前言
Gtest是Google公司发布的一款非常优秀的开源C/C++单元测试框架,已被应用于多个开源项目及Google内部项目中,知名的例子包括ChromeWeb浏览器、LLVM编译器架构、ProtocolBuffers数据交换格式及工具等。在我们开发规范的代码时候,要想办法构造简单的测试用例进行调试,因此针对gtest中的三种事件机制进行简单的分析。
在单元测试中,我们经常需要在某个测试套件、测试用例或者整个测试运行之前进行前置条件设置及检查,或者运行之后对运行结果进行校验等操作。在gtest中,称之为事件机制。gtest将事件按照作用的范围不同进行划分,从大到小总共分为3个层次:
1)整个测试层面,即在测试工程开始前和结束后进行;
2)测试套件层面,即在某个测试套件开始前和结束后进行;
3)测试用例层面,即在某个测试用例开始前和结束后进行;
2、测试层面事件实现
要实现测试层面的事件,我们需要继承testing::Environment类,首先我们来看一下这个类的定义:
- class Environment {
- public:
- virtual ~Environment() {}
- // Override this to define how to set up the environment.
- virtual void SetUp() {}
- // Override this to define how to tear down the environment.
- virtual void TearDown() {}
- private:
- struct Setup_should_be_spelled_SetUp {};
- virtual Setup_should_be_spelled_SetUp* Setup() { return NULL; }
- };
这个类中有两个虚函数:SetUp和TearDown。我们的子类只需要实现这个方法即可。其中在SetUp方法中实现所有测试启动之前需要完成的操作,而TearDown函数中实现所有测试运行结束后需要进行的操作。例如:
- class GlobalEvent2 :
- public testing::Environment
- {
- public:
- virtual void SetUp()
- {
- cout << "Before any case, Global 2" << endl;
- }
- virtual void TearDown()
- {
- cout << "After all cases done, Global 2" << endl;
- }
- };
然后,在main函数中,在RUN_ALL_TESTS()之前,我们调用如下语句:
testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(new GlobalEnvent);
将这个测试层面的的事件添加到事件列表即可。这样,在测试执行之前,系统会先执行GlobalEvent2的SetUp方法;在所有测试用例执行完之后,系统会执行GlobalEvent2的TearDown方法。另外,我们可以定义任意多个继承自testing::Environment的子类,以实现不同的全局事件。所有的子类的SetUp按照我们调用testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment添加它们的先后顺序执行,而TearDown的执行顺序则与添加顺序相反。
3、测试套件层面事件
要在测试套件层面上定义事件,我们需要继承testing::Test类,并覆盖它的静态方法:SetUpTestCase和TearDownTestCase.在继续之前我们首先看看testing::Test类的定义:
- class GTEST_API_ Test {
- public:
- friend class TestInfo;
- // Defines types for pointers to functions that set up and tear down
- // a test case.
- typedef internal::SetUpTestCaseFunc SetUpTestCaseFunc;
- typedef internal::TearDownTestCaseFunc TearDownTestCaseFunc;
- // The d'tor is virtual as we intend to inherit from Test.
- virtual ~Test();
- // Sets up the stuff shared by all tests in this test case.
- //
- // Google Test will call Foo::SetUpTestCase() before running the first
- // test in test case Foo. Hence a sub-class can define its own
- // SetUpTestCase() method to shadow the one defined in the super
- // class.
- static void SetUpTestCase() {}
- // Tears down the stuff shared by all tests in this test case.
- //
- // Google Test will call Foo::TearDownTestCase() after running the last
- // test in test case Foo. Hence a sub-class can define its own
- // TearDownTestCase() method to shadow the one defined in the super
- // class.
- static void TearDownTestCase() {}
- // Returns true iff the current test has a fatal failure.
- static bool HasFatalFailure();
- // Returns true iff the current test has a non-fatal failure.
- static bool HasNonfatalFailure();
- // Returns true iff the current test has a (either fatal or
- // non-fatal) failure.
- static bool HasFailure() { return HasFatalFailure() || HasNonfatalFailure(); }
- // Logs a property for the current test, test case, or for the entire
- // invocation of the test program when used outside of the context of a
- // test case. Only the last value for a given key is remembered. These
- // are public static so they can be called from utility functions that are
- // not members of the test fixture. Calls to RecordProperty made during
- // lifespan of the test (from the moment its constructor starts to the
- // moment its destructor finishes) will be output in XML as attributes of
- // the <testcase> element. Properties recorded from fixture's
- // SetUpTestCase or TearDownTestCase are logged as attributes of the
- // corresponding <testsuite> element. Calls to RecordProperty made in the
- // global context (before or after invocation of RUN_ALL_TESTS and from
- // SetUp/TearDown method of Environment objects registered with Google
- // Test) will be output as attributes of the <testsuites> element.
- static void RecordProperty(const std::string& key, const std::string& value);
- static void RecordProperty(const std::string& key, int value);
- protected:
- // Creates a Test object.
- Test();
- // Sets up the test fixture.
- virtual void SetUp();
- // Tears down the test fixture.
- virtual void TearDown();
- private:
- // Returns true iff the current test has the same fixture class as
- // the first test in the current test case.
- static bool HasSameFixtureClass();
- // Runs the test after the test fixture has been set up.
- //
- // A sub-class must implement this to define the test logic.
- //
- // DO NOT OVERRIDE THIS FUNCTION DIRECTLY IN A USER PROGRAM.
- // Instead, use the TEST or TEST_F macro.
- virtual void TestBody() = 0;
- // Sets up, executes, and tears down the test.
- void Run();
- // Deletes self. We deliberately pick an unusual name for this
- // internal method to avoid clashing with names used in user TESTs.
- void DeleteSelf_() { delete this; }
- // Uses a GTestFlagSaver to save and restore all Google Test flags.
- const internal::GTestFlagSaver* const gtest_flag_saver_;
- // Often a user mis-spells SetUp() as Setup() and spends a long time
- // wondering why it is never called by Google Test. The declaration of
- // the following method is solely for catching such an error at
- // compile time:
- //
- // - The return type is deliberately chosen to be not void, so it
- // will be a conflict if a user declares void Setup() in his test
- // fixture.
- //
- // - This method is private, so it will be another compiler error
- // if a user calls it from his test fixture.
- //
- // DO NOT OVERRIDE THIS FUNCTION.
- //
- // If you see an error about overriding the following function or
- // about it being private, you have mis-spelled SetUp() as Setup().
- struct Setup_should_be_spelled_SetUp {};
- virtual Setup_should_be_spelled_SetUp* Setup() { return NULL; }
- // We disallow copying Tests.
- GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(Test);
- };
从testing::Test类的声明可以看到,SetUpTestCase和TearDownTestCase为静态方法,并且它们的注释也很详细。在测试套件的第一个测试用例开始前,SetUpTestCase函数会被调用,而在测试套件中的最后一个测试用例运行结束后,TearDownTestCase函数会被调用。
4、测试用例层面的事件
要实现单个测试用例的事件,我们需要同样需要继承testing::Test类,并实现它的protected virtual方法SetUp和TearDown。gtest在运行这个测试用例之前,会首先调用SetUp方法,然后在测试用例结束之后,调用TearDown方法。
5、总结
通过gtest事件机制,我们可以让gtest在运行测试、测试套件、测试用例的前后分别运行指定的代码段。这一点很有用,比如在单元测试中,我们可以将初始化操作放入SetUp函数中,而资源回收等操作方在TearDown函数中实现,这样可以使得我们在测试用例中只需专注于测试即可。