Oracle安装

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已于 2023-04-03 16:44:12 修改

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于 2023-03-16 17:59:49 首次发布

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centos安装Oracle12c

1.系统环境
1.1 关闭防火墙
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

1.2 关闭selinux
setenforce 0
vim /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled

1.3 配置内核参数
#添加以下内容
vim /etc/sysctl.conf
fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
fs.file-max = 6815744
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.shmmax = 2147483648
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max= 4194304
net.core.wmem_default= 262144
net.core.wmem_max= 1048576
# 启用新的配置
sysctl -p

1.4 缓存swap检查以及配置
free -h

2.编译环境

yum install  binutils compat-libcap1 compat-libstdc++-33 gcc gcc-c++ glibc glibc-devel ksh libaio libaio-devel libgcc libstdc++ libstdc++-devel libXext libXtst libX11 libXau libxcb libXi make sysstat net-tools telnet java unzip  -y


3.用户权限
3.1 创建2个 oracle用户组
groupadd oinstall 
groupadd dba

3.2 创建oracle用户加入两个用户组
useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
passwd oracle


3.3 修改oracle用户的安全性能设置
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
oracle soft nproc 2047
oracle hard nproc 16384
oracle soft nofile 1024
oracle hard nofile 65536

3.4 设置oracle用户的环境变量
vim /home/oracle/.bash_profile

export PATH
export ORACLE_BASE=/usr/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=$ORACLE_BASE/product/12c/db_1
export ORACLE_SID=orcl
export ORACLE_UNQNAME=orcl
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:/usr/sbin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/usr/lib
export LANG=en_US
export TNS_ADMIN=/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin
export NLS_LANG=AMERICAN_AMERICA.AL32UTF8
# 使其生效
source /home/oracle/.bash_profile

3.5 创建oracle安装目录
mkdir -p /usr/oracle
chown -R oracle:oinstall /usr/oracle
chmod -R 775 /usr/oracle

4.下载安装Oracle12c
下载地址 https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle-database-software-downloads.html
# 解压后在./database 目录下
unzip linuxx64_12201_database.zip -d /opt/.

# 更改当前oracle安装文件所在路径用户组和权限
chown -R oracle:oinstall /opt/database
chmod -R 755 /opt/database

4.1 静默安装Orcale
su - oracle
vim /opt/database/response/db_install.rsp
####################################################################
# 为下面列出的变量指定值以进行自定义
####################################################################
# 不要更改以下系统生成的值
oracle.install.responseFileVersion=/oracle/install/rspfmt_dbinstall_response_schema_v12.2.0
oracle.install.option=
# 指定要为清单目录设置的Unix组
UNIX_GROUP_NAME=oinstall
# 指定存放库存文件的位置
INVENTORY_LOCATION=/usr/oracle
# 指定Oracle主页的完整路径。
ORACLE_HOME=/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1
# 指定Oracle Base的完整路径。
ORACLE_BASE=/usr/oracle
oracle.install.db.InstallEdition=
###############################################################################
# 特权操作系统组
###############################################################################
# OSDBA_GROUP是要授予SYSDBA权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSDBA_GROUP=dba
# OSOPER_GROUP是要授予SYSOPER权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSOPER_GROUP=oinstall
# OSBACKUPDBA_GROUP是要授予SYSBACKUP权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSBACKUPDBA_GROUP=oinstall
# OSDGDBA_GROUP是要授予SYSDG权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSDGDBA_GROUP=oinstall
# OSKMDBA_GROUP是要授予SYSKM权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSKMDBA_GROUP=oinstall
# OSRACDBA_GROUP是要授予SYSRAC权限的操作系统组。
oracle.install.db.OSRACDBA_GROUP=oinstall
###############################################################################
#网格选项
###############################################################################
oracle.install.db.rac.configurationType=
oracle.install.db.CLUSTER_NODES=
oracle.install.db.isRACOneInstall=
oracle.install.db.racOneServiceName=
oracle.install.db.rac.serverpoolName=
oracle.install.db.rac.serverpoolCardinality=
###############################################################################
# 数据库配置选项
###############################################################################
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.type=
# 指定Starter数据库全局数据库名称
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.globalDBName=orcl
# 指定Starter数据库SID。
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.SID=orcl
oracle.install.db.ConfigureAsContainerDB=
oracle.install.db.config.PDBName=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.characterSet=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryOption=
# 指定数据库的总内存分配。值（MB）应至少为256 MB，并且不应超过可用的物理内存总量
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.memoryLimit=800
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.installExampleSchemas=
###############################################################################
# 可以为中的以下四个模式提供密码
###############################################################################
# 这个变量保存要用于启动数据库中所有模式的密码
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.ALL=Oracle123
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.SYS=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.SYSTEM=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.DBSNMP=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.password.PDBADMIN=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.managementOption=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.omsHost=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.omsPort=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.emAdminUser=
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.emAdminPassword=
###############################################################################
# 指定恢复选项
###############################################################################
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.enableRecovery=
# 指定要用于数据库的存储类型
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.storageType=FILE_SYSTEM_STORAGE
# 指定数据库文件位置，该位置是数据文件、控制文件和重做日志的目录。
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.fileSystemStorage.dataLocation=/usr/oracle/data
# 指定恢复位置
oracle.install.db.config.starterdb.fileSystemStorage.recoveryLocation=/usr/oracle/recovery
oracle.install.db.config.asm.diskGroup=
oracle.install.db.config.asm.ASMSNMPPassword=
MYORACLESUPPORT_USERNAME=
MYORACLESUPPORT_PASSWORD=
SECURITY_UPDATES_VIA_MYORACLESUPPORT=
DECLINE_SECURITY_UPDATES=
PROXY_HOST=
PROXY_PORT=
PROXY_USER=
PROXY_PWD=
COLLECTOR_SUPPORTHUB_URL=

