网络层实现初步探究(linux网络协议栈笔记)

从Ping 127.0.0.1开始

Ping是潜水艇人员的专用术语，表示回应的声纳脉冲，在网络中Ping 是一个十分好用的TCP/IP工具。它主要的功能是用来检测网络的连通情况和分析网络速度。
先给出一段部分ping的代码基本实现：

/****统计数据函数****/
void statistics(int sig)
{
    computer_rtt();     //计算rtt
    printf("\n------ %s ping statistics ------\n",addr[0]);
    printf("%d packets transmitted,%d received,%d%% packet loss,time %.f ms\n",
        nsend,nreceived,(nsend-nreceived)/nsend*100,all_time);
    printf("rtt min/avg/max/mdev = %.3f/%.3f/%.3f/%.3f ms\n",
        min,avg,max,mdev);
    close(sockfd);
    exit(1);
}

/****检验和算法****/
unsigned short cal_chksum(unsigned short *addr,int len)
{
    int nleft = len;
    int sum = 0;
    unsigned short *w = addr;
    unsigned short check_sum = 0;

    while(nleft>1)       //ICMP包头以字（2字节）为单位累加
    {
        sum += *w++;
        nleft -= 2;
    }

    if(nleft == 1)      //ICMP为奇数字节时，转换最后一个字节，继续累加
    {
        *(unsigned char *)(&check_sum) = *(unsigned char *)w;
        sum += check_sum;
    }
    sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xFFFF);
    sum += (sum >> 16);
    check_sum = ~sum;   //取反得到校验和
    return check_sum;
}

/*设置ICMP报头*/
int pack(int pack_no)
{
    int i,packsize;
    struct icmp *icmp;
    struct timeval *tval;
    icmp = (struct icmp*)sendpacket;
    icmp->icmp_type = ICMP_ECHO; //ICMP_ECHO类型的类型号为0
    icmp->icmp_code = 0;
    icmp->icmp_cksum = 0;
    icmp->icmp_seq = pack_no;    //发送的数据报编号
    icmp->icmp_id = pid;

    packsize = 8 + datalen;     //数据报大小为64字节
    tval = (struct timeval *)icmp->icmp_data;
    gettimeofday(tval,NULL);        //记录发送时间
    //校验算法
    icmp->icmp_cksum =  cal_chksum((unsigned short *)icmp,packsize); 
    return packsize;
}

/****发送三个ICMP报文****/
void send_packet()
{
    int packetsize;
    if(nsend < MAX_NO_PACKETS)
    {
        nsend++;
        packetsize = pack(nsend);   //设置ICMP报头
        //发送数据报
        if(sendto(sockfd,sendpacket,packetsize,0,
            (struct sockaddr *)&dest_addr,sizeof(dest_addr)) < 0)
        {
            perror("sendto error");
        }
    }

}


/****接受所有ICMP报文****/
void recv_packet()
{
    int n,fromlen;
    extern int error;
    fromlen = sizeof(from);
    if(nreceived < nsend)
    {   
        //接收数据报
        if((n = recvfrom(sockfd,recvpacket,sizeof(recvpacket),0,
            (struct sockaddr *)&from,&fromlen)) < 0)
        {
            perror("recvfrom error");
        }
        gettimeofday(&tvrecv,NULL);     //记录接收时间
        unpack(recvpacket,n);       //剥去ICMP报头
        nreceived++;
    }
}


/******剥去ICMP报头******/
int unpack(char *buf,int len)
{
    int i;
    int iphdrlen;       //ip头长度
    struct ip *ip;
    struct icmp *icmp;
    struct timeval *tvsend;
    double rtt;


    ip = (struct ip *)buf;
    iphdrlen = ip->ip_hl << 2; //求IP报文头长度，即IP报头长度乘4
    icmp = (struct icmp *)(buf + iphdrlen); //越过IP头，指向ICMP报头
    len -= iphdrlen;    //ICMP报头及数据报的总长度
    if(