) time + (that) + 从句

    从句中的谓语动词:用过去式,表示“早该做某事了”(但是实际没做)。

  4. 从句的谓语动词是(should) + do,should 可以省略的情况

    1. it is + adj. + (that) + 从句

      常见的形容词:appropriate,advisable,better,desirable,essential,important,insistent,adamant,imperative,natural,necessary,preferable,strange,urgent,compulsory,vital,a pity,no wonder,impossible,a shame。

    2. 在名词性从句中,主句中有表示“建议、命令、要求、主张”的词。

      ask,tell,suggest,insist,propose,advise,recommend(推荐),require,order,command,desire + that … (should) + do

例题

11.Make a note of it lest(以免) you should forget it.

做题后补充知识点:

but + 陈述语气,but if + 虚拟语气

e.g.
I would have given it to him, if I had seen him(虚拟语气) yesterday.
= I would have given it to him, but I didn’t see him(陈述语气) yesterday.

例题【高频语法配套练习p7:2、6】

The business is risky. But ____ we would be rich. 选A
A. should we succeed
B. we should succeed
C. might we succeed
D. would we succeed

解析:
第二句=But if we should succeed we would be rich. 是省略if,把should(或were、had等助动词)提到句首的考点。
if + should do, (主句)主语 + 情态动词 + do:表将来
这里succeed是动词原形。它的过去时是succeeded
risky:“有风险的”


I should very much like to go to the party, but ____ . 选B
A. I am not invited.
B. I have not been invited.
C. I was not invited.
D. I will not be invited.

解析:
but + 陈述语气(不是虚拟语气!)
should like to do表现在
后半句意:但(到现在为止)还没人邀请我。

第5节 倒装句

偷个链接 虚拟语气&倒装 - 百度文库

陈述句:主+谓+宾

倒装句:谓+主+宾

一、全部倒装

整个谓语提到句首。

e.g. On the floor were piles of books, magazines and newspapers. 地板上是一堆堆的书、报纸和杂志。

  1. there be 句型:There are many forms of energy.

  2. 地点状语in, out, here,there,down,away,inside, outside, up, down, off, downstairs, upstairs, round the corner,on the stairs等以及now,then,thus放句首时;谓语动词常用be,come,lie,stand,walk,go,run等不及物动词时,并且句子的主语是名词。

    e.g. Here comes the bus.

    • 注意:如果主语是人称代词,则用正常语序

      e.g. Away they went. 他们走了

  3. 如果句子主语太长,表语太短,为了保持句子的平衡,也要全部倒装,将表语提前。

    e.g. Gone are the days when China had to depend on foreign oil. 中国依靠外国石油的日子一去不复返了。

    表语:gone,系动词:are,主语:the days when…

二、部分倒装

助动词提前到句首。

e.g. On no consideration must you be seen visiting the police station. 绝不能有人看见你进了警察局。

  1. 以neither,nor,so等开头的句子需倒装。

    e.g.1 She works hard, so do I.

    e.g.2 - He isn’t a kid. - Nor is my sister. - 他已经不是一个孩子了 - 我姐妹也不是

    • *一般情况下,neither与nor可以换用,但下列情况下,只能用nor,不能用neither

      1. 后面句子的谓语动词和前面不一样

        e.g. This is not a literal translation of English dialogue, nor should it be.
        这不是英语对话的直译,也不应是直译。

      2. 多次重复所提及否定内容

        e.g. You can’t do it, nor can I, nor can anybody else.你不能做那事,我也不能,任何人都不能。

    • *若so引导的句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,则不必倒装

      e.g. - It was cold yesterday. - So it was. - 昨天很冷。 - 昨天确实冷。

  2. 表示否定或基本否定的词与词组放在句首的句子倒装,表示强调。

    这些词与词组主要有:never(从不),seldom(很少),scarcely(几乎不),hardly(几乎不),rarely(很少),little(几乎不),not,nowhere(没有地方),hardly…when…(一…就…),no sooner…than…(一…就…),in no case(绝不),in no way(绝不),on no account(绝不),at no time(从不),under/in no circumstances(绝不),not only…but also,not until,scarcely…when…(一…就…)。

    e.g. Hardly had we gathered in the wheat when it began to rain. 我们刚把小麦收完,就开始下起雨来了。

    • 考点1:固定搭配

      一 . . . 就 . . . { n o   s o o n e r + 部分倒装过去完成时 + t h a n + 过去时 h a r d l y + 部分倒装过去完成时 + w h e n + 过去时 s c a r c e l y + 部分倒装过去完成时 + w h e n + 过去时 一...就... \begin{cases} no \ sooner + 部分倒装过去完成时 + than + 过去时& \\ hardly + 部分倒装过去完成时 + when + 过去时& \\ scarcely + 部分倒装过去完成时 + when +过去时& \end{cases} ...... no sooner+部分倒装过去完成时+than+过去时hardly+部分倒装过去完成时+when+过去时scarcely+部分倒装过去完成时+when+过去时

      ____ when she started complaining. 选B

      A. Not until he arrived.

      B. Hardly had he arrived.

      C. Not sooner had he arrived

      D. Scarcely did he arrived.

    • 考点2:不能重复否定

      例题①

      Little does he know that the police are about to arest him. 他不知道的是警察正要逮捕他了。

      选项有doesn’t he know不能选,因为"Little"已经表否定了

      例题②

      - I can’t see the truth.

      - Neither can I.

      选项有Neither can’t I不能选,因为"Neither"已经表否定了

  3. 把“only+状语” 、"not only … but (also)"放在句首的句子倒装

    e.g.1 Only by working hard can one suceed.

    e.g.2 Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet. 丘吉尔不仅是一位政治家,还是一位诗人。

    例题

    Only under special circumstances ____ take make up tests. 选A

    A. are freshmen permitted

    B. freshmen are permitted

    C. permitted are freshmen

    D. are permitted freshmen

    通常情况下只有大一新生才能补考

    * 大一freshman 大二sophomore 大三junior 大四senior

    中学High school 初中Junior high school 高中Senior high school

  4. 当 “so…that”、“such…that” 结构中的so、such在句首时,常会引起部分倒装

    { s o + a d j . s u c h + n . + a d j .   + 部分倒装 \begin{cases} so + adj. & \\ such + n. + adj.& \end{cases}\ +部分倒装 {so+adj.such+n.+adj. +部分倒装

  5. as/though 引导的让步状语从句中的倒装。

    as在引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装结构,即 将表语状语提至句首。当名词置于句首时,前面不加任何冠词。

    <表语/状语 + as + 主语 + 系动词/谓语>

    e.g.1 Hard as he worked, he couldn’t earn enough to support the family.

    e.g.2 Child as he is, he knows a lot of things.

祈使句

- Let’s go to the cinema, shall we?

- Let us go to the cinema, will you?

第6节 主谓一致

单数

  1. many + 单形名词:如many a …

    more than one + 单形名词

  2. 以-ics结尾的表学科的名词。如mathematics数学

  3. 抽象名词

  4. 重量,金钱,时间,长度

  5. 不可数名词 如money、information、clothing

  6. 不定时、动名词短语、介词短语、Wh- + to do、名词性从句 作主语时

复数

  1. 群体名词作复数(英式英语)

  2. the + adj. 作主语:如the old老人、the rich富有的人

  3. 主语 + each + 复数

    Every girl and boy likes the book and they each want to buy one.