# 如果有报错会在显示出来请仔细查看
[oracle@db02server ~]$ /opt/database/runInstaller -silent -ignoreSysPrereqs -ignorePrereq -responseFile  /opt/database/response/db_install.rsp
Starting Oracle Universal Installer...

Checking Temp space: must be greater than 500 MB.   Actual 18852 MB    Passed
Checking swap space: must be greater than 150 MB.   Actual 2047 MB    Passed
Preparing to launch Oracle Universal Installer from /tmp/OraInstall2023-03-16_09-42-36PM. Please wait ...[oracle@db02server ~]$ You can find the log of this install session at:
 /usr/oracle/logs/installActions2023-03-16_09-42-36PM.log
The installation of Oracle Database 12c was successful.
Please check '/usr/oracle/logs/silentInstall2023-03-16_09-42-36PM.log' for more details.

As a root user, execute the following script(s):
        1. /usr/oracle/orainstRoot.sh
        2. /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/root.sh



Successfully Setup Software.
As install user, execute the following command to complete the configuration.
        /opt/database/runInstaller -executeConfigTools -responseFile /opt/database/response/db_install_210.rsp [-silent]

# 正常情况下安装完毕会提示用root用户运行两个shell脚本
sh /usr/oracle/orainstRoot.sh
sh /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/root.sh

4.2 静默安装数据库
vim /opt/database/response/dbca.rsp
##############################################################################
# DBCA响应文件
##############################################################################
# 不要更改以下系统生成的值
responseFileVersion=/oracle/assistants/rspfmt_dbca_response_schema_v12.2.0
# 数据库的全局数据库名称
gdbName=orcl
# 数据库的系统标识符（SID）
sid=orcl
databaseConfigType=
RACOneNodeServiceName=
policyManaged=
createServerPool=
serverPoolName=
cardinality=
force=
pqPoolName=
pqCardinality=
createAsContainerDatabase=
numberOfPDBs=
pdbName=
useLocalUndoForPDBs=
pdbAdminPassword=
nodelist=
# 模板的名称
templateName=General_Purpose.dbc
# SYS用户的密码
sysPassword=Oracle123
# SYSTEM用户的密码
systemPassword=Oracle123
# Windows服务用户的密码
oracleHomeUserPassword=Oracle123
emConfiguration=
# Enterprise Manager配置类型
emExpressPort=5500
runCVUChecks=
dbsnmpPassword=
omsHost=
omsPort=
emUser=
emPassword=
dvConfiguration=
dvUserName=
dvUserPassword=
dvAccountManagerName=
dvAccountManagerPassword=
olsConfiguration=
datafileJarLocation=
datafileDestination=
recoveryAreaDestination=
storageType=
diskGroupName=
asmsnmpPassword=
recoveryGroupName=
characterSet=
nationalCharacterSet=
registerWithDirService=
dirServiceUserName=
dirServicePassword=
walletPassword=
listeners=
variablesFile=
variables=
initParams=
# 指定是否将示例架构添加到数据库
sampleSchema=true
memoryPercentage=
databaseType=
automaticMemoryManagement=
totalMemory=


