英语语法速成(3)

助动词should与would

should做情态动词
通常用来表示现在或将来的责任或义务,译为"应该",”应当“
The group leader announced that we should begin to work soon
小组长宣布我们不久就开始工作

should +not->shouldn't
I should not tell you the event
我不应该告诉你这件事情
We shouldn't ask such question
我们不应该问这样一些问题

would+动词原形
would是will的过去式,用于过去将来时:would +动词原形
同时它也是一个情态动词,表示某种情况的可能性比较大+动词原形
"将要",”想要“,”愿意“
He said he would come
他说他要来
He would go in spite of our warnings
尽管我们警告他了,但他执意要去

would not->wouldn't
I would not attend the meeting
我不参加那个会议
I wouldn't report it to her
我不会把这件事反馈给她

would that...
这是一种虚拟语气
would that they were safe home again!
愿他们能再平安回到家

should 表责任和义务
情态动词,表示现在或将来的责任和义务,
"应该",”应当“
这时可以它和ought to,be supposed to互换
In sum,theory should be combined with practice.
总之,理论应该与实践相结合

should表意外、惊喜
should作为情态动词,表示意外、惊喜或说话人看来是不可思议的
why,who,how开头的疑问句或某些感叹句中,should”竟会“,”居然“
How should I know it?
我怎么会知道这件事?
Why should you be so late today?
你今天怎么来的这么晚

一般过去时

过去的动作或状态
I went to see a film yesterday
我昨天去看电影了

谓语动词加ed
He finished the homework last week
他上周i完成了作业

不规则的变化形式
辅音字母+y 变y为i+ed
study->stardied
辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写辅音字母,+ed
stop->stopped
beg->begged
plan->planned
dot->dotted
不规则动词
go-went
make-made
get-got
come-came
is/am-was
see-saw
bring-brought
teach-taught
think-thought
buy-bougnt
catch-caught
fly-flew
do-did
say-said
sit-sat
spend-spent
eat-ate
give-gave
write-wrote
read-read
put-put
fell-felt
find-found
hear-heard
know-knew
grow-grew
He studied in this college for three years
他在这所大学学习三年

一般过去时的时间状语用谓语动词的过去式表示
-ed
last night
last week
last month
last year
yesterday
the day before yesterday
yesterday morning/afternoon/evening
in 1999
two hours ago/one week ago/three years ago
I got the news last night
我昨晚的到了这个消息

表示过去连续发生的动作时,要用过去时
没有1表示过去的时间状语
The sea became rough,almost turned over the boat and mixed the broken glass together
海变得狂爆起来,几乎掀翻了船,并且混合着一些破碎的玻璃

表示过去的动作和状态
I had a word Julia this morning

经常或反复的动作
always,never
Mrs.peter always carried an umbrella
彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞

已经终止的习惯
used to do
常常做某事
He used to drink
他过去喝酒(意味着他现在不喝酒了,喝酒这个动作终止了)

意义上的过去式
I didn't know you  were in Paris
我不知道你在巴黎

一般将来时

将来的动作
will/shall +动词原形
shall仅用于第一人称
who will be on duty at six?

will=的全面性
所有人称都可以用will
He will go back to America

一般将来时的否定和疑问
will/shall +not
won't/shan't
疑问句will提前
We won't go to visit that factory

一般将来时的时间状语
通常与表示将来的时间状语连用
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
next week
in...years/weeks
They will study hard next year
明年它们将努力学习

一般将来时可以表示未来习惯性的动作
Autumn will come after spring

shall/will+动词原型
现在还没发生,要在将来的的某个时刻发生
I shall/will not be free tomorrow
我明天没空

be+going +不定式
说话人的意图,打算,某种可能性
He is going to spend his holidays in London\

be+不定式的表述方法,还可描述两种请款
1.按计划将要发生的动作
2.要求或命令他人做某事
The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days
新桥三天后通车

特殊词强调计划和安排
come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin
用一般现在时或现在进行时,表示按计划将要发生的事
The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m
那架飞机上午11点起飞

现在进行时

现在进行时
be+doing

Is he reading a magazine now?
他现在正在读一本杂志吗?

现在进行时的否定句型
be+not
He isn’t reading in the classroom now
他现在没有在教室读书

现在进行时的疑问句型
be提前
Is he reading a book in the classroom?
他正在教室读书吗?

