update
update 是同步 /etc/apt/sources.list 和 /etc/apt/sources.list.d 中列出的源的索引,这样才能获取到最新的软件包。
sources.list 是一个普通可编辑的文本文件,保存了Ubuntu软件更新的源服务器的地址。sources.list.d 目录下的 *.list 文件为在单独文件中写入源的地址提供了一种方式,通常用来安装第三方的软件。
upgrade
upgrade 是升级已安装的所有软件包,升级之后的版本就是本地索引里的,因此,在执行 upgrade 之前一定要执行 update, 这样才能是最新的。
From http://man.he.net/man8/apt-get or man apt-get
An update should always be performed before an upgrade or dist-upgrade. Upgrade is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in /etc/apt/sources.list. Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded.