2014美国数学建模MCM/ICM原题翻译

PROBLEM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass Rule

In countries where driving automobiles on the right is the rule (that is, USA, China and most other countries except for Great Britain, Australia, and some former British colonies), multi-lane freeways often employa rule that requires drivers to drive in the right-most lane unless they are passing another vehicle, in which case they move one lane to the left, pass, and return to their former travel lane.

Build and analyze a mathematical model to analyze the performance of this rule in light and heavy traffic. You may wish to examine tradeoffs between traffic flow and safety, the role of under- or over-posted speed limits (that is, speed limits that are too low or too high), and/or other factors that may not be explicitly called out in this problem statement. Is this rule effective in promoting better traffic flow? If not, suggest and analyze alternatives (to include possibly no rule of this kind at all) that might promote greater traffic flow, safety, and/or other factors that you deem important.

In countries where driving automobiles on the left is the norm, argue whether or not your solution can be carried over with a simple change of orientation, or would additional requirements be needed.

Lastly, the rule as stated above relies upon human judgment for compliance. If vehicle transportation on the same roadway was fully under the control of an intelligent system – either part of the road network or imbedded in the design of all vehicles using the roadway – to what extent would this change the results of your earlier analysis?

问题A：除非超车否则靠右行驶的交通规则

在一些汽车靠右行驶的国家（比如美国，中国等等），多车道的高速公路常常遵循以下原则：司机必须在最右侧驾驶，除非他们正在超车，超车时必须先移到左侧车道在超车后再返回。

建立数学模型来分析这条规则在低负荷和高负荷状态下的交通路况的表现。你不妨考察一下流量和安全的权衡问题,车速过高过低的限制，或者这个问题陈述中可能出现的其他因素。这条规则在提升车流量的方面是否有效？如果不是，提出能够提升车流量、安全系数或其他因素的替代品（包括完全没有这种规律）并加以分析。

在一些国家，汽车靠左形式是常态，探讨你的解决方案是否稍作修改即可适用，或者需要一些额外的需要。

最后，以上规则依赖于人的判断，如果相同规则的交通运输完全在智能系统的控制下，无论是部分网络还是嵌入使用的车辆的设计，在何种程度上会修改你前面的结果？

 

PROBLEM B: College Coaching Legends

Sports Illustrated, a magazine for sports enthusiasts, is looking for the “best all time college coach” male or female for the previous century. Build a mathematical model to choose thebest college coach or coaches (past or present) from among either male or female coaches in such sports as college hockey or field hockey, football, baseball or softball, basketball, or soccer. Does it make a difference which time line horizon that you use in your analysis, i.e., does coaching in 1913 differ from coaching in 2013? Clearly articulate your metrics for assessment. Discuss how your model can be applied in general across both genders and all possible sports. Present your model’s top 5 coaches in each of 3 different sports.

In addition to the MCM format and requirements, prepare a 1-2 page article for Sports Illustrated that explains your results and includes a non-technical explanation of your mathematical model thatsports fanswill understand.

问题B：大学传奇教练

体育画报是一个为运动爱好者服务的杂志，正在寻找在整个上个世纪的“史上最好的大学教练”。建立数学模型选择大学中在一下体育项目中最好的教练：曲棍球或场地曲棍球，足球，棒球或垒球，篮球，足球。
时间轴在你的分析中是否会有影响？比如1913年的教练和2013年的教练是否会有所不同？清晰的对你的指标进行评估，讨论一下你的模型应用在跨越性别和所有可能对的体育项目中的效果。展示你的模型中的在三种不同体育项目中的前五名教练。

除了传统的MCM格式，准备一个1到2页的文章给体育画报，解释你的结果和包括一个体育迷都明白的数学模型的非技术性解释。

2014 ICM Problem

Using Networks to Measure Influence and Impact

One of the techniques to determine influence of academic research is to build and

measure properties of citation or co-author networks. Co-authoring a manuscript usually

connotes a strong influential connection between researchers. One of the most famous

academic co-authors was the 20th-century mathematician Paul Erdös who had over 500

co-authors and published over 1400 technical research papers. It is ironic, or perhaps

not, that Erdös is also one of the influencers in building the foundation for the emerging

interdisciplinary science of networks, particularly, through his publication with Alfred

Rényi of the paper “On Random Graphs” in 1959. Erdös’s role as a collaborator was so

significant in the field of mathematics that mathematicians often measure their

closeness to Erdös through analysis of Erdös’s amazingly large and robust co-author

network (see the website http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ ). The unusual and fascinating

story of Paul Erdös as a gifted mathematician, talented problem solver, and master

collaborator is provided in many books and on-line websites

(e.g., http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Erdos.html). Perhaps his itinerant

lifestyle, frequently staying with or residing with his collaborators, and giving much of his

money to students as prizes for solving problems, enabled his co-authorships to flourish

and helped build his astounding network of influence in several areas of mathematics.