    注意 each of + 单数

看句意

  1. 群体名词

    强调整体时:单数

    强调个体时:复数

    其中,people和police常用复数。people在译为“民族”时用作单数

  2. what引导的主语从句(多用单数但看句意)

  3. and或both … and …连接两个并列主语时,常用复数。

    作单数的两个特殊情况:

    1. 但如果两个主语是同一个东西,则用单数。
      e.g. A teacher and writer is going to give us a talk.一位既是老师又是作家的人正要和我们谈话。
      判断技巧:a/the A and B同一个人,a/the A and a/the B两个不同的人
    2. 注意:当and所连接的作主语的单数名词都有each、every、no、each、more than a/an、many a/an 修饰时,作单数。
      e.g. No teacher and (no) student likes this textbook.
  4. 多数of 短语 + 名词:单复数与 of短语(即of左边)保持一致

    如a lot of xxx单数,lots of xxx复数

    注意:the amount of(…的数量)是单数

  5. 分数、百分数 + of 短语+ n. :单复数与n.保持一致

  6. a numbe of 与 the number of
    a number of + n. (许多…) 复数
    the number of + n. (…的数量) 单数

  7. 定语从句,who,that,which做引导词时。从句作单数还是复数与先行词一致。

就近原则

  1. A or B/either A or B/either A nor B/not only A but (also) B/both A and B

  2. there be 句型

    There ____ a pen and two books on the table. 选C

    A. are B. be C. is D. were

就远原则

as well as、as much as、along with、together with、with、including、followed by、in addition to、like、unlike、except、besides、but、but besides、more than、no less than、rather than 等连接的并列主语在意义上更强调前面的主语,所以谓语动词的单复数应与前面的主语人称和单复数保持一致。

e.g. Sana, together with her teammates, has come to Japan. 凑崎纱夏和她的队友们一起来到了日本。

第7节 非谓语动词

非谓语动词包括:不定式,动名词,现在分词和过去分词四种形式。

一、不定式

能做的成分:主宾定状补表同

意思:可能发生的,之后发生的

  • 肯定to do,否定not to do。如not to be。有些单词后跟着的的to可以省略 如make sb. do

  • 语法知识点:

    • 不定时作主语时,往往用it作形式主语,不定式短语后置。

      to have one close friend in one’s life is enough

      = It is enough to have one close friend in one’s life.

    • 做宾语时,也可it作形式宾语

      e.g. I think it important to listen carefully to the teacher in class. 【it做形式宾语,important做宾补】

      = I think it is important to listen carefully to the teacher in class. 【it is adj. to do sth.句式】

补充:to have done/ to have been done 表示推测的已经完成
当出现is/was said据说、is/was believed据信(据说可以相信)、声称。之类的,就要注意考虑to have done了

二、动名词

能做的成分:主宾表定

意思:动作发生的过程。确定的,已经发生的

动名词的一般式和完成式都可以表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作,有时两者可以互换

e.g. I remember seeing her somewhere = I remember having seen her somewhere.

动名词做定语的样子:如teaching method(教学方法)(=method for teaching,动名词是对后面名词 性质、功能、用途 的解释。区分动名词作定语和现在分词作定语:这么转换后逻辑不通顺的不是动名词做定语,而是现在分词做定语。如sleeping cat是现在分词做定语)

三、现在分词和过去分词

能做的成分:定状补

e.g.

  1. The boy standing there is my elder brother. 现在分词 主动
  2. The problem discussed yesterday is very important. 过去分词 已经发生 被动
  3. The meeting being held in the next room is about environment protecting. 现在分词 被动 正在发生
  • 主动表被动:动词 “三需” need/want/require + doing = need/want/require + to be done 表示“主语需要被做”

    The flowers need watering. = The flowers need to be watered.

  • be worth doing 值得被做(固定搭配,后面不能to do)

    be worthwhile of being done(???)

  • be/get used to doing sth. 习惯于做

    used to do 过去常常

  • 其它:

    have sth done

    expect sb. to do sth.

考点是现在分词和过去分词作表语时,interesting(现在分词-令人感兴趣的)和interested(过去分词-感兴趣)的区别,很简单。

e.g.

Seeing from the top of the hill, we find the city very beautiful.

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks very beautiful.

