TensorFlow2.0基本操作（四）

1 FashionMnist实战

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow import keras
# datasets数据集的管理, layers, optimizers优化器,sequential容器, metrics测试的度量器
from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, optimizers, Sequential, metrics
import os

(x, y), (x_test, y_test) = datasets.fashion_mnist.load_data()
print(x.shape, y.shape)


# 对数据集做一些预处理
# def preprocess(x, y):
#     首先把x,y转化到一个tensorflow上边去
#     x = tf.convert_to_tensor(x, dtype=tf.float32)/255.
#     y = tf.convert_to_tensor(y, dtype=tf.int32)
#     return x, y
def preprocess(x, y):
    x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32)/255.
    y = tf.cast(y, dtype=tf.int32)
    return x, y


# 构造一个数据集
batchz = 128
db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x, y))        # 要构建Dataset内存中的数据
db = db.map(preprocess).shuffle(10000).batch(batchz)   # map()表示在这里映射一下函数就可以了，代表对每一个x,y进行一个这样的处理
                                                       # shuffle() 将数据打乱的混乱程度          # batch()从数据集中取出数据集的个数

db_test = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_test, y_test))        # 要构建Dataset内存中的数据
db_test = db_test.map(preprocess).batch(batchz)

db_iter = iter(db)
sample = next(db_iter)
print('batch:', sample[0].shape, sample[1].shape)

model = Sequential([                           # Sequential是一个容器，里面的每一项要用‘，’相连，表示一个列表
    layers.Dense(256, activation = tf.nn.relu),   #[b,784] => [b,256]
    layers.Dense(128, activation = tf.nn.relu),   #[b,256] => [b,128]
    layers.Dense(64, activation = tf.nn.relu),   #[b,128] => [b,64]
    layers.Dense(32, activation = tf.nn.relu),   #[b,64] => [b,32]
    layers.Dense(10)                          #[b,32] => [b,10]              330 = 33*10 + 10
])
model.build(input_shape=[None, 28*28])      # 输入一个数，构建一个权值。因为这个model()需要一个输入的维度的
model.summary()                             # summary()是一个调试的过程，可以把网络结构打印出来
# 此处运行以后可知有24万个连接，每一个连接是4个字节的float,因此是大概100万的节数，再除以1000，大概是100k的一个单元，因此仅参数量已经占用100k了。
# grident占的的数据比参数两是更大的。
# 一个字节是8位，float32是4个字节，一个汉字 = 两个字母 = 2个字节。1kb = 1024byte
# w = w - lr*grad
optimizer = optimizers.Adam(lr=1e-3)

def main():

    # 完成一个前向传播
    for epoch in range(3):

        for step, (x, y) in enumerate(db):

            # x: [b,28 , 28] => [b, 784]
            # y: [b]
            x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28*28])

            with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
                # [b, 784] => [b,10]
                logits = model(x)
                y_onehot = tf.one_hot(y, depth=10)
                # b
                loss_mse = tf.reduce_mean(tf.losses.MSE(y_onehot, logits))
                loss_ce = tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_onehot, logits, from_logits=True)
                loss_ce = tf.reduce_mean(loss_ce)        # 此处如果缺少这一步会报错，说这loss不是一个标量
            grads = tape.gradient(loss_ce, model.trainable_variables)
            # zip()是将每一个grads和trainable_variables进行一一对应，进行一个原地更新
            optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, model.trainable_variables))

            if step % 100 ==0:
                print(epoch, step, 'loss:', float(loss_ce), float(loss_mse))

        # test
        total_correct = 0
        total_num = 0
        for x, y in db_test:
            # x: [b,28 , 28] => [b, 784]
            # y: [b]
            x = tf.reshape(x, [-1, 28 * 28])
            # [b, 10]
            logits = model(x)
            # logits => prob, [b, 10]
            prob = tf.nn.softmax(logits, axis=1)
            # [b, 10] => [b]
            pred = tf.argmax(prob, axis=1)             # 求出最大元素所在的位置
            pred = tf.cast(pred, dtype=tf.int32)
            # pred:[b]
            # y:[b]
            # correct :[b] ,True :equal, False:not equal
            correct = tf.equal(pred, y)
            correct = tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct, dtype=tf.float32))

            total_correct += int(correct)    # tensor转化为numpy
            total_num += x.shape[0]