In order to measure such influence as Erdös produced, there are network-based

evaluation tools that use co-author and citation data to determine impact factor of

researchers, publications, and journals. Some of these are Science Citation Index, Hfactor,

Impact factor, Eigenfactor, etc. Google Scholar is also a good data tool to use for

network influence or impact data collection and analysis. Your team’s goal for ICM

2014 is to analyze influence and impact in research networks and other areas of

society. Your tasks to do this include:

1) Build the co-author network of the Erdos1 authors (you can use the file from the

website https://files.oakland.edu/users/grossman/enp/Erdos1.html or the one we

include at Erdos1.htm ). You should build a co-author network of the

approximately 510 researchers from the file Erdos1, who coauthored a paper

with Erdös, but do not include Erdös. This will take some skilled data extraction

and modeling efforts to obtain the correct set of nodes (the Erdös coauthors) and

their links (connections with one another as coauthors). There are over 18,000

lines of raw data in Erdos1 file, but many of them will not be used since they are

links to people outside the Erdos1 network. If necessary, you can limit the size of

your network to analyze in order to calibrate your influence measurement

algorithm. Once built, analyze the properties of this network. (Again, do not

include Erdös --- he is the most influential and would be connected to all nodes in

the network. In this case, it’s co-authorship with him that builds the network, but

 

he is not part of the network or the analysis.)

2) Develop influence measure(s) to determine who in this Erdos1 network has

significant influence within the network. Consider who has published important

works or connects important researchers within Erdos1. Again, assume Erdös is

not there to play these roles.

3) Another type of influence measure might be to compare the significance of a

research paper by analyzing the important works that follow from its publication.

Choose some set of foundational papers in the emerging field of network science

either from the attached list (NetSciFoundation.pdf) or papers you discover.

Use these papers to analyze and develop a model to determine their relative

influence. Build the influence (coauthor or citation) networks and calculate

appropriate measures for your analysis. Which of the papers in your set do you

consider is the most influential in network science and why? Is there a similar

way to determine the role or influence measure of an individual network

researcher? Consider how you would measure the role, influence, or impact of a

specific university, department, or a journal in network science? Discuss

methodology to develop such measures and the data that would need to be

collected.

4) Implement your algorithm on a completely different set of network influence data

--- for instance, influential songwriters, music bands, performers, movie actors,

directors, movies, TV shows, columnists, journalists, newspapers, magazines,

novelists, novels, bloggers, tweeters, or any data set you care to analyze. You

may wish to restrict the network to a specific genre or geographic location or

predetermined size.

5) Finally, discuss the science, understanding and utility of modeling influence and

impact within networks. Could individuals, organizations, nations, and society use

influence methodology to improve relationships, conduct business, and make

wise decisions? For instance, at the individual level, describe how you could use

your measures and algorithms to choose who to try to co-author with in order to

boost your mathematical influence as rapidly as possible. Or how can you use

your models and results to help decide on a graduate school or thesis advisor to

select for your future academic work?

6) Write a report explaining your modeling methodology, your network-based

influence and impact measures, and your progress and results for the previous

five tasks. The report must not exceed 20 pages (not including your summary

sheet) and should present solid analysis of your network data; strengths,

weaknesses, and sensitivity of your methodology; and the power of modeling

these phenomena using network science.

*Your submission should consist of a 1 page Summary Sheet and your solution cannot

 

exceed 20 pages for a maximum of 21 pages.

C题：

其中一项技术来确定学术研究的影响力是建立和

测量引文或合著者网络的性能。共同创作的手稿通常

张三研究者之间有很强的影响力的连接。其中最有名的

学术合著者是20世纪的数学家保罗·埃尔德什谁拥有超过500

共同作者，并发表了1400的技术研究论文。这是具有讽刺意味的，或者

不，那埃尔德什也是建设为新兴的基础上有影响力之一

网络的跨学科的科学，特别是通过他的出版物，阿尔弗雷德

论文“关于随机图”在1959年莱利。埃尔德什的作为合作者的角色是如此

在数学，数学家经常测量领域显著的

通过鄂尔多斯的惊人的大，健壮的合著者分析亲近到鄂尔多斯

网络（见网站http://www.oakland.edu/enp/ ） 。不寻常和令人着迷

保罗鄂尔多斯故事作为一个天才的数学家，天才的问题解决者，和主

合作者在许多书籍和在线网站提供

（例如， http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Erdos.html ） 。也许他的江湖