非谓语动词作 “主,宾,表” (不定式/动名词)

  • 作主语

    不定式(表具体、一次性、将来的动作)和动名词(表经常、泛指的动作)作主语时常用一般式。此时注意:

  1. 常用it作形式主语

  2. 当用于it is no use/good doing sth.句型时常用 动名词(可用该结构的动词/动词短语有:no good/fun/a waste of time/a good pleasure/no help/useless)

    当用于for sb./sth. to do 或疑问词+to do的结构常用 不定式

    e.g.
    It’s not easy to learn English well.
    It’s no use asking him for help.
    It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.(谚语:覆水难收)
    How to solve the problem is a hot potato. 烫手山芋
    It’s necessary for you to read books.

  • 作宾语

    • 非谓语动词中,只有动名词能做介词的宾语

    • 不定式或动名词作宾语。与作其主语的区别:部分动词只能带动名词doing作宾语(不能带不定时to do),考点是要记住这些动词:

      admit承认,appreciate感激 欣赏,avoid避免,complete完成,consider考虑,can’t help忍不住,delay耽误,deny否认,endure忍受,enjoy喜欢,escape逃脱,excuse原谅,finish完成,forgive宽恕,imagine想象,include包括,keep继续,mind介意,miss错过,prevent组织,postpone推迟,practise练习,recall回忆,resist抵抗,risk冒险,suggest建议,stand忍受。

  • 作表语(be动词/感官动词 之后)

    补充语法规则:动词不定时作表语时,主语有do,省略to(前有do,后省to)

    – Mark, I failed in the exam again, I’m so upset.

    – Don’t worry, I think the first thing to do is find out) your weak points.

    本来是to find out,因为语法规则省略to

非谓语动词作定语(全部:不定式/动名词/分词)

(定语也适用)位置:单前多后(单前the sleeping boy)(多后the girl standing there

《及物动词》作定语

解题思路:已发生和进行 分词,未发生 不定式 -> 分词中:主动 现在分词doing,被动 过去分词done

注意:进行且被动 being done。

《及物动词》作定语发生未发生强调进行
主动doingto dodoing
被动doneto be done(to do主表被)🔺being done

The man being operated(手术) by the doctor now is John. 强调进行+被动being done

《不及物动词》作定语

vi. 不存在主动被动的关系,doing和done不再表示主被动。

  • doing仅表进行(如falling leaves正在落下的叶)

  • done仅表完成(如fallen leaves已经落完的叶子)

  • to do表未发生or不确定(介词不能丢!如a comfortable chair to sit on

非谓语动词作状语

发生不强调先后未发生/之后发生:强调之前发生:强调同时
主动doingto dohaving donedoing
被动doneto be done(to do主表被)having been donebeing done

Absorbed(absorb) in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching.

be absorbed in doing sth. 全神贯注地做某事
absorb吸引

!!注意:主语要一致

To get an education, ____ . 选C 主语要一致
A. working hard is very important
B. working hard is needed.
C. one must work hard
D. it is needed to work hard

不定式作状语表目的:

​ 🔺注意:当不定时(作状语表目的)放句首时,两主语要一致。

​ To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.错误。正确是是:To learn English sell, he needs a dictionary.(是he learn English 而不是字典学习英语)

不定时作状语还可以 表结果,表原因,表程度(表程度例句It’s too dark for us to see anything. The question is simple for him to answer.)

独立主格结构

(非谓语动词作状语的基础上)谓语动词和非谓语动词的主语不一致时,就是独立主格结构

主语不能被省略。当主语一致时主语可以省略,此时就不是独立主格结构了

  • 形式

    n. + doing(发生or存在,且主动)/ done(发生or存在,且被动)/ to do(未发生or不存在,主被动分别是to do和to be done)

    With/Without + n. + doing/ done/ to do

With all your energies ____ the study of French, you will master the language. 选C
A. concentrated
B. concentrating
C. concentrated on
D. concentrating on

固定搭配 sb. concentrate A on B 集中于

I waited for him at the train station for an hour and I was afraid that he may miss the train, but luckily, he shoued up with only ten minutes ____ .
A. remain
B. to remain
C. remained
D. remaining

remain译作“剩余”时是vi. 因为是vi.所以没有被动!
固定搭配 sth. remain 什么东西剩下来了

Some of our history were glorious, others best left in our historical records and never to be repeated . 大致意思(乱翻译…) 我们的历史有部分是光荣的,其它的部分就永远别提了

一些课件上的例题

I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job.

