Introduction to programming with OpenCV
Gady Agam
Department of Computer Science
January 27, 2006
Illinois Institute of Technology
Abstract:
http://www.cs.iit.edu/~agam/cs512/lect-notes/opencv-intro/opencv-intro.html
Contents
- Introduction
- GUI commands
- Basic OpenCV data structures
- Working with images
- Allocating and releasing images
- Reading and writing images
- Accessing image elements
- Image conversion
- Drawing commands
- Working with matrices
- Working with video sequences
Introduction
Description of OpenCV
- General description
- Open source computer vision library in C/C++.
- Optimized and intended for real-time applications.
- OS/hardware/window-manager independent.
- Generic image/video loading, saving, and acquisition.
- Both low and high level API.
- Provides interface to Intel's Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP) with processor specific optimization (Intel processors).
- Features:
- Image data manipulation (allocation, release, copying, setting, conversion).
- Image and video I/O (file and camera based input, image/video file output).
- Matrix and vector manipulation and linear algebra routines (products, solvers, eigenvalues, SVD).
- Various dynamic data structures (lists, queues, sets, trees, graphs).
- Basic image processing (filtering, edge detection, corner detection, sampling and interpolation, color conversion, morphological operations, histograms, image pyramids).
- Structural analysis (connected components, contour processing, distance transform, various moments, template matching, Hough transform, polygonal approximation, line fitting, ellipse fitting, Delaunay triangulation).
- Camera calibration (finding and tracking calibration patterns, calibration, fundamental matrix estimation, homography estimation, stereo correspondence).
- Motion analysis (optical flow, motion segmentation, tracking).
- Object recognition (eigen-methods, HMM).
- Basic GUI (display image/video, keyboard and mouse handling, scroll-bars).
- Image labeling (line, conic, polygon, text drawing)
- OpenCV modules:
- cv - Main OpenCV functions.
- cvaux - Auxiliary (experimental) OpenCV functions.
- cxcore - Data structures and linear algebra support.
- highgui - GUI functions.
Resources
- Reference manuals:
- <opencv-root>/docs/index.htm
- Web resources:
- Official webpage: http://www.intel.com/technology/computing/opencv/
- Software download: http://sourceforge.net/projects/opencvlibrary/
- Books:
- Open Source Computer Vision Library by Gary R. Bradski, Vadim Pisarevsky, and Jean-Yves Bouguet, Springer, 1st ed. (June, 2006).
- Sample programs for video processing (in <opencv-root>/samples/c/):
- color tracking: camshiftdemo
- point tracking: lkdemo
- motion segmentation: motempl
- edge detection: laplace
- Sample programs for image processing (in <opencv-root>/samples/c/):
- edge detection: edge
- segmentation: pyramid_segmentation
- morphology: morphology
- histogram: demhist
- distance transform: distrans
- ellipse fitting: fitellipse
OpenCV naming conventions
- Function naming conventions:
cvActionTargetMod(...) Action = the core functionality (e.g. set, create) Target = the target image area (e.g. contour, polygon) Mod = optional modifiers (e.g. argument type)
- Matrix data types:
CV_<bit_depth>(S|U|F)C<number_of_channels> S = Signed integer U = Unsigned integer F = Float E.g.: CV_8UC1 means an 8-bit unsigned single-channel matrix, CV_32FC2 means a 32-bit float matrix with two channels.
- Image data types:
IPL_DEPTH_<bit_depth>(S|U|F) E.g.: IPL_DEPTH_8U means an 8-bit unsigned image. IPL_DEPTH_32F means a 32-bit float image.
- Header files:
#include <cv.h> #include <cvaux.h> #include <highgui.h> #include <cxcore.h> // unnecessary - included in cv.h
Compilation instructions
- Linux:
g++ hello-world.cpp -o hello-world \ -I /usr/local/include/opencv -L /usr/local/lib \ -lm -lcv -lhighgui -lcvaux
- Windows:
In the project preferences set the path to the OpenCV header files and the path to the OpenCV library files.
Example C Program
// // hello-world.cpp // // This is a simple, introductory OpenCV program. The program reads an // image from a file, inverts it, and displays the result. // #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> #include <cv.h> #include <highgui.h> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { IplImage* img = 0; int height,width,step,channels; uchar *data; int i,j,k; if(argc<2){ printf("Usage: main <image-file-name>\n\7"); exit(0); } // load an image img=cvLoadImage(argv[1]); if(!img){ printf("Could not load image file: %s\n",argv[1]); exit(0); } // get the image data height = img->height; width = img->width; step = img->widthStep; channels = img->nChannels; data = (uchar *)img->imageData; printf("Processing a %dx%d image with %d channels\n",height,width,channels); // create a window cvNamedWindow("mainWin", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE); cvMoveWindow("mainWin", 100, 100); // invert the image for(i=0;i<height;i++) for(j=0;j<width;j++) for(k=0;k<channels;k++) data[i*step+j*channels+k]=255-data[i*step+j*channels+k]; // show the image cvShowImage("mainWin", img ); // wait for a key cvWaitKey(0); // release the image cvReleaseImage(&img ); return 0; }
GUI commands
Window management
- Create and position a window:
cvNamedWindow("win1", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE); cvMoveWindow("win1", 100, 100); // offset from the UL corner of the screen
- Load an image:
IplImage* img=0; img=cvLoadImage(fileName); if(!img) printf("Could not load image file: %s\n",fileName);
- Display an image:
cvShowImage("win1",img);
Can display a color or grayscale byte/float-image. A byte image isassumed to have values in the range
. A float image is assumedto have values in the range
. A color image is assumed to havedata in BGR order.
- Close a window:
cvDestroyWindow("win1");
- Resize a window:
cvResizeWindow("win1",100,100); // new width/heigh in pixels
Input handling
- Handle mouse events:
- Define a mouse handler:
void mouseHandler(int event, int x, int y, int flags, void* param) { switch(event){ case CV_EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN: if(flags & CV_EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY) printf("Left button down with CTRL pressed\n"); break; case CV_EVENT_LBUTTONUP: printf("Left button up\n"); break; } } x,y: pixel coordinates with respect to the UL corner event: CV_EVENT_LBUTTONDOWN, CV_EVENT_RBUTTONDOWN, CV_EVENT_MBUTTONDOWN, CV_EVENT_LBUTTONUP, CV_EVENT_RBUTTONUP, CV_EVENT_MBUTTONUP, CV_EVENT_LBUTTONDBLCLK, CV_EVENT_RBUTTONDBLCLK, CV_EVENT_MBUTTONDBLCLK, CV_EVENT_MOUSEMOVE: flags: CV_EVENT_FLAG_CTRLKEY, CV_EVENT_FLAG_SHIFTKEY, CV_EVENT_FLAG_ALTKEY, CV_EVENT_FLAG_LBUTTON, CV_EVENT_FLAG_RBUTTON, CV_EVENT_FLAG_MBUTTON
- Register the handler:
mouseParam=5; cvSetMouseCallback("win1",mouseHandler,&mouseParam);
- Define a mouse handler:
- Handle keyboard events:
- The keyboard does not have an event handler.
- Get keyboard input without blocking:
int key; key=cvWaitKey(10); // wait 10ms for input
- Get keyboard input with blocking:
int key; key=cvWaitKey(0); // wait indefinitely for input
- The main keyboard event loop:
while(1){ key=cvWaitKey(10); if(key==27) break; switch(key){ case 'h': ... break; case 'i': ... break; } }
- Handle trackbar events:
- Define a trackbar handler:
void trackbarHandler(int pos) { printf("Trackbar position: %d\n",pos); }
- Register the handler:
int trackbarVal=25; int maxVal=100; cvCreateTrackbar("bar1", "win1", &trackbarVal ,maxVal , trackbarHandler);
- Get the current trackbar position:
int pos = cvGetTrackbarPos("bar1","win1");
- Set the trackbar position:
cvSetTrackbarPos("bar1", "win1", 25);
- Define a trackbar handler:
Basic OpenCV data structures
Image data structure
- IPL image:
IplImage |-- int nChannels; // Number of color channels (1,2,3,4) |-- int depth; // Pixel depth in bits: | // IPL_DEPTH_8U, IPL_DEPTH_8S, | // IPL_DEPTH_16U,IPL_DEPTH_16S, | // IPL_DEPTH_32S,IPL_DEPTH_32F, | // IPL_DEPTH_64F |-- int width; // image width in pixels |-- int height; // image height in pixels |-- char* imageData; // pointer to aligned image data | // Note that color images are stored in BGR order |-- int dataOrder; // 0 - interleaved color channels, | // 1 - separate color channels | // cvCreateImage can only create interleaved images |-- int origin; // 0 - top-left origin, | // 1 - bottom-left origin (Windows bitmaps style) |-- int widthStep; // size of aligned image row in bytes |-- int imageSize; // image data size in bytes = height*widthStep |-- struct _IplROI *roi;// image ROI. when not NULL specifies image | // region to be processed. |-- char *imageDataOrigin; // pointer to the unaligned origin of image data | // (needed for correct image deallocation) | |-- int align; // Alignment of image rows: 4 or 8 byte alignment | // OpenCV ignores this and uses widthStep instead |-- char colorModel[4]; // Color model - ignored by OpenCV
Matrices and vectors
- Matrices:
CvMat // 2D array |-- int type; // elements type (uchar,short,int,float,double) and flags |-- int step; // full row length in bytes |-- int rows, cols; // dimensions |-- int height, width; // alternative dimensions reference |-- union data; |-- uchar* ptr; // data pointer for an unsigned char matrix |-- short* s; // data pointer for a short matrix |-- int* i; // data pointer for an integer matrix |-- float* fl; // data pointer for a float matrix |-- double* db; // data pointer for a double matrix CvMatND // N-dimensional array |-- int type; // elements type (uchar,short,int,float,double) and flags |-- int dims; // number of array dimensions |-- union data; | |-- uchar* ptr; // data pointer for an unsigned char matrix | |-- short* s; // data pointer for a short matrix | |-- int* i; // data pointer for an integer matrix | |-- float* fl; // data pointer for a float matrix | |-- double* db; // data pointer for a double matrix | |-- struct dim[]; // information for each dimension |-- size; // number of elements in a given dimension |-- step; // distance between elements in a given dimension CvSparseMat // SPARSE N-dimensional array
- Generic arrays:
CvArr* // Used only as a function parameter to specify that the // function accepts arrays of more than a single type, such // as: IplImage*, CvMat* or even CvSeq*. The particular array // type is determined at runtime by analyzing the first 4 // bytes of the header of the actual array.