时间状语和标志性动词
right now,at present,at the moment,now
He is cleaning the office now
他现在正在打扫办公室

现在进行时采用被动形式
be+being done
`the work is being done now
这项工作正在进行

正在发生的动作
They are having a football match
它们正在进行足球比赛

现阶段的动作
现在一直进行的动作
He is preparing for CET Band 6
他正在为大学英语六级做准备

情感表示
现在进行时可表示说话人的情感
赞许,批评,喜欢,厌恶
表示经常性,相当于一般现在时描述的情况
He is akways thinking of others,not of himself
(表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己

计划安排
表示近期按计划或安排要发生的动作
go,come,leave,arrive,have,lunch,return.dine(进餐,尤指晚餐)
sleep,stay,play,do,wear(穿,戴)
I'm dinning  out with my friend this evening

现在完成时
表示一直持续的动作
持续到现在动作或状态(be),
常与for+(时间段),since+(时间点或过去时的句子)连用
Mary has been ill for three days
玛丽病了三天了
I have lived in the city since 1998
自从1998年以来我一直住在这座城市


现在完成时的否定句式
have/has+not
I have not yet copied the important file
我还没有备份这个重要的文件

have/has提前的一般疑问句
现在完成时的一般疑问句,have/has提到句首,首字母大写
Have they cancelled the gathering meeting
它们已经取消聚会了吗


现在完成时的时间状语
常与for+时间段,since+时间点或过去时的句子
We have remained to be part of the club since last year
我们自从去年以来就一直是这个俱乐部的成员
 He has been here waiting for you for one hour
 他一直在这里等你,已经一个小时了


现在完成时和一般过去时都表示事情做过了
He finished the task yesterday
他昨天完成那项任务了
He has finished the task yesterday
他现在已经完成任务了

完成性
表示截至到i现在已完成的动作
By now,I have collected all the data that I need
到目前为止,我已经收集了我需要的全部资料

影响性
表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响,带有结果的动作
Have you had your dinner?
你吃完饭了吗?

延续性
表示过去发生的动作持续到现在
It has been five years since he joined the army
他参军已经五年了

重复性
可以表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作
We have had four competitions this semester
我们这学期已经举行了四次比赛

be+not/do+not

I like English
I do not like English
I am not happy

do+not->don't
I don't know how to do it
我不知道如何做这件事情

第三人称单数does+not
does not->doesn't
She doesn't eat pizza
她不吃比萨


never.seldom,hardly等否定词
表示否定意义的词
She never swims
他从不游泳
He seldom gets up early
他很少早起
They hardly miss any important meeting
他们几乎没有错过重要的会议

前面的单句已经是否定句,反义疑问句应该相反,助动词用肯定的形式
He doesn't go to cinema today,does he?
他没有去电影院,是吗?

am/is/are+not
This is abook
This is not a book


第三人称单数用doesn't+实义动词
后面的动词用原型
He eats an apple
他吃苹果
He doesn't eat an apple
他不吃苹果

do‘t+实义动词
实义动词前+don't
I teach English
I don't teach English

特殊词的转换

原句中有some,变为否定句时,要换成any
有too和also,变为否定句时,换成either
I eat some apples
我吃了一些苹果
I don't eat any apples
我没有吃苹果
Tom goes to school too
汤姆也去上学
Tom doesn't go to school either
汤姆也没有去上学

一般动词的疑问句
do提问“你”
Do you
Do you live here?
你住在这儿吗?

does提问“他她它”
Does he go to school by bus?
他骑自行车上学吗?
自我提问用Do I
Do I look pretty?
我看起来漂亮吗?

do提问do回答,does提问does回答
Do you like fried chicken?
你喜欢炸鸡吗?
Yes. I do /No I don't
Does he speak English?
他说英语吗?
Yes,he does/No,he doesn't

用yes,I do/No,I don't是英语的习惯性用法

be动词提前
陈述句变为一般疑问句
be动词(am/is/are)
Are you in Class 2,Grade 1?
你是在一年级二班吗?

do/does引导的一般疑问句
陈述句中有一个实义动词,且其语态为一般现在时,百为一般疑问句时要在句首+do/does
Do you like these animals?
Does she want to go to cinema?

一般疑问句一般读升调
Do you feel well?
你感觉还好吗?

一般疑问句有时不用yes或no回答
Are they in town now?
他们现在在镇上吗?
I think so
我想是的
Of course
当然
Sorry,I don't know
对不起,我不知道
No problem

who+be+动词+..

..是谁
Who is your English teacher
谁是你的英语老师

who+行为动词+..
谁做...
Who ate my cake?
谁吃了我的蛋糕

who can..
谁能..
Who can help me with my English
谁能帮我辅导英语

who作为连接代词
即有疑问含义又有连接作用
I asked him who came into the room(主语)
我问他谁到屋里去了
还可作表语,宾语

Who won the first place?
否定回答,Nobody/No one

Who was late today?
今天谁迟到了

who作为关系代词,引导定语从句
从句中作主语用who,在限制新定语从句中可用taht代替
who作宾语常被省略
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller
开店售书的人叫做书商
All that/who heard him was delighted
所有听了它讲话的人都很高兴

who与whoever
谁
无论谁
引导主语从句,有时也引导宾语从句
whoever比who语气更强
Who comes will be welcome
谁来都欢迎

who用于强调句
强调主语且主语是人时,用who
It is the professor who told us the story
是教授告诉了我们这个故事

those who句型
...的人
those 泛指一般的人
those who want to go there come here place
那些想去那儿的人请来这边

whom
whom做疑问代词
口语中who可以替代whom
Whom did you see?
你见到谁了
whom are you wrighting to?
你在给谁写信

whom做介词宾语
在紧跟介词时只能用whom,不能用who,且不能省略,whom常做疑问代词
To whom should I write?
我应当给谁写信?

whom+不定式
whom做连接代词可以引导不定式短语,常做宾语
不定式的主动形式常表被动意思
We can't decide whom to invite
我们不能决定该邀请谁

whom做关系代词
关系代词whom在从句中做宾语,口语中常省略,句子的先行词也是指人的名词或代词
The boy(whom)I lend money to lives in towm
我借钱给他的那个男孩住在镇上

关系代词whom引导限制性定语从句,从句中作宾语可以省略
口语中who可以替代whom,也可以省略
The teacher(whom/who)I like is very kind
我喜欢的那个老师很善良

whom引导非限制性定语从句
不可替代,不可省略
His mother,whom he loved dearly,died in 1918
他深爱的母亲在1918年去世了

表整体的部分
先行词是人,表达范围时,of+whom
of前经常加many,most,all和数词
In the room are lots of people, many of whom I don't know
房间里人很多,许多我不认识

表所属关系
先行词是物
the+n+of+which
或of+which+the+n
whose+n
He's written a book,the name of which I've forgotten
他写了一本书,书名我忘记了

whom和whomever
whom是who的宾格,whomever是复合关系代词,也只能做宾格,等于anyone whom
There are students in our lcass who /whom you have met
我们班有些学生你见过
I like whomever you like
你喜欢的人,我都喜欢


 疑问词what

what表示“什么”
shat做疑问词,引导特殊疑问句。
如疑问词做主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问
What+谓语动词+其他成分
what's your plan ,then?那么你有什么计划?
what can we do about it?关于这件事我们能有什么办法?

what表示“什么样的”
疑问词+一般疑问语序
what school are you  in?
你在什么学校?

what表示泛指
泛指某一个人或是事物,可以泛指任何事物或者“凡是...的人”
此时的what是关系代词,引导宾语从句
I'll do what I can
我将尽力而为

what表示特指
可以特指这个人或事物,那个人或事物,所有人和事物
He is no longer what(=the man that)he used to be
他不再是以前的他
Don't poke your nose into what(=the  thing that)doesn't concern you
别多管闲事

在一个小范围当中选择时,我们会用which
which color do  you like?
你喜欢哪个颜色?
what color do you like?
你喜欢什么颜色?

what和whatever
..的事物
用来引导名词性从句,并在从句中做主语和宾语
whatever任何事物,无论什么
可引导名词性从句和状语从句
no matter what 无论如何
what可以引导名词性从句
以为the thing which
与whatever含义相同
The dictionary is just what I want for my study
这部词典正是我学习要用的工具

what表示感叹
what引导感叹词,多么
What luck!
真幸运
What fools!
真是些笨蛋

what表达“正如、犹如”
A is B what X is to Y中的what相当于as,常与as替换
Air is to us what water is to fish
空后对于我们正像水对于鱼

what用于插入语结构
what’s more..
常做插入语用来引起下文

He is firendly to us .And what 'more,he studied very well
他对我们很友好,而且,他学的很好


疑问词which

 

which表疑问
哪一个,哪一些
Which will you take?
你想拿哪一个

which做主语
which可以引导定语从句,在句中充当主语
She was not in the train which arrived just now
她不在刚到的火车上

which做宾语
可以引导定语从句,充当宾语
which可省略
The car(which)I hired broke down
我租的汽车坏了

which做介词宾语
先行词是时间,地点,原因等词时,介词+which一般在定语从句中做时间,地点,原因状语
介词+which 可以分别用when,where,why代替,若不是做时间,地点,原因状语,则不能替换
I will remember the day forever when/on which I won the first prize in the contest
我将永远记住我在竞赛中获得第一名的那一天