        acc = total_correct / total_num
        print(epoch, 'test_acc: ', acc)
    pass


# 所有的函数都写在main函数里，避免全局变量的一个污染
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

(60000, 28, 28) (60000,)
batch: (128, 28, 28) (128,)
Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
dense (Dense)                multiple                  200960    
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              multiple                  32896     
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              multiple                  8256      
_________________________________________________________________
dense_3 (Dense)              multiple                  2080      
_________________________________________________________________
dense_4 (Dense)              multiple                  330       
=================================================================
Total params: 244,522
Trainable params: 244,522
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
0 0 loss: 2.3851113319396973 0.17211219668388367
0 100 loss: 0.5261880159378052 21.759647369384766
0 200 loss: 0.5219479203224182 22.946624755859375
0 300 loss: 0.43728747963905334 22.286693572998047
0 400 loss: 0.38215288519859314 23.043254852294922
0 test_acc:  0.8436
1 0 loss: 0.3006373345851898 25.290546417236328
1 100 loss: 0.32774943113327026 25.244503021240234
1 200 loss: 0.4082777500152588 26.816308975219727
1 300 loss: 0.3400842547416687 21.91988754272461
1 400 loss: 0.32032591104507446 26.119770050048828
1 test_acc:  0.8537
2 0 loss: 0.2736729383468628 24.64272689819336
2 100 loss: 0.3129444420337677 30.01264762878418
2 200 loss: 0.32730722427368164 33.122718811035156
2 300 loss: 0.29275721311569214 29.02569580078125
2 400 loss: 0.30236032605171204 33.527427673339844
2 test_acc:  0.851

2 TensorBoard的使用

''''
可视化监听步骤:
step1: run listener 打开一个监听器，使用cmd操作，注意不同版本之间的tensorflow会导致报错
step2: build summary 在代码中进行，如下方85行所示
step3: fed scalar 喂数据， 如下方117行


'''

import  tensorflow as tf
from    tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, optimizers, Sequential, metrics
import  datetime
from    matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import  io


# 数据做一个预处理
def preprocess(x, y):

    x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32) / 255.
    y = tf.cast(y, dtype=tf.int32)

    return x, y


# 下方的两个plot_to_image()和image_grid()是合并显示图片的api,无需明白，直接调用就可
def plot_to_image(figure):
  """Converts the matplotlib plot specified by 'figure' to a PNG image and
  returns it. The supplied figure is closed and inaccessible after this call."""
  # Save the plot to a PNG in memory.
  buf = io.BytesIO()
  plt.savefig(buf, format='png')
  # Closing the figure prevents it from being displayed directly inside
  # the notebook.
  plt.close(figure)
  buf.seek(0)
  # Convert PNG buffer to TF image
  image = tf.image.decode_png(buf.getvalue(), channels=4)
  # Add the batch dimension
  image = tf.expand_dims(image, 0)
  return image


# 可以把多张图片组合成一张图片
def image_grid(images):
  """Return a 5x5 grid of the MNIST images as a matplotlib figure."""
  # Create a figure to contain the plot.
  figure = plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
  for i in range(25):
    # Start next subplot.
    plt.subplot(5, 5, i + 1, title='name')
    plt.xticks([])
    plt.yticks([])
    plt.grid(False)
    plt.imshow(images[i], cmap=plt.cm.binary)
  
  return figure


# 首先，把数据集加载进来
batchsz = 128
(x, y), (x_val, y_val) = datasets.mnist.load_data()
print('datasets:', x.shape, y.shape, x.min(), x.max())


# 然后，转化成两个dataset
db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x,y))
db = db.map(preprocess).shuffle(60000).batch(batchsz).repeat(10)

ds_val = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_val, y_val))
ds_val = ds_val.map(preprocess).batch(batchsz, drop_remainder=True) 


# 接下来，通过这样一个五层神经网路结构
network = Sequential([layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(10)])
network.build(input_shape=(None, 28*28))
network.summary()

optimizer = optimizers.Adam(lr=0.01)


# 再然后，创建一个这样的writer
# build summary
current_time = datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
log_dir = 'logs/' + current_time
summary_writer = tf.summary.create_file_writer(log_dir)          # 这个路径就是我们要监听的路径