- Scalars:
CvScalar |-- double val[4]; //4D vector
Initializer function:
CvScalar s = cvScalar(double val0, double val1=0, double val2=0, double val3=0);
Example:
CvScalar s = cvScalar(20.0); s.val[0]=10.0;
Note that the initializer function has the same name as the datastructure only starting with a lower case character. It is not a C++constructor.
Other data structures
- Points:
CvPoint p = cvPoint(int x, int y); CvPoint2D32f p = cvPoint2D32f(float x, float y); CvPoint3D32f p = cvPoint3D32f(float x, float y, float z); E.g.: p.x=5.0; p.y=5.0;
- Rectangular dimensions:
CvSize r = cvSize(int width, int height); CvSize2D32f r = cvSize2D32f(float width, float height);
- Rectangular dimensions with offset:
CvRect r = cvRect(int x, int y, int width, int height);
Working with images
Allocating and releasing images
- Allocate an image:
IplImage* cvCreateImage(CvSize size, int depth, int channels); size: cvSize(width,height); depth: pixel depth in bits: IPL_DEPTH_8U, IPL_DEPTH_8S, IPL_DEPTH_16U, IPL_DEPTH_16S, IPL_DEPTH_32S, IPL_DEPTH_32F, IPL_DEPTH_64F channels: Number of channels per pixel. Can be 1, 2, 3 or 4. The channels are interleaved. The usual data layout of a color image is b0 g0 r0 b1 g1 r1 ...
Examples:
// Allocate a 1-channel byte image IplImage* img1=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); // Allocate a 3-channel float image IplImage* img2=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_32F,3);
- Release an image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); cvReleaseImage(&img);
- Clone an image:
IplImage* img1=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); IplImage* img2; img2=cvCloneImage(img1);
- Set/get the region of interest:
void cvSetImageROI(IplImage* image, CvRect rect); void cvResetImageROI(IplImage* image); vRect cvGetImageROI(const IplImage* image); The majority of OpenCV functions support ROI.
- Set/get the channel of interest:
void cvSetImageCOI(IplImage* image, int coi); // 0=all int cvGetImageCOI(const IplImage* image); The majority of OpenCV functions do NOT support COI.
Reading and writing images
- Reading an image from a file:
IplImage* img=0; img=cvLoadImage(fileName); if(!img) printf("Could not load image file: %s\n",fileName); Supported image formats: BMP, DIB, JPEG, JPG, JPE, PNG, PBM, PGM, PPM, SR, RAS, TIFF, TIF
By default, the loaded image is forced to be a 3-channel colorimage. This default can be modified by using:
img=cvLoadImage(fileName,flag); flag: >0 the loaded image is forced to be a 3-channel color image =0 the loaded image is forced to be a 1 channel grayscale image <0 the loaded image is loaded as is (with number of channels in the file).
- Writing an image to a file:
if(!cvSaveImage(outFileName,img)) printf("Could not save: %s\n",outFileName);
The output file format is determined based on the file name extension.
Accessing image elements
- Assume that you need to access the
-th channel of the pixel atthe
-row and
-th column. The row index
is in the range
. The column index
is in the range
. The channel index
is in the range
.
- Indirect access: (General, but inefficient, access to any type image)
- For a single-channel byte image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); CvScalar s; s=cvGet2D(img,i,j); // get the (i,j) pixel value printf("intensity=%f\n",s.val[0]); s.val[0]=111; cvSet2D(img,i,j,s); // set the (i,j) pixel value
- For a multi-channel float (or byte) image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_32F,3); CvScalar s; s=cvGet2D(img,i,j); // get the (i,j) pixel value printf("B=%f, G=%f, R=%f\n",s.val[0],s.val[1],s.val[2]); s.val[0]=111; s.val[1]=111; s.val[2]=111; cvSet2D(img,i,j,s); // set the (i,j) pixel value
- For a single-channel byte image:
- Direct access:(Efficient access, but error prone)
- For a single-channel byte image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); ((uchar *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j]=111;
- For a multi-channel byte image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,3); ((uchar *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 0]=111; // B ((uchar *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 1]=112; // G ((uchar *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 2]=113; // R
- For a multi-channel float image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_32F,3); ((float *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 0]=111; // B ((float *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 1]=112; // G ((float *)(img->imageData + i*img->widthStep))[j*img->nChannels + 2]=113; // R
- For a single-channel byte image:
- Direct access using a pointer:(Simplified and efficient access under limiting assumptions)
- For a