You didn’t hear us come in last night. That’s good. We tried not to be noisy.

补充:主动表被动

英语主动表被动用法归纳 - 百度文库

刷题

(与非谓语动词知识点相关不大)Mrs.Black found her husband enter a tall building and looking very worried.

选enter不选entering的原因:find sb. do(短暂动词)发现某人做某事全过程;find sb. doing发现某人正在…

I remember hearing him say the bike needed repairing .

强调结果hear sb. do 省略to的不定式
强调进行hear sb. doing
need需要 主动表被动

I’m going to Xi’an next week. Have you anything ____ to your parents?
A. to take B. to be taken C. to be bought to D. to buy

you have something to buy是你去买,而文意是我去买,所以用被动,从BC中选。
而take sth. to sb. buy sb. sth. 所以选B

Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and not wanting to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.

这里Realizing和wanting并列,都是现在分词做主句的状语

There was so much noise outside that the teacher couldn’t make herself heard .

老师无法让她自己的声音被(学生)听到。是被动

做题补充1:只能to do不能doing:
happen to do碰巧做某事

做题补充2:
be made of = make of 由…制成
have no objection/chiose to doing 赞成/没机会做。这里to是介词不是不定式
have/get sth. done 使…完成

prefer to do rather than do
(prefer 的三个句型分别是prefer sth. to sth.、prefer doing to doing、prefer to do rather than do)
(rather than + 不定式时省略to)

第8节 强调句

it is/was + 强调部分 + that/who/whom

who/whom 人
that 人,时间,地点,原因

e.g. 王教授每个星期一下午教我们英语
It is Professor Wang who/that teaches us English every Monday afternoon.强调主语
It is us whom Professor Wang teaches English every Monday afternoon.强调宾语
It is English that Prefessor Wang teaches us every Monday afternoon.强调直接宾语
It is every Monday afternoon that Professor Wang teaches English.强调状语

【做题技巧】

选择题不会做的话:除了看到前面有“,”或介词,其余都蒙that。

因为:

  • 定语从句:只能用which不能用that的情况
    • …, which …非限制性定语从句
    • …, 介词 + whom/which
  • 同位语从句:只能用that

Ⅲ 作文

一、命题

考察体裁:应用文-书信、记叙文。走向:书信框架中套记叙文

考察话题:学生生活-人际交往、社会热点(日常)-健康环保/近期新闻

改革是从14年开始的

字数要求:字数不要太多,100-120差不多

二、写作注意点

注意时态固定,除非很明显,不然一般现在时就行

书信格式记得记一下

注意:大小写错误、符号错误、拼写错误、语法错误、题目要求的内容缺失

莎莎推荐的是简单的单词+优秀的句式

三、三段论

首段——开门见山:重复题目开头+客套话

中间——分点论述

尾端——总结全文+表达期许、呼应首段

四、15基础结构

分清词性、使用逻辑词(必须要用)、用高分短语、遵循主谓宾

主谓宾

注意:

  • 动词才能做谓语

  • 一句话只有1个动词

  • 一句话有多个动词的情况:非谓语动词讲过

  • 逗号不可以连接2个句子:非谓语动词讲过

逻辑连接词

没有【特殊说明】时,用法都是:逻辑连接词, + 句子

列举

To begin with/ In the second place/ Last but not least/ First and foremost

例证

for instance/ 【用在中间】as proof

Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.