# 运行下面命令创建数据库，有会创建进度显示
[oracle@db02server ~]$ dbca -silent -createDatabase  -responseFile /opt/database/response/dbca.rsp
Copying database files
1% complete
2% complete
18% complete
33% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
35% complete
40% complete
44% complete
49% complete
53% complete
54% complete
55% complete
58% complete
Completing Database Creation
59% complete
60% complete
61% complete
64% complete
68% complete
69% complete
Executing Post Configuration Actions
100% complete
Look at the log file "/usr/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl/orcl.log" for further details.
# 查看是否运行
ps -ef | grep ora_ | grep -v grep




4.3 静默配置监听
#netca.rsp 默认不需要修改

[oracle@db02server ~]$ netca -silent -responsefile /opt/database/response/netca.rsp

Parsing command line arguments:
    Parameter "silent" = true
    Parameter "responsefile" = /opt/database/response/netca.rsp
Done parsing command line arguments.
Oracle Net Services Configuration:
Profile configuration complete.
Oracle Net Listener Startup:
    Running Listener Control:
      /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/lsnrctl start LISTENER
    Listener Control complete.
    Listener started successfully.
Listener configuration complete.
Oracle Net Services configuration successful. The exit code is 0


5.1修改启动和关闭实例的程序
vim /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/dbstart
将ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$1修改为ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1
vim /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/dbshut
同上，将ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$1修改为ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1

# 修改/etc/oratab
修改/etc/oratab
将orcl:/usr/oracle/product/12c:N修改为orcl:/usr/oracle/product/12c:Y
# 启动实例
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/dbstart
# 开机启动Oracle
chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
su oracle -lc "/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/lsnrctl start"
su oracle -lc "/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/dbstart"
# 进入数据库
sqlplus / as sysdba

windos远程连接Oracle

搜索软件 (oracle.com)

[oracle@db02server ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Thu Mar 16 23:39:54 2023

Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.


Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production

SQL>
SQL> alter user system account unlock;
User altered.
SQL>
SQL> connect system/Oracle123 as sysdba
Connected.
SQL>
SQL>

数据库备份

EXP和IMP是客户端工具程序，它们既可以在客户端使用，也可以在服务端使用。

EXPDP和IMPDP是服务端的工具程序，他们只能在ORACLE服务端使用，不能在客户端使用。

IMP只适用于EXP导出的文件，不适用于EXPDP导出文件；IMPDP只适用于EXPDP导出的文件，而不适用于EXP导出文件。

su - oracle
sqlplus / as sysdba


创建directory空间
创建一个备份的文件目录（oracle用户可读写的文件）
mkdir -p /usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup
chown -R oracle:oinstall /usr/oracle
chmod -R 775 /usr/oracle

创建逻辑目录，该命令不会在操作系统创建真正的目录，最好以sysdba等管理员身份创建。
SQL>create directory oracle_backup as '/usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup';
给用户oracle_backup赋予逻辑目录的读写权限
SQL>grant read,write on directory oracle_backup to PUBLIC;
查看管理员目录
SQL> select * from dba_directories;
OWNER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DIRECTORY_NAME
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DIRECTORY_PATH
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORIGIN_CON_ID
-------------
SYS
ORACLE_BACKUP
/usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup


备份数据：
1）按用户导出
expdp system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp full=y
2）并行进程parallel
expdp system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp parallel=40 full=y
3） 按表名导出
expdp system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl tables=help,test directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp full=y
4）导出整个数据库
expdp system/Oracle123 directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp full=y

恢复数据：
1）按用户导入
impdp system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp
2）导入数据库
impdp system/Oracle123 directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp full=y
3）追加数据
impdp system/Oracle123 directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=backup.dmp TABLE_EXISTS_ACTION

创建定时备份任务

[oracle@db01server ~]$ vim /home/oracle/backup_oracle.sh
[oracle@db01server ~]$ cat /home/oracle/backup_oracle.sh
#!/bin/bash
DATA_DIR=""
BAKUP_TIME=`date +%Y-%m-%d`
DAYS=15
echo "Starting backup..."
echo "Bakup file path $DATA_DIR/$BAKUP_TIME.dmp"
su - oracle <<EOF
expdp system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl directory=oracle_backup dumpfile=$BAKUP_TIME.dmp 
 full=y
EOF
scp /usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup/$BAKUP_TIME.dmp  172.25.250.211:/backup/.
echo "Successfully."