关系代词which和that两者都可指物
引导非限制性定语从句,介词后只能用which
Peter drove too fast,which was dangerous
彼得开的很快,这是很危险的
、
which和whichever
whichever引导名词性从句或状语从句,which是个疑问词,用在疑问句中
做关系代词,引导定语从句
I'll read whichever book you recommend
你推荐的任何书我都愿意看
which foreign language have you studied?
你学过哪一门语言

which的特殊含义
which可代表整个句子的内容或主句中的某一成分
Tom has found a good job,which is we all hope
汤姆找到了一份好工作,这正是我们大家所希望的

in which case
引导非限制性定语从句,相当于in that/this case,如果时那样/这样的话
不能在in which case 咋加上并列连词
She may be late,in which case we ought to wait for her
他可能迟到,因此我们要等他

at which point
引导定语从句,就在这时,就在那时
相当于and at that(this)moment
It started to rain ,at which point we ran
开始下雨了,于是我们跑开了

疑问词whose

whose表疑问
谁的
用于提问形容词性的物主代词
There are my bananas->Whose bananas are these?
这些是我的香蕉,这些香蕉是谁的?

whose某人的
whose做关系代词,某人的,从句中做定语
Do you know anyone whose family is in Beijing?
你认识加载北京的人吗?

whose某物品的
引导定语从句,某物品的
He saw a house whose windows were all broken
他看到一所房子,窗子全都破了

whose某动物的
The deer whose leg had been hurt couldn't run fast
那只腿受伤的鹿不能跑的很快

whose不等于who‘s
whose时who的所有格所有格形式,谁的
who’s是who is的缩写,谁是
Whose is that computer?
那台电脑是谁的

whose引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句
修饰的先行词是表示人的名词,连词在从句中做定语,后面要接名词,”(先行词)的“
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down(the man's car)
那人车坏了,他们跑过去帮忙

whose引导非限制性定语从句
去掉定语从句对句子的意思也没有影响
This is Tom,whose father is a doctor
这是汤姆,他父亲是医生

介词+whose+名词
She is the girl to whose father I talked yesterday
她就是昨天我和她父亲谈过话的女孩
I love my motherland,for whose godd future I will work hard
我爱我的祖国,为了她美好的未来我要努力工作

whose和of which
whose既可以指人,又可以指物,of which 只能用来指物
He borrowed a book of which the/whose author was a peasant
他借了一本书,书的作者是一个农民

疑问词when

疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,做疑问代词,常与介词since,till,up to等连用,什么时候
When will they come back?他们什么时候回来?(疑问副词)
Since when have they had the house?他们从什么时候起有这栋房子的?(疑问代词)
Till when is the library open?图书馆开放到几点?(疑问代词)

when做连接副词
引导名词性从句或不定式,什么手时候
从句使用陈述语序
I'd like to know when they will come.
我想知道他们什么时候来。(when引导宾语从句)
When she'll be back depends much on the weather
她何时回来在很大程度上取决于天气(when引导主语从句)
Have you decided when to go sightseeing?
你们已经决定什么时候去观光了吗?(我很引导不定式结构)

when做关系副词
引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
Do you remember the time when the three of us went on a picnic
你还记得我们三个人去野餐的那段时光吗?

when引导时间状语状语从句
when做从属连词,引导时间状语从句,当...时,在..的时候
When you see him,please say hello to him
见到他时,代我向他问好

when和what time做疑问词
引导特殊疑问句
when引导的疑问句,不一定指出具体的时间点,可用tomorrow,next month回答
what time必须说出具体的时间,at two o'clock ,at five past ten
When will they come back?他们什么时候回来?
This afternoon今天下午
What time will they come back
At two o'clock

When表示条件
 相当于if,引导条件状语从句
 How can I get a jpb when I can't even know any English
 如果我一点英语都不会,怎么能找到工作呢?

 When表示对比
 相当于where,while,since既然,然而
 How can I help them to understand when they won't listen to me?
既然他们不愿听我的,我有怎么能帮助他们弄明白呢?

when从句中使用虚拟语气,本来..确..
She paid When she could have entered free
本来可以免费入场,而她却服了款

when的句型一
when引导的特殊疑问句,When will it be convenient for you to..?你看什么时候方便..
When will it be convenient for you to arrange an interview for me?
你看什么时候方便为我安排面试

When的句型二
When are you going to..?
你打算什么时候..to后面跟动词原型
When are you going to buy a new computer?
你打算什么时候买一台新电脑?


疑问词where

表示..在哪里
作疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,where+be动词..在哪里
where are you?
你去哪?

where表示在哪儿做..
where 做疑问副词,引导特殊疑问句,where+do/did/does
where do they go?
他们要去哪里?

where引导名词性从句
作连接副词,引导名词性从句
名词性从句包括{主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句}
It's really  none of your business where I spend my summer holidays
我去哪里过暑假确实跟你无关(主语从句)
I wonder where she lives
我想知道她住在哪里(宾语从句)
The problem is where we should put the vase
问题是我们该把花瓶放在哪里(表语从句)
I really have no idea where she has gone
我真不知道她去哪儿了(同位语从句)

where引导宾语从句
作关系副词,先行词在从句中作地点状语,引导限制性和非限制性定语从句
The book is on the table where you left it
书在桌子上,你放在那里的
We then moved to Paris,where we lived for six years
我们后来搬到巴黎,在那里住了六年

定语从句用which和where不看先行词,而是看句子是否完整
如果先行词在从句中地点状语,就用关系副词where
句子不完整,用which
This is the school where I studied last year
这是我去年学习的学校
studied为不及物动词,句子完整

where 引导地点状语从句
一般置于主句之后
Sit where you like
你爱坐哪都可以

where 表条件
where+地点从句,(there)+主句,哪里..哪里就..
主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用
主句在从句前面,there一般都不用
Where there is  a will,there is a way

where和wherever
两者都可以表示任何地方,wherever的语气强烈一些
where一版表示一个特定的而非特指的地方。where,anywhere和everywhere任何地方
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you
不论我在哪儿,都会想你的

where+不定式
where+不定式构成不定式短语在句子中作主语和宾语
可以转化为相同意义的句子,需在where后加一个适当的主语,把不定时变为谓语动词
Where to go for a picnic hasn't been decided
=where we shall go for a picnic hasn't been decided
(我们)去哪里野餐还没有决定

疑问词why

表疑问
位于句首,为什么,回答常用because
Why are you sad?
你为什么悲伤

why表感叹
可以放在句首或句中做插入语,表示惊奇等情绪
Why,what's happening?
啊,有什么事吗?

why表建议
why not.. /why don't
表示客气地提出建议,请求
Why not go and have a look?
干嘛不去看看?(让我们去看看)
Why don't we go out to lunch today
今天为社么不出去吃午饭呢?(我们一起出去吃午饭吧!)

why表责备
why didn't you (你为什么不...)
否定疑问句,常用于反问
Why didn't  you wait for me?
你为什么没有等我

why not和why don't
why not后面接动词原形,why don't后面接主谓结构
why not do something
why don't+主语+do something
为什么某人不做某事
区别在于要不要加主语
Why not  go to cinema
Why don't we go to cinema

why引导主语从句
作为连接副词,引导主语从句
Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever
他为什么这样做永远是个迷

why引导宾语从句
He asked her why she was doing that
他问她为什么要那样做

why引导表语从句
一般用That's why..这个句型
That’s why I 've come to see you
这就是我为什么来见你的原因

why引导定语从句
Why只能引导限制性定语从句,先行词只有reason,从句中充当原因状语
why相当于for which
Do you know the reason why he is not here now
你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗?

疑问词how

 

how提问方式,方法
怎样
How is the word spelt?
这个单词怎么拼?

how提问“健康状况,处境”
..身体好吗?
..怎么样?
How is Miss Zhang?
张小姐身体好吗?
how与形容词连用
how修饰形容词指1数量,程度的多少
How old is your uncle?
你叔叔多大了?

how与副词连用
how修饰副词也指数量程度的多少
How fast does he drive?
他开的有多快?

how come..
..是怎么回事
与why差不多
how come后接的句子用正常语序,而不是半倒装语序
How come you never visit us any more?
你怎么不来看我们了?

how与many,much连用
how many 修饰可数
how much修饰不可数,可以问多少钱
How many students are three in your  class
你们班有多少名学生

how about
用于询问或征询意见
相当于what about
后接名词,代词或动词的ing形式
..怎么样..
..好不好..
How about the others?
剩余的怎么样?
How about a drink?
来一杯吧?

how 表感叹
多么
How +形容词/副词+主语+谓语
How fine the weather is!天气多么好啊!
How fast he runs!他跑得多么快啊!

how作为连接副词
怎么 或者..的方式
How all this happened was a mystery(主语从句)
这一切怎么发生的都是个迷
Tell me how you're getting on.(宾语从句)
告诉我你的进展如何
That‘s how I look at it(表语从句)
这是我的看法
Do you know to start this machine?
你知道怎样启动这台机器吗?(不定式短语)

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