Newspapers seized on the results as proof that global warming wasn’t really happening

因果

due to xxx/ owing to xxx/ as a result/ 【用在中间】lead to/accordingly因此

Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.

lead to注意三单

递进

Furthermore/ In addition/ Moreover

五、16+高分句式

1. 黄金圣斗士战衣

适用场合:任何一个英语句子前。建议放在第二段or第三段开头

低配版:

As we all know, … 众所周知

It is important that … 重要

It is obvious that … 显然

It is a pity that … 可惜

It is believed that … 相信

高配版:

There is no doubt that… 毫无疑问(同位语从句)

No one can deny (that)… 不可否认

Needless to say, … 不必说

It goes without saying that… 不言而喻

It suddenly occurs to me that… 我忽然想到

2. 万能非限定从

句子, which makes me pleasant.

或 句子, which is meaningful and entertaining.

3. 高级倒装合并

两句话合并

第1句话前+Not only do/will

第2句话前+, but also

1)2)3)合起来【e.g.】First and foremost, there is no doubt that not only do you teach well, but also I learn a lot, which is meaningful and entertaining.

4. 地表最强动词

即:非谓语动词

建议使用位置:首段/尾端第一句话

前提要求:2句主语一致。有被动结构就不要作死弄非谓语了

方法:第1句的主语省略,谓语改为ing+,+第2句完整句

【e.g.】I receive your letter. I feel extremely cheerful.→Receiving your letter, I feel extremely cheerful.

逻辑连接词+1)+4)

【e.g.1】First and foremost, it is obvious that receiving your letter, I feel extremely cheerful.

【e.g.2】Last but certainly not least, there is no doubt that hoping you study hard, I am looking forward to your letter.

Ⅳ 积累

一、情景对话

I beg your pardon? 请你再说一遍好吗?

Is that right? 那样对吗?

Don’t mind. 别介意

- Thank you.
- Don’t mention it.不客气

祈使句

Eat whichever cake you like and leave the others for whoever comes in late.

二、词义辨析

extension延期、expansion膨胀

excuse n.借口;v.原谅;找理由、pardon n./vt. 原谅

die v.
dead adj.死的
deadly adj.致命的
dying adj.临终的

some time 一段时间
sometimes 有时
sometime 某时

interview 面试
appointment 预约

rise上升和arise上升 是不及物动词没有被动语态
raise提高 是及物动词
arouse引起

live 活的 直播
video n.视频 v.录像
audience 观众

三、固定搭配

find it difficult to tell 难以分辨

be likely to do可能做
it is probable that …
maybe to do
probably do

risk含有主动冒险的意思:at the risk of …冒着…的风险
in danger

fail to无法
offer to愿意做
consider和insist后面不接to,其用法分别为consider doing考虑做;insist on sth.坚持

have no choice but to do 别无选择只能做

be named for… 被指定为…
be named after… 以…的名字命名

so和such的用法:
so + adj. + a/an + n.
such + a/an + adj. + n.

There is no point in doing sth. 做某事是没有意义的

be superior to… 比…好

be absent from 缺席

take it for granted that… 视…为理所当然

at the cost of 以…为代价

only to do 结果却

get/have a toothache 牙疼

the whole night 整晚(习惯用法)

四、词组辨析

drop out 退学
pull out 退出

in short 总之

put out熄灭
put away放好
put up提供
put on穿上

get on 进展,get on with sb. 与某人相处融洽
get off 动身
get up 起床
get to 到达

get over克服
go over复习
turn over翻阅
take over接管

apart from 除…之外
but for 要不是

used to do 过去经常
be used to do 被用于做
be used to doing/sth. 习惯于
get used to doing/sth. 开始习惯于

on the contrary 相反

make up编造,化妆
make up of 组成,习惯用法为be made up of
be made of 由…组成 物理 可以看出原材料
be made from 由…组成 化学 看不出原材料

stand for 代表
set off 出发
regard as 把…当作…

go on with 继续
come up with 提出
keep up with 和…保持联系

in part 在某种程度上
in charge 负责
in advance 提前

how soon多久,回答的是in+一段时间
how long多久,回答的是for+一段时间

look out 向外看;当心
look up 查询

out of order 发生故障
out of question 毫无疑问

  • 28
    点赞
  • 54
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 3
    评论
评论 3
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值