[oracle@db01server ~]$ 
[oracle@db01server ~]$ crontab -e
00 17 * * * /home/oracle/backup_oracle.sh
[oracle@db01server ~]$ crontab -l


[root@db01server ~]# cat /var/spool/mail/root | tail -n 10
. . exported "HR"."REGIONS"                              5.546 KB       4 rows
Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_FULL_02" successfully loaded/unloaded
******************************************************************************
Dump file set for SYSTEM.SYS_EXPORT_FULL_02 is:
  /usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup/2023-03-22-17-00.dmp
Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_FULL_02" successfully completed at Wed Mar 22 17:02:45 2023 elapsed 0 00:02:42
上一次登录：三 3月 22 14:06:06 CST 2023
Successfully.
[root@db01server ~]#
[root@db01server ~]# ll /usr/oracle/product/oracle_backup/
总用量 63436
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 12:21 2023-03-22-12-18.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 12:33 2023-03-22-12-30.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 13:02 2023-03-22-13-00.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 13:43 2023-03-22-13-41.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 14:08 2023-03-22-14-06.dmp
-rw-r----- 1 oracle dba 7618560 3月  22 17:02 2023-03-22-17-00.dmp

更改数据库密码180天限制

[oracle@db01server ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Mar 24 11:44:23 2023
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
SQL>
SQL>
# 查询Orcal密码的有效期设置，LIMIT字段是密码有效天数
SQL> SELECT * FROM dba_profiles WHERE profile='DEFAULT' AND resource_name='PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME';
PROFILE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESOURCE_NAME                    RESOURCE
-------------------------------- --------
LIMIT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COM INH IMP
--- --- ---
DEFAULT
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME               PASSWORD
180
NO  NO  NO

# 设置Oracle密码有效期为UNLIMITED
SQL> ALTER PROFILE DEFAULT LIMIT PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME UNLIMITED;
Profile altered.
SQL> SELECT * FROM dba_profiles WHERE profile='DEFAULT' AND resource_name='PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME';
PROFILE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
RESOURCE_NAME                    RESOURCE
-------------------------------- --------
LIMIT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COM INH IMP
--- --- ---
DEFAULT
PASSWORD_LIFE_TIME               PASSWORD
UNLIMITED
NO  NO  NO

# 修改Oracle用户密码
SQL> alter user system identified by Oracle123；
User altered.

prometheus监控Oracle12c

监控参数：
oracledb_exporter_last_scrape_duration_seconds    最后一次抓取用时，单位：秒
oracledb_exporter_last_scrape_error    最后一次抓取错误
oracledb_exporter_scrapes_total    抓取总数
oracledb_up    数据库运行状态
oracledb_activity_execute_count    活动执行计数
oracledb_activity_parse_count_total    活动解析总数
oracledb_activity_user_commits    活动用户提交数
oracledb_activity_user_rollbacks    活动用户回滚数
oracledb_sessions_activity    会话活动数
oracledb_wait_time_application    应用等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_commit    提交等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_concurrency    并发等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_configuration    配置等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_network    网络等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_other    其他等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_scheduler    调度器等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_system_io    系统io等待时间
oracledb_wait_time_user_io    用户io等待时间
oracledb_tablespace_bytes    表空间大小，单位：字节
oracledb_tablespace_max_bytes    表空间最大字节数
oracledb_tablespace_free    剩余表空间
oracledb_tablespace_used_percent    表空间使用百分比
oracledb_process_count    进程计数
oracledb_resource_current_utilization    资源当前利用率
oracledb_resource_limit_value    资源限制值

下载地址：https://github.com/iamseth/oracledb_exporter/releases
tar -xvf oracledb_exporter.0.3.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
mv oracledb_exporter  /usr/local/bin/oracledb_exporter
mv default-metrics.toml /etc/oracledb_exporter/default-metrics.toml

修改权限
chown oracle:oinstall /usr/local/bin/oracledb_exporter
chmod 775 /usr/local/bin/oracledb_exporter
chown oracle:oinstall /etc/oracledb_exporter/default-metrics.toml
chmod 775 /etc/oracledb_exporter/default-metrics.toml


设置执行的环境变量
vim /home/oracle/.bashrc
# export DATA_SOURCE_NAME=用户名/密码@数据库服务名
export DATA_SOURCE_NAME=system/Oracle123@172.25.250.210/orcl
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib
source /home/oracle/.bashrc

[root@db01server ~]# oracledb_exporter
oracledb_exporter: error while loading shared libraries: libclntsh.so.18.1: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[root@db01server ~]#
[root@db01server ~]# su oracle
[oracle@db01server root]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/lib
[oracle@db01server lib]$
[oracle@db01server lib]$ pwd
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/lib
[oracle@db01server lib]$ ln -s libclntsh.so libclntsh.so.18.1

[oracle@db01server lib]$ exit
exit
[root@db01server ~]# vim /etc/ld.so.conf
[root@db01server ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/lib/libclntsh.so.18.1
[root@db01server ~]# ldconfig

# 后台运行程序（nohub：切换窗口不退出程序）
[oracle@db01server ~]$ nohup oracledb_exporter --default.metrics "/etc/oracledb_exporter/default-metrics.toml"
INFO[0000] Starting oracledb_exporter 0.3.0rc1           source="main.go:540"
INFO[0000] Successfully loaded default metrics from: /etc/oracledb_exporter/default-metrics.toml  source="main.go:515"
INFO[0000] No custom metrics defined.                    source="main.go:530"
INFO[0000] Listening on :9161                            source="main.go:560"

[oracle@db01server ~] ss -tunlp | grep 91
tcp    LISTEN     0      1024   [::]:9161               [::]:*                   users:(("oracledb_export",pid=28245,fd=5))

创建监控：

# 修改prometheus的配置文件
cat /home/vince/prometheus/prometheus.yml
# 监控oracle12c
  - job_name: 'oracle12c'
    static_configs:
      - targets:
          - 172.25.250.210:9161

浏览器访问：http://172.25.250.254:9090/targets

Grafana添加11121模板

浏览器访问http://172.25.250.254:3000

创建触发：

[root@bastion vince]# vim rules/oracle.rules 
groups:
- name: oracle
  rules:
  - alert: Oracle Status
    expr:  oracledb_up == 0
    for: 5s
    labels:
      severity: warning
    annotations:
      summary: '业务报警（{{$labels.instance}}）: Oracle服务关闭'
      description: 'Oracle服务关闭，请检查'
[root@bastion vince]# systemctl restart prometheus.service

创建告警：

[root@bastion vince]# vim alertmanager/alertmanager.yml
global:
  resolve_timeout: 5m
  smtp_from: '发件人邮箱账号'
  smtp_smarthost: '发件服务器:465'
  smtp_auth_username: '发件人邮箱账号'
  smtp_auth_password: '密码'
  smtp_require_tls: false
templates:
  - '/home/vince/alertmanager/email.tmpl'
route:
  group_by: ['alertname']
  group_wait: 10s
  group_interval: 1m
  repeat_interval: 1h
  receiver: 'default_mail'

receivers:
  - name: 'default_mail'
    email_configs:
      - to: '收件人邮箱账号,收件人邮箱账号'
        headers: { Subject: " 【告警信息】{{ .CommonLabels.instance }}  {{ .CommonLabels.alertname }} " }
        html: '{{ template "email.to.html" . }}'
        send_resolved: true

创建告警模板：

[root@bastion vince]# vim alertmanager/email.tmpl
======== 异常告警 ========<br>
告警名称：{{ $alert.Labels.alertname }}<br>
告警级别：{{ $alert.Labels.severity }}<br>
告警机器：{{ $alert.Labels.instance }}<br>
告警网卡：{{ $alert.Labels.device }}<br>
告警详情：{{ $alert.Annotations.summary }}<br>
告警时间：{{ ($alert.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
========== END ==========<br>
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
{{- if gt (len .Alerts.Resolved) 0 -}}
{{- range $index, $alert := .Alerts -}}
======== 告警恢复 ========<br>
告警名称：{{ $alert.Labels.alertname }}<br>
告警级别：{{ $alert.Labels.severity }}<br>
告警机器：{{ $alert.Labels.instance }}<br>
告警网卡：{{ $alert.Labels.device }}<br>
告警详情：{{ $alert.Annotations.summary }}<br>
告警时间：{{ ($alert.StartsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
恢复时间：{{ ($alert.EndsAt.Add 28800e9).Format "2006-01-02 15:04:05" }}<br>
========== END ==========<br>
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
{{- end }}
[root@bastion vince]# systemctl restart alertmanger.service
[root@bastion vince]# systemctl restart prometheus.service

ADG搭建（主从复制）

adg：主从复制，是用来建立一个和主数据库完全一样的数据库环境，称为从数据库；
主数据库一般是实时的业务数据库，从数据库的作用和使用场合一般有几个：一是作为后备数据库，主数据库服务器故障后，可切换到从数据库继续工作；二是可在从数据库作备份、数据统计等工作，这样不影响主数据库的性能,三、实现读写分离。

区别：1、dg指的是Data Guard数据卫士，拥有备份的功能，能够确保数据的高可用性和数据保护，adg是“Active Data Guard”，可以查询或导出数据，适用于只读性的应用；2、dg读写不能并行，adg的读写可以并行。

角色	操作系统	IP	数据库名称	SID
主库（master）	centos7	172.25.250.210	orcl	orcl
备库（slave）	centos7	172.25.250.211	orcl	orcl-slave

1.两台数据库配置域名映射
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
172.25.250.210    db01server
172.25.250.211    db02server
EOF

2.ADG配置
#主库配置

#开启强制日志记录

# sqlplus 登录
sqlplus / as sysdba
 
# 先关闭数据库
SQL> shutdown immediate 
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
 
# 启动到nomount状态
SQL> startup nomount;
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area  763363328 bytes
Fixed Size                  8625368 bytes
Variable Size             603980584 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                8151040 bytes


# 在启动到mount状态；
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
 
# 配置为强日志记录
#修改数据库为强制记日志，这是必须的操作，主库的每一步操作都得记录到日志中去。
SQL> alter database force logging;   
Database altered.
 
#修改为归档模式
#修改数据库为归档模式，因为dg是通过传送归档日志到备库然后应用来保证主备库一致的
SQL> alter database archivelog;
Database altered.    
 
#查询状态，Enabled为开启状态
SQL> archive log list
Database log mode              Archive Mode
Automatic archival             Enabled
Archive destination            /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/arch
Oldest online log sequence     1
Next log sequence to archive   1
Current log sequence           1
 
 
#创建redo日志文件，必须为主库的redo文件数+1
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP 4 ('/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo04.redo') size 200M;
Database altered.
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP 5 ('/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo05.redo') size 200M;
Database altered.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP 6 ('/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo06.redo') size 200M;
Database altered.
SQL>
SQL> ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE GROUP 7 ('/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo07.redo') size 200M;
Database altered.
 
#查询日志文件
SQL> select group#,type,member from v$logfile;
    GROUP# TYPE
---------- -------
MEMBER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         3 ONLINE
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
         2 ONLINE
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo02.log
         1 ONLINE
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
    GROUP# TYPE
---------- -------
MEMBER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         4 STANDBY
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo04.redo
         5 STANDBY
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo05.redo
         6 STANDBY
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo06.redo
    GROUP# TYPE
---------- -------
MEMBER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         7 STANDBY
/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/redo07.redo
7 rows selected.

创建pfile文件

#这里创建pfile是为了做一些主库参数的配置，并且还得拷贝到备库再次修改成备库的配置。只要通过pfile才能在主备库之间建立联系（主库和备库中的pfile相似但有区别）
#pfile文件位于$ORACLE_HOME/dbs目录下，命名格式为init+数据库名.ora
#如数据库名为orcl，则pfile文件就是initorcl.ora文件

SQL> create pfile from spfile;
File created.

创建归档目录

# 在目录/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl 下创建（自定义，不固定）
[root@db01server ~]# mkdir /usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/archivelog -p

修改pfile文件



[oracle@db01server ~]$ cd /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/
[oracle@oracle1 dbs]$ vim initorcl.ora
 
orcl.__data_transfer_cache_size=0
orcl.__db_cache_size=4043309056
orcl.__inmemory_ext_roarea=0
orcl.__inmemory_ext_rwarea=0
orcl.__java_pool_size=16777216
orcl.__large_pool_size=83886080
orcl.__oracle_base='/usr/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
orcl.__pga_aggregate_target=1677721600
orcl.__sga_target=4999610368
orcl.__shared_io_pool_size=0
orcl.__shared_pool_size=838860800
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
 
*.audit_file_dest='/usr/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='12.2.0'
*.control_files='/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_name='orcl'
*.DB_UNIQUE_NAME='orcl_primary'
*.diagnostic_dest='/usr/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.FAL_CLIENT='orcl_primary'
*.FAL_SERVER='orcl_standby'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(orcl_primary,orcl_standby)'
 
#LOCATION为主库的归档地址
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=orcl_primary'
#SERVICE为备库的tnsname
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=orcl_standby ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=orcl_standby'
 
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1='ENABLE'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2='ENABLE'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT='%t_%s_%r.arc'
*.nls_language='AMERICAN'
*.nls_territory='AMERICA'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=1587m
*.processes=640
*.REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sga_target=4760m
*.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT='AUTO'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
~

#主库
[oracle@db01server dbs]$ mkdir /usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup

将pfile文件和密码文件orapworcl（命名规则为orapw+数据库名）发送到备库的相同目录

[oracle@db01server dbs]$ scp /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora oracle-standby:/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/.
[oracle@db01server dbs]$ scp /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/orapworcl oracle-standby:/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/.

#根据修改的pfile文件启动数据库（在主库操作）

[oracle@db01server dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Mar 17 16:45:15 2023
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL>
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted
SQL>
SQL> startup nomount pfile='/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora';
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area  763363328 bytes
Fixed Size                  8625368 bytes
Variable Size             482345768 bytes
Database Buffers          264241152 bytes
Redo Buffers                8151040 bytes
SQL>
SQL> create spfile from pfile;
File created.
SQL>
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL>
SQL> alter database open;
Database altered.

