解android的Handler之谜

说到Android的Handler,我们用到最多的就是用来在子线程中通知主线程更新UI,但是,我们有思考过它们内部是怎么实现的吗,现在就带大家一步一步来揭开它的神秘面纱吧。

要说Handler,当然得先从它的构造函数说起:

 

    public Handler() {
        this(null, false);
    }

    public Handler(Callback callback) {
        this(callback, false);
    }

    public Handler(Looper looper) {
        this(looper, null, false);
    }

    public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback) {
        this(looper, callback, false);
    }

    public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
        mLooper = looper;
        mQueue = looper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }

        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }

从上面的构造函数当中可以看出,最关键的几个参数有looper、looper.mQueue、callback、async,针对这几个参数,这里稍微做下介绍:

 

looper::一个循环工具,用来循环取出消息队列中的消息;

looper.mQueue: looper当中的消息队列,用来存放消息的;

callback:handler中用来对handleMessage方法进行拦截的回调(后面的分析中大家可以看到);

async:是否异步,默认都是同步;

 

看到这里,我们先停下对上面几个类的进一步分析,先按照正常的使用流程来说,一般我们定义好一个handler后,在使用的时候一般是调用相关sendMeassge方法:

 

    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }

    public final boolean sendEmptyMessage(int what)
    {
        return sendEmptyMessageDelayed(what, 0);
    }

    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageDelayed(int what, long delayMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, delayMillis);
    }

    public final boolean sendEmptyMessageAtTime(int what, long uptimeMillis) {
        Message msg = Message.obtain();
        msg.what = what;
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

    public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
    {
        if (delayMillis < 0) {
            delayMillis = 0;
        }
        return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
    }

    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

我们看到,最终都是调用了enqueueMessage方法,那就进去一探究竟:

 

    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }

好了,  关键点来了,这里有一个关键的赋值,后面要用到,那就是把handler本身赋值给了message.target,然后把消息存入了消息队列MessageQueue,handler发送消息也就到此结束了。

 

 

那么handler的handleMessage方法究竟是怎么触发的呢,说到这里,我们就来扒一扒上面提到的几个类:

Looper:

打开API文档,我们看到有这样一段注释:

 

  * <pre>
  *  class LooperThread extends Thread {
  *      public Handler mHandler;
  *
  *      public void run() {
  *          Looper.prepare();
  *
  *          mHandler = new Handler() {
  *              public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
  *                  // process incoming messages here
  *              }
  *          };
  *
  *          Looper.loop();
  *      }
  *  }</pre>


我们看到,在new Handler之前,要先调用Looper.prepare(),那么这个方法里面做了什么呢?

 

 

    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

可以看到,这里最后调用到了sThreadLocal.set()方法,把创建好的looper对象存入sThreadLocal中,sThreadLocal可以看作一个全局静态容器(具体代码分析就不在这里做继续展开了),用来存放looper的,并且一个线程当中只能存在一个looper,也就是说,一个线程当中只能调用一次prepare方法。

 

 

再来看看Looper的构造函数中做了什么事情呢:

 

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

我们看到 这里最主要做了两件事情,new出来消息队列,由单个线程中looper的唯一,可以知道messageQueue也是唯一的,该构造函数做的第二件事情就是把当前线程的ID赋值到一个变量,后续用来做是否在当前线程的判断。

 

 

好了 Looper.prepare()方法我们我们分析过了,new Handler我们也分析过来,接下来就是Looper.loop()方法了:

 

    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

方法比较长,我们慢慢分析:

 

 

        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }

这里获取当前线程的looper,如果为null,则会抛出异常,所以在一开始的时候,我们要调用Looper.prepare()方法创建looper对象。

 

 

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

确定当前的线程是否是创建looper的线程,并继续跟踪

 

 

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }
           

关键代码到了,我们看到,这是一个死循环,目的就是循环从消息队列当中取出消息,如果消息为null,则跳出循环了。

 

 

            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }

省去了部代码的分析,到了这里就是我们整篇文章的关键了,看看,msg.target这个是什么,如果不记得了,看看本文之前提到的,msg.target就是消息message在创建的时候赋值的handler对象,这里就直接调用了handler的dispachMessage()方法分发消息了。

 

 

那么我们来分析下handler的dispachMessage()方法中做了什么:

 

    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }

这个方法很简单,大家自行分析哈。(前面提到的handler中callback对handleMesage的拦截也是在这里实现的)。

 

 

好了,到了这里,整个Handler之谜,我们已经理清了基本流程了,下面就做一下基本的总结:
1、Looper.prepare():创建当前线程的looper,且一个线程只能调用一次

2、new Handler():创建handler,用来发送和接受消息,在构造函数中,关联了looper和looper中的消息队列管理器MessageQueue。

3、Looper.loop():开始死循环,循环从消息管理队列MessageQueue当中取出消息,取出消息后调用message.target(也就是handler)的dispachMessage()方法分发消息。

4、总体来说就是:在线程A当中创建一个消息队列,并开启一个死循环,不停读取消息队列中的消息,然后在B线程中调用A线程创建的handler往A线程的消息队列中存入消息,这时A的死循环Looper对象就能取到这个消息了。

 

本文写的比较粗糙,如有错误欢迎留言指出


 

 

 

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