生活方式，经常住在或居住与他的合作者，并给了他的

钱给学生作为奖品解决问题，使他的合作authorships蓬勃发展

并帮助建立他的惊人影响力的网络数学的几个领域。

为了衡量这种影响力鄂尔多斯生产的，也有基于网络的

使用共同作者和引文数据，以确定影响因子评估工具

研究人员，出版物和期刊。其中有些是科学引文索引， Hfactor ，

影响因子，特征因子等谷歌学术搜索也是一个不错的数据的工具来使用的

网络影响或影响数据的收集和分析。你的团队的为ICM的目标

2014来分析研究网络和其他领域的影响和冲击

社会。你的任务做到这一点，包括：

1 ）构建Erdos1作者的合著者网络（您可以使用该文件从

网站https://files.oakland.edu/users/grossman/enp/Erdos1.html或一个我们

包括Erdos1.htm ） 。你应该建立的一个合著者网络

从文件Erdos1 ，谁合着的论文约510研究人员

与鄂尔多斯，但不包括埃尔德什。这将需要一些熟练的数据提取

和建模的努力，以获得正确的节点集（鄂尔多斯合著者）和

他们的链接（彼此作为合著者连接） 。有超过18,000

在Erdos1文件中的原始数据线，但很多人不会使用，因为它们是

链接到Erdos1网络之外的人。如果有必要，你可以限制的大小

您的网络进行分析，以校准你的影响力测量

算法。一旦建成，分析这个网络的性能。 （同样，不

包括埃尔德什---他是最有影响力的，并会被连接到的所有节点

网络。在这种情况下，它的合著者与他建立的网络，但

他不是网络或分析的一部分。 ）

2 ）发展影响的措施，以确定谁在这个Erdos1网络有

网络内的显著影响。考虑谁曾发表重要

工程或内Erdos1连接重要的研究人员。同样，假设埃尔德什是

不存在玩这些角色。

3 ）另一种类型的影响措施可能是比较的意义

研究论文通过分析它的出版遵循的重要作品。

在选择网络科学的新兴领域设置了一些基础性的论文

无论是从所附清单（ NetSciFoundation.pdf ）或试卷你发现。

使用这些文件来分析和建立一个模型来确定它们的相对

影响。打造影响力（或合着引文）网络和计算

适当的措施，供您分析。其中的文件在你设定你

认为是最有影响力的网络科学，为什么？是否有一个类似

的方法来确定个体网络的作用或影响的措施

研究员？考虑一下如何去衡量的作用，影响力，还是一个影响

具体的大学，部门，或在网络科学期刊？讨论

的方法来开发这样的措施，以及数据将需要

收集。

4 ）执行你的算法对一组完全不同的网络影响力数据

---例如，有影响力的作曲家，音乐乐队，表演，电影演员，

导演，电影，电视节目，专栏作者，记者，报纸，杂志，

小说家，小说，博客，高音喇叭，或任何数据集，你在乎分析。您

不妨到网络限制到一个特定的风格或地理位置或

预定的大小。

5 ）最后，讨论科学，理解和建模的影响和效用

网络中的影响。可以个人，组织，国家和社会使用

影响力的方法来改善关系，开展业务，并进行

明智的决定？例如，在个人层面上，描述了可以如何使用

你的措施和算法来选择谁尝试共同创作与以

提高你的数学的影响尽可能快。不然你怎么能使用

你的模型和结果，以帮助决定一个研究生院或论文顾问

选择你的未来学术工作？

6）写一份报告，说明你的建模方法，你的基于网络的

影响和冲击的措施，和你的进度和结果为前

五项任务。该报告不得超过20页（不包括您汇总

表），并应出示您的网络数据分析固体;优势，

弱点，你的方法的灵敏度;和建模的能力

这些现象用网络科学。

*您提交的内容应包括1页摘要表及解决方案不能

超过20页，最多21页。

这是可能的论文，可以包括在一个基础集的清单

有影响力的出版物在网络科学。网络科学是一个新的，新兴的，多样的，

跨学科的领域所以没有大的，浓集期刊，很容易的

用它来寻找网络方面的论文，即使一些新的杂志最近才建立起来

而在网络科学的新的学术课程都开始将予提呈发售

大学在世界各地。你可以使用一些你的这些论文或其他

自己的选择为您的团队的一套分析和比较在影响或影响

 

网络科学的任务3 。