#下方几行代码是展示向tensorboard喂一张图片的数据
# get x from (x,y)
sample_img = next(iter(db))[0]
# get first image instance
sample_img = sample_img[0]
sample_img = tf.reshape(sample_img, [1, 28, 28, 1])
with summary_writer.as_default():
    tf.summary.image("Training sample:", sample_img, step=0)

for step, (x,y) in enumerate(db):

    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        # [b, 28, 28] => [b, 784]
        x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 28*28))
        # [b, 784] => [b, 10]
        out = network(x)
        # [b] => [b, 10]
        y_onehot = tf.one_hot(y, depth=10) 
        # [b]
        loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_onehot, out, from_logits=True))

 

    grads = tape.gradient(loss, network.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, network.trainable_variables))


    if step % 100 == 0:
        # 下方几行代码是展示向tensorboard喂一个标量的数据
        print(step, 'loss:', float(loss))
        with summary_writer.as_default(): 
            tf.summary.scalar('train-loss', float(loss), step=step) # ''是图的名字，以string为ip；float()将loss这一个张量转化为一个数值；这里step默认为x轴

    # evaluate
    if step % 500 == 0:
        total, total_correct = 0., 0

        for _, (x, y) in enumerate(ds_val):  
            # [b, 28, 28] => [b, 784]
            x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 28*28))
            # [b, 784] => [b, 10]
            out = network(x) 
            # [b, 10] => [b] 
            pred = tf.argmax(out, axis=1) 
            pred = tf.cast(pred, dtype=tf.int32)
            # bool type 
            correct = tf.equal(pred, y)
            # bool tensor => int tensor => numpy
            total_correct += tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct, dtype=tf.int32)).numpy()
            total += x.shape[0]

        print(step, 'Evaluate Acc:', total_correct/total)

        # 多张图片的tensorboard显示
        # print(x.shape) 
        val_images = x[:25]
        val_images = tf.reshape(val_images, [-1, 28, 28, 1])
        with summary_writer.as_default():
            tf.summary.scalar('test-acc', float(total_correct/total), step=step)
            tf.summary.image("val-onebyone-images:", val_images, max_outputs=25, step=step)

            # 自己设计一个函数来把要显示的多张图片组合起来，teensorflow自己是是没有做这样的一个函数的
            val_images = tf.reshape(val_images, [-1, 28, 28])
            figure  = image_grid(val_images)         # 自己编写的image_grid()，可转到定义
            tf.summary.image('val-images:', plot_to_image(figure), step=step)

datasets: (60000, 28, 28) (60000,) 0 255
Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
dense (Dense)                multiple                  200960    
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              multiple                  32896     
_________________________________________________________________
dense_2 (Dense)              multiple                  8256      
_________________________________________________________________
dense_3 (Dense)              multiple                  2080      
_________________________________________________________________
dense_4 (Dense)              multiple                  330       
=================================================================
Total params: 244,522
Trainable params: 244,522
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
0 loss: 2.3159594535827637
0 Evaluate Acc: 0.14332932692307693
100 loss: 0.42323487997055054
200 loss: 0.23160609602928162
300 loss: 0.2491304874420166
400 loss: 0.23897933959960938
500 loss: 0.1115313172340393
500 Evaluate Acc: 0.9577323717948718
600 loss: 0.14311788976192474
700 loss: 0.09293900430202484
800 loss: 0.10313019156455994
900 loss: 0.16938796639442444
1000 loss: 0.02754649519920349
1000 Evaluate Acc: 0.9637419871794872
1100 loss: 0.09247124195098877
1200 loss: 0.1360766440629959
1300 loss: 0.05838527902960777
1400 loss: 0.1162179559469223
1500 loss: 0.07719220966100693
1500 Evaluate Acc: 0.9663461538461539
1600 loss: 0.06336888670921326
1700 loss: 0.10078078508377075
1800 loss: 0.1662529706954956
1900 loss: 0.12264891713857651
2000 loss: 0.16240128874778748
2000 Evaluate Acc: 0.9646434294871795
2100 loss: 0.058490827679634094
2200 loss: 0.03956819325685501
2300 loss: 0.11308617889881134
2400 loss: 0.06355343759059906
2500 loss: 0.2220195233821869
2500 Evaluate Acc: 0.9629407051282052
2600 loss: 0.1704622060060501
2700 loss: 0.16472263634204865
2800 loss: 0.12289105355739594
2900 loss: 0.13511228561401367
3000 loss: 0.0755765438079834
3000 Evaluate Acc: 0.9729567307692307
3100 loss: 0.056449007242918015
3200 loss: 0.19840048253536224
3300 loss: 0.10745280236005783
3400 loss: 0.044795747846364975
3500 loss: 0.11135613173246384
3500 Evaluate Acc: 0.9705528846153846
3600 loss: 0.061421073973178864
3700 loss: 0.0556926503777504
3800 loss: 0.021093009039759636
3900 loss: 0.01100428868085146
4000 loss: 0.15188974142074585
4000 Evaluate Acc: 0.9728565705128205
4100 loss: 0.12248240411281586
4200 loss: 0.11432669311761856
4300 loss: 0.018448371440172195
4400 loss: 0.006178594194352627
4500 loss: 0.02976072207093239
4500 Evaluate Acc: 0.9706530448717948
4600 loss: 0.15654759109020233

3 Keras高层API(接口)

这里的keras默认是tf的小包，不是传统意义上的。

keras是一个高层的rapper

这里主要利用它的以下五个功能：

datasets layers losses metrics optimizers

1）这里主要讲解mereics

''''步骤：
首先，新建一个meter(度量表)
其次，传入数据，update_stete
再次，输出结果，result().numpy()
最后，把数据清空，reset_states'''


import  tensorflow as tf
from    tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, optimizers, Sequential, metrics


def preprocess(x, y):

    x = tf.cast(x, dtype=tf.float32) / 255.
    y = tf.cast(y, dtype=tf.int32)

    return x,y


batchsz = 128
(x, y), (x_val, y_val) = datasets.mnist.load_data()
print('datasets:', x.shape, y.shape, x.min(), x.max())



db = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x,y))
db = db.map(preprocess).shuffle(60000).batch(batchsz).repeat(10)

ds_val = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices((x_val, y_val))
ds_val = ds_val.map(preprocess).batch(batchsz) 




network = Sequential([layers.Dense(256, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(64, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(32, activation='relu'),
                     layers.Dense(10)])
network.build(input_shape=(None, 28*28))
network.summary()

optimizer = optimizers.Adam(lr=0.01)

#新建meter
acc_meter = metrics.Accuracy()             # Accuracy()是一个现成的meter
loss_meter = metrics.Mean()                # 求平均值


for step, (x,y) in enumerate(db):

    with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
        # [b, 28, 28] => [b, 784]
        x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 28*28))
        # [b, 784] => [b, 10]
        out = network(x)
        # [b] => [b, 10]
        y_onehot = tf.one_hot(y, depth=10) 
        # [b]
        loss = tf.reduce_mean(tf.losses.categorical_crossentropy(y_onehot, out, from_logits=True))

        # 每次loss更新完以后，我们更新一次
        loss_meter.update_state(loss)

 

    grads = tape.gradient(loss, network.trainable_variables)
    optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, network.trainable_variables))


    if step % 100 == 0:

        print(step, 'loss:', loss_meter.result().numpy()) 
        loss_meter.reset_states()


    # evaluate   这一段代码是我们自己编写的，目的就是为了验证matrics是不是好使。事实证明，而这结果是一样的。简洁有效
    if step % 500 == 0:
        total, total_correct = 0., 0
        # 清除现在已经记录的数据，这样上一次的的结果就不会被统计进来
        acc_meter.reset_states()

        for step, (x, y) in enumerate(ds_val): 
            # [b, 28, 28] => [b, 784]
            x = tf.reshape(x, (-1, 28*28))
            # [b, 784] => [b, 10]
            out = network(x) 


            # [b, 10] => [b] 
            pred = tf.argmax(out, axis=1) 
            pred = tf.cast(pred, dtype=tf.int32)
            # bool type 
            correct = tf.equal(pred, y)
            # bool tensor => int tensor => numpy
            total_correct += tf.reduce_sum(tf.cast(correct, dtype=tf.int32)).numpy()
            total += x.shape[0]

            # 添加数据
            acc_meter.update_state(y, pred)


        # 最后把meter的数据取出来，利用acc_meter.result()这是一个tensor
        # 然后把他转化成numpy的数据，这样就可以打印出来了
        print(step, 'Evaluate Acc:', total_correct/total, acc_meter.result().numpy())

2） 接下来讲解complied&fit

compile 装载的功能：指定loss/优化器/指标选择

fit 来创建一系列标准的创建流程

evaluate 进行测试

predict 进行一个预测