#配置主库的listener.ora文件和tnsnames.ora文件

[oracle@db01server dbs]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@db01server admin]$ pwd
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin
[oracle@db01server admin]$
[oracle@db01server admin]$ ls
listener.ora  samples  shrept.lst  sqlnet.ora
[oracle@db01server admin]$
[oracle@db01server admin]$ vim listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle-primary)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1)
      (SID_NAME = orcl-primary)
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /usr/oracle


[oracle@db01server admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /usr/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER_ORCL =
  (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle-primary)(PORT = 1521))

ORCL =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle-primary)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
    )
  )

ORCL_STANDBY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.25.250.211)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
      (UR=A)
    )
  )

ORCL_PRIMARY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 172.25.250.210)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
      (UR=A)
    )
  )



#重启监听
# 监听配置好之后重启监听
[oracle@db01server admin]$ lsnrctl stop
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 17-MAR-2023 17:01:27
Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=oracle-primary)(PORT=1521)))
The command completed successfully
[oracle@db01server admin]$
[oracle@db01server admin]$
[oracle@db01server admin]$ lsnrctl start
LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 17-MAR-2023 17:01:34
Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Starting /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...
TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
System parameter file is /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Log messages written to /usr/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/db01server/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=db01server)(PORT=1521)))
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=oracle-primary)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                17-MAR-2023 17:01:34
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /usr/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/db01server/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=db01server)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl-primary", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully
[oracle@db01server admin]$

#备库配置

#修改从主库发送过来的pfile文件

[oracle@db02server ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
[oracle@db02server dbs]$
[oracle@db02server dbs]$ pwd
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs
[oracle@db02server dbs]$
[oracle@db02server dbs]$ vim initorcl.ora
orcl.__data_transfer_cache_size=0
orcl.__db_cache_size=260046848
orcl.__inmemory_ext_roarea=0
orcl.__inmemory_ext_rwarea=0
orcl.__java_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__large_pool_size=8388608
orcl.__oracle_base='/usr/oracle'#ORACLE_BASE set from environment
orcl.__pga_aggregate_target=306184192
orcl.__sga_target=457179136
orcl.__shared_io_pool_size=0
orcl.__shared_pool_size=167772160
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/usr/oracle/admin/orcl/adump'
*.audit_trail='db'
*.compatible='12.2.0'
*.control_files='/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/control01.ctl','/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/control02.ctl'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_name='orcl'
*.DB_UNIQUE_NAME='orcl_standby'
*.diagnostic_dest='/usr/oracle'
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.FAL_CLIENT='orcl_primary'
*.FAL_SERVER='orcl_standby'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_CONFIG='DG_CONFIG=(orcl_primary,orcl_standby)'

*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_1='LOCATION=/usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/archivelog VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=orcl_primary'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_2='SERVICE=orcl_standby ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=orcl_standby'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1='ENABLE'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2='ENABLE'
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_FORMAT='%t_%s_%r.arc'

*.memory_target=726m
*.nls_language='AMERICAN'
*.nls_territory='AMERICA'
*.open_cursors=300
*.processes=300
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'

#备库

[oracle@db02server dbs]$ mkdir /usr/oracle/oradata/orcl/backup

#启动备库到nomount状态

[oracle@db02server dbs]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 12.2.0.1.0 Production on Fri Mar 17 17:12:52 2023
Copyright (c) 1982, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
SQL>
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>
SQL> startup nomount pfile="/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/dbs/initorcl.ora";
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area  763363328 bytes
Fixed Size                  8625368 bytes
Variable Size             603980584 bytes
Database Buffers          142606336 bytes
Redo Buffers                8151040 bytes

#配置备库的listener.ora文件和tnsnames.ora文件

#配置监听
[oracle@db02server ~]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ pwd
/usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ ls
listener.ora  samples  shrept.lst  sqlnet.ora
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ vim listener.ora
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ cat listener.ora
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =
  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = db02server)(PORT = 1521))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))
    )
  )

SID_LIST_LISTENER =
  (SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)
      (ORACLE_HOME = /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1)
      (SID_NAME = orcl-standby)
    )
  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /usr/oracle
[oracle@db02server admin]$

#配置TNS
[oracle@db02server admin]$ vim tnsnames.ora
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora
i
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /usr/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER_ORCL =
  (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle-standby)(PORT = 1521))

ORCL =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle-standby)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
    )
  )

ORCL_STANDBY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.21)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
      (UR=A)
    )
  )

ORCL_PRIMARY =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 192.168.0.20)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)
      (UR=A)
    )
  )

#重启监听
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ lsnrctl stop

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 20-MAR-2023 10:33:43

Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=db02server)(PORT=1521)))
The command completed successfully
[oracle@db02server admin]$
[oracle@db02server admin]$ lsnrctl start

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 20-MAR-2023 10:33:52

Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Starting /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/bin/tnslsnr: please wait...

TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
System parameter file is /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Log messages written to /usr/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/db02server/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=db02server)(PORT=1521)))
Listening on: (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=db02server)(PORT=1521)))
STATUS of the LISTENER
------------------------
Alias                     LISTENER
Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production
Start Date                20-MAR-2023 10:33:52
Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 0 min. 0 sec
Trace Level               off
Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication
SNMP                      OFF
Listener Parameter File   /usr/oracle/product/12c/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora
Listener Log File         /usr/oracle/diag/tnslsnr/db02server/listener/alert/log.xml
Listening Endpoints Summary...
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=db02server)(PORT=1521)))
  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))
Services Summary...
Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).
  Instance "orcl-standby", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...
The command completed successfully

3.RMAN复制数据


#使用rman链接主库和备库
[oracle@oracle-1 dbs]$ rman target sys/Oracle123@orcl_primary auxiliary sys/Oracle123@orcl_standby
 
# 开始同步
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby from active database nofilenamecheck; 
RMAN> exit;
#备库开启apply service

[oracle@oracle-1 dbs] sqlplus / as sysdba 
 
# 打开数据库
SQL> alter database open;
 
#检查数据库状态
SQL> select open_mode from v$database; 
OPEN_MODE  
--------------------  
READ ONLY  
 
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect; 
 
SQL> alter database open;
 
#检查数据库状态
SQL> select open_mode from v$database; 
OPEN_MODE  
--------------------  
READ ONLY WITH APPLY


 

4.ADG的维护
#启停顺序

启动:
先备库，后主库

 关闭:
先主库，后备库

 

#ADG主备切换

#12c新语法:
#主库执行，备库不需要再执行命令:
#先验证切换是否有问题
alter database switchover to sbdb verify;
#切换
alter database switchover to sbdb;
 
#切换之后主备都要重启数据库
#主库
startup
#备库
startup nomount
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect;
 
 
查询数据库切换状态
SQL> select name,database_role,switchover_status from v$database;
 
NAME      DATABASE_ROLE    SWITCHOVER_STATUS
--------- ---------------- --------------------
ORCL      PRIMARY          TO STANDBY

OGG搭建

OGG是Oracle GoldenGate的简写，它支持在Oracle数据库和其他受支持的异构数据库之间复制数据。

主要用途-数据迁移：OGG的标准用途是将数据从Oracle迁移到非Oracle数据库，或从非Oracle数据库迁移到Oracle数据库，支持的数据源有：
Oracle和非Oracle数据库，如MySQL，IBM DB2，MS SQL，Sybase等

OGG特性：
1）、对生产系统影响小：实时读取交易日志，以低资源占用实现大量的数据实时复制。
2）、以交易为单位，保证交易一致性：只同步已提交的数据。
3）、高性能，智能的交易重组和操作合并，使用数据库本地接口访问，并行处理体系,灵活的拓扑结构：支持一对一、一对多、多对一、多对多和双向复制等。

ADG和OGG的搭配使用

 date +%Y年-%m月-%d日-%H时-%M分

DG

RAC

Oracle Real Application Cluster （RAC，实时应用集群）用来在集群环境下实现多机共享数据库，以保证应用的高可用性；同时可以自动实现并行处理及负载均衡，并能实现数据库在故障时的容错和无断点恢复。它是oracle数据库支持网络计算环境的核心技术。

Oracle RAC和单个数据库的区别：主要区别还是RAC是集群式数据库，通过集群软件管理。

MAA (DG+RAC)

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Oracle安装

区别：1、dg指的是Data Guard数据卫士，拥有备份的功能，能够确保数据的高可用性和数据保护，adg是“Active Data Guard”，可以查询或导出数据，适用于只读性的应用；2、dg读写不能并行，adg的读写可以并行。主数据库一般是实时的业务数据库，从数据库的作用和使用场合一般有几个：一是作为后备数据库，主数据库服务器故障后，可切换到从数据库继续工作；3）、高性能，智能的交易重组和操作合并，使用数据库本地接口访问，并行处理体系,灵活的拓扑结构：支持一对一、一对多、多对一、多对多和双向复制等。
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