Linux设备模型之tty驱动架构分析 | |
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来源: ChinaUnix博客 日期: 2008.07.25 16:24 (共有0条评论) 我要评论 | |
------------------------------------------ 本文系本站原创,欢迎转载! 转载请注明出处:http://ericxiao.cublog.cn/ ------------------------------------------ 一:前言 Tty这个名称源于电传打字节的简称。在linux表示各种终端。终端通常都跟硬件相对应。比如对应于输入设备键盘鼠标。输出设备显示器的控制终端和串口终端.也有对应于不存在设备的pty驱动。在如此众多的终端模型之中,linux是怎么将它们统一建模的呢?这就是我们今天要讨论的问题. 二:tty驱动概貌 Tty架构如下所示: 如上图所示,用户空间主要是通过设备文件同tty_core交互.tty_core根据用空间操作的类型再选择跟line discipline和tty_driver交互.例如设置硬件的ioctl指令就直接交给tty_driver处理。Read和write操作就会交给line discipline处理. Line discipline是线路规程的意思。正如它的名字一样,它表示的是这条终端”线程”的输入与输出规范设置.主要用来进行输入/输出数据的预处理。处理之后。就会将数据交给tty_driver Tty_driver就是终端对应的驱动了。它将字符转换成终端可以理解的字串.将其传给终端设备。 值得注意的是,这个架构没有为tty_drivero提供read操作。也就是说tty_core 和line discipline都没有办法从tty_driver里直接读终端信息。这是因为tty_driver对就的hardware并不一定是输入数据和输出数据的共同负载者。例如控制终端,输出设备是显示器。输入设备是键盘。基于这样的原理。在line discipline中有一个输入缓存区。并提供了一个名叫receive_buf()的接口函数。对应的终端设备只要调用line discipine的receiver_buf函数,将数据写入到输入缓存区就可以了。 如果一个设备同时是输入设备又是输出设备。那在设备的中断处理中调用receive_buf()将数据写入即可. 三:tty驱动接口分析 具体的tty驱动设计可以参考LDD3。这里只对它的接口实现做一个分析.tty driver的所有操作都包含在tty_driver中。内核即供了一个名叫alloc_tty_driver()来分配这个tty_driver。当然我们也可以在自己的驱动中将它定义成一个静态的结构。对tty_driver进行一些必要的初始化之后,调用tty_register_driver()将其注册. alloc_tty_driver()接口代码如下所示: struct tty_driver *alloc_tty_driver(int lines) { struct tty_driver *driver; driver = kzalloc(sizeof(struct tty_driver), GFP_KERNEL); if (driver) { driver->magic = TTY_DRIVER_MAGIC; driver->num = lines; /* later we'll move allocation of tables here */ } return driver; } 这个函数只有一个参数。这个参数的含义为line的个数。也即次设备号的个数。注意每个设备文件都会对应一个line. 在这个接口里为tty_driver分配内存,然后将driver->mage.driver->num初始化之后就返回了. tty_register_driver()用来注册一个tty_driver。代码如下: int tty_register_driver(struct tty_driver *driver) { int error; int i; dev_t dev; void **p = NULL; //TTY_DRIVER_INSTALLED:已安装的 if (driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_INSTALLED) return 0; //TTY_DRIVER_DEVPTS_MEM:使用devpts进行动态内存映射 if (!(driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_DEVPTS_MEM) && driver->num) { p = kzalloc(driver->num * 3 * sizeof(void *), GFP_KERNEL); if (!p) return -ENOMEM; } //注册字符设备号 //如果没有指定driver->major if (!driver->major) { error = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, driver->minor_start, driver->num, driver->name); if (!error) { driver->major = MAJOR(dev); driver->minor_start = MINOR(dev); } } else { dev = MKDEV(driver->major, driver->minor_start); error = register_chrdev_region(dev, driver->num, driver->name); } if (error kfree(p); return error; } if (p) { driver->ttys = (struct tty_struct **)p; driver->termios = (struct ktermios **)(p + driver->num); driver->termios_locked = (struct ktermios **) (p + driver->num * 2); } else { driver->ttys = NULL; driver->termios = NULL; driver->termios_locked = NULL; } //注册字符设备 cdev_init(&driver->cdev, &tty_fops); driver->cdev.owner = driver->owner; error = cdev_add(&driver->cdev, dev, driver->num); if (error) { unregister_chrdev_region(dev, driver->num); driver->ttys = NULL; driver->termios = driver->termios_locked = NULL; kfree(p); return error; } //指定默认的put_char if (!driver->put_char) driver->put_char = tty_default_put_char; mutex_lock(&tty_mutex); list_add(&driver->tty_drivers, &tty_drivers); mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); //如果没有指定TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV.即动态设备管理 if (!(driver->flags & TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV)) { for (i = 0; i num; i++) tty_register_device(driver, i, NULL); } proc_tty_register_driver(driver); return 0; } 这个函数操作比较简单。就是为tty_driver创建字符设备。然后将字符设备的操作集指定为tty_fops.并且将tty_driver挂载到tty_drivers链表中.其实这个链表的作用跟我们之前分析的input子系统中的input_dev[ ]数组类似。都是以设备号为关键字找到对应的driver. 特别的。如果没有定义TTY_DRIVER_DYNAMIC_DEV.还会在sysfs中创建一个类设备.这样主要是为了udev管理设备. 以流程图的方式将上述操作表示如下: 四:设备文件的操作 设备文件的操作是本节分析的重点。它的主要操作是将各项操作对应到ldsic或者是tty_driver. 4.1:打开tty设备的操作 从注册的过程可以看到,所有的操作都会对应到tty_fops中。Open操作对应的操作接口是tty_open()。代码如下: static int tty_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp) { struct tty_struct *tty; int noctty, retval; struct tty_driver *driver; int index; dev_t device = inode->i_rdev; unsigned short saved_flags = filp->f_flags; nonseekable_open(inode, filp); retry_open: //O_NOCTTY 如果路径名指向终端设备,不要把这个设备用作控制终端 //noctty:需不需要更改当前进程的控制终端 noctty = filp->f_flags & O_NOCTTY; index = -1; retval = 0; mutex_lock(&tty_mutex); //设备号(5,0) 即/dev/tty.表示当前进程的控制终端 if (device == MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 0)) { tty = get_current_tty(); //如果当前进程的控制终端不存在,退出 if (!tty) { mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); return -ENXIO; } //取得当前进程的tty_driver driver = tty->driver; index = tty->index; filp->f_flags |= O_NONBLOCK; /* Don't let /dev/tty block */ /* noctty = 1; */ goto got_driver; } #ifdef CONFIG_VT //设备号(4,0).即/dev/tty0:表示当前的控制台 if (device == MKDEV(TTY_MAJOR, 0)) { extern struct tty_driver *console_driver; driver = console_driver; //fg_console: 表示当前的控制台 index = fg_console; noctty = 1; goto got_driver; } #endif //设备号(5,1).即/dev/console.表示外接的控制台. 通过regesit_console() if (device == MKDEV(TTYAUX_MAJOR, 1)) { driver = console_device(&index); if (driver) { /* Don't let /dev/console block */ filp->f_flags |= O_NONBLOCK; noctty = 1; goto got_driver; } mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); return -ENODEV; } //以文件的设备号为关键字,到tty_drivers中搜索所注册的driver driver = get_tty_driver(device, &index); if (!driver) { mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); return -ENODEV; } got_driver: //index表示它的次设备号 retval = init_dev(driver, index, &tty); mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); if (retval) return retval; filp->private_data = tty; file_move(filp, &tty->tty_files); check_tty_count(tty, "tty_open"); if (tty->driver->type == TTY_DRIVER_TYPE_PTY && tty->driver->subtype == PTY_TYPE_MASTER) noctty = 1; #ifdef TTY_DEBUG_HANGUP printk(KERN_DEBUG "opening %s...", tty->name); #endif if (!retval) { if (tty->driver->open) retval = tty->driver->open(tty, filp); else retval = -ENODEV; } filp->f_flags = saved_flags; if (!retval && test_bit(TTY_EXCLUSIVE, &tty->flags) && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)) retval = -EBUSY; if (retval) { #ifdef TTY_DEBUG_HANGUP printk(KERN_DEBUG "error %d in opening %s...", retval, tty->name); #endif release_dev(filp); if (retval != -ERESTARTSYS) return retval; if (signal_pending(current)) return retval; schedule(); /* * Need to reset f_op in case a hangup happened. */ if (filp->f_op == &hung_up_tty_fops) filp->f_op = &tty_fops; goto retry_open; } mutex_lock(&tty_mutex); spin_lock_irq(¤t->sighand->siglock); //设置当前进程的终端 if (!noctty && current->signal->leader && !current->signal->tty && tty->session == NULL) __proc_set_tty(current, tty); spin_unlock_irq(¤t->sighand->siglock); mutex_unlock(&tty_mutex); tty_audit_opening(); return 0; } 注意在这里有个容易忽略的操作:init_dev()。 Init_dev() -à initialize_tty_struct() à tty_ldisc_assign(tty, tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY)); 看一下tty_ldisc_assign(tty, tty_ldisc_get(N_TTY))的操作: Tty_ldisc_get(): struct tty_ldisc *tty_ldisc_get(int disc) { unsigned long flags; struct tty_ldisc *ld; if (disc = NR_LDISCS) return NULL; spin_lock_irqsave(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags); ld = &tty_ldiscs[disc]; /* Check the entry is defined */ if (ld->flags & LDISC_FLAG_DEFINED) { /* If the module is being unloaded we can't use it */ if (!try_module_get(ld->owner)) ld = NULL; else /* lock it */ ld->refcount++; } else ld = NULL; spin_unlock_irqrestore(&tty_ldisc_lock, flags); return ld; } 这个函数的操作为到tty_ldiscs[ ]找到对应项.这个数组中的成员是调用tty_register_ldisc()将其设置进去的. tty_ldisc_assign操作如下: static void tty_ldisc_assign(struct tty_struct *tty, struct tty_ldisc *ld) { tty->ldisc = *ld; tty->ldisc.refcount = 0; } 即将取出来的idisc作为tty->ldisc字段. 在这段代码中涉及到了tty_driver,tty_struct, struct tty_ldisc.这三者之间的关系用下图表示如下: 在这里,为tty_struct的ldisc是默认指定为tty_ldiscs[N_TTY].该ldisc对应的是控制终端的线路规范。可以在用空间用带TIOCSETD的ioctl调用进行更改. 将上述open用流程图的方式表示如下: 4.2:设备文件的write操作 设备文件的write操作对应tty_fops->write即tty_write().代码如下: static ssize_t tty_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { struct tty_struct *tty; struct inode *inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode; ssize_t ret; struct tty_ldisc *ld; tty = (struct tty_struct *)file->private_data; if (tty_paranoia_check(tty, inode, "tty_write")) return -EIO; if (!tty || !tty->driver->write || (test_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &tty->flags))) return -EIO; ld = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty); if (!ld->write) ret = -EIO; else ret = do_tty_write(ld->write, tty, file, buf, count); tty_ldisc_deref(ld); return ret; } 在open的过程中,将tty_struct存放在file的私有区。在write中,从file的私有区中就可以取到要操作的tty_struct. 如果tty_driver中没有write.如果tty有错误都会有效性判断失败返回。如果一切正常,递增ldsic的引用计数。将用do_tty_wirte()再行写操作。写完之后,再递减ldsic的引用计数. Do_tty_write代码分段分析如下: static inline ssize_t do_tty_write( ssize_t (*write)(struct tty_struct *, struct file *, const unsigned char *, size_t), struct tty_struct *tty, struct file *file, const char __user *buf, size_t count) { ssize_t ret, written = 0; unsigned int chunk; ret = tty_write_lock(tty, file->f_flags & O_NDELAY); if (ret return ret; /* * We chunk up writes into a temporary buffer. This * simplifies low-level drivers immensely, since they * don't have locking issues and user mode accesses. * * But if TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT is set, we should use a * big chunk-size.. * * The default chunk-size is 2kB, because the NTTY * layer has problems with bigger chunks. It will * claim to be able to handle more characters than * it actually does. * * FIXME: This can probably go away now except that 64K chunks * are too likely to fail unless switched to vmalloc... */ chunk = 2048; if (test_bit(TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT, &tty->flags)) chunk = 65536; if (count chunk = count; /* write_buf/write_cnt is protected by the atomic_write_lock mutex */ if (tty->write_cnt unsigned char *buf; if (chunk chunk = 1024; buf = kmalloc(chunk, GFP_KERNEL); if (!buf) { ret = -ENOMEM; goto out; } kfree(tty->write_buf); tty->write_cnt = chunk; tty->write_buf = buf; } 默认一次写数据的大小为2K.如果设置了TTY_NO_WRITE_SPLIT.则将一次写的数据量扩大为65536. Tty->write_buf是写操作的临时缓存区。即将用户空的数据暂时存放到这里 Tty->write_cnt是临时缓存区的大小。 在这里,必须要根据一次写的数据量对这个临时缓存区做调整 /* Do the write .. */ for (;;) { size_t size = count; if (size > chunk) size = chunk; ret = -EFAULT; if (copy_from_user(tty->write_buf, buf, size)) break; lock_kernel(); ret = write(tty, file, tty->write_buf, size); unlock_kernel(); if (ret break; written += ret; buf += ret; count -= ret; if (!count) break; ret = -ERESTARTSYS; if (signal_pending(current)) break; cond_resched(); } if (written) { struct inode *inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode; inode->i_mtime = current_fs_time(inode->i_sb); ret = written; } out: tty_write_unlock(tty); return ret; } 后面的操作就比较简单了。先将用户空间的数据copy到临时缓存区,然后再调用ldisc->write()完成这次写操作.最后再更新设备结点的时间戳. Write操作的流程图如下示: 在这里,我们只看到将数据写放到了ldisc->write().没有看到与tty_driver相关的部份。实际上在ldisc中对写入的数据做预处理过后,还是会调用tty_driver->write()将其写入硬件. 4.3:设备文件的read操作 static ssize_t tty_read(struct file *file, char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { int i; struct tty_struct *tty; struct inode *inode; struct tty_ldisc *ld; tty = (struct tty_struct *)file->private_data; inode = file->f_path.dentry->d_inode; if (tty_paranoia_check(tty, inode, "tty_read")) return -EIO; if (!tty || (test_bit(TTY_IO_ERROR, &tty->flags))) return -EIO; /* We want to wait for the line discipline to sort out in this situation */ ld = tty_ldisc_ref_wait(tty); lock_kernel(); if (ld->read) i = (ld->read)(tty, file, buf, count); else i = -EIO; tty_ldisc_deref(ld); unlock_kernel(); if (i > 0) inode->i_atime = current_fs_time(inode->i_sb); return i; } 这个read操作就更简单。直接调用ldsic->read()完成工作 流程图如下: 五:小结 在tty设备文件的操作中。Open操作会进行一系统初始化。然后调用ldsic->open tty_driver->open。在write和read调用中只tty_core只会用到ldisc->wirte/ldisc->read.除了上面分析的几个操作之外,还有一个ioctl操作,以及它封装的几个termios。这些ioctl类的操作会直接和tty_driver相关联. 在这一节里,只对tty的构造做一个分析,具体ldisc的操作我们之后以控制终端为例进行分析. |
Linux设备模型之tty驱动架构分析
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