Swift中文教程1

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-16 19:20:55 发布

vigor512

最新推荐文章于 2024-03-16 19:20:55 发布

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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/vigor512/article/details/28660799

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Swift语言概览

基本概念

注：这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。

Hello, world

类似于脚本语言，下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。

println("Hello, world") 变量与常量

Swift使用var声明变量，let声明常量。

var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42

类型推导

Swift支持类型推导（Type Inference），所以上面的代码不需指定类型，如果需要指定类型：

let explicitDouble : Double = 70

Swift不支持隐式类型转换（Implicitly casting），所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换（Explicitly casting）：

let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let width = label + String(width)

字符串格式化

Swift使用\(item)的形式进行字符串格式化：

let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."

数组和字典

Swift使用[]操作符声明数组（array）和字典（dictionary）：

var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"

一般使用初始化器（initializer）语法创建空数组和空字典：

let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()

如果类型信息已知，则可以使用[]声明空数组，使用[:]声明空字典。

控制流

概览

Swift的条件语句包含if和switch，循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while，循环/判断条件不需要括号，但循环/判断体（body）必需括号：

let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
    if score > 50 {
        teamScore += 3
    } else {
        teamScore += 1
    }
}

可空类型

结合if和let，可以方便的处理可空变量（nullable variable）。对于空值，需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。

var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
optionalString == nil

var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
}

灵活的switch

Swift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作：

let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
    let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
    let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
    let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default:
    let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}

其它循环

for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典：

let interestingNumbers = [
    "Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
    "Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
    "Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
    for number in numbers {
        if number > largest {
            largest = number
        }
    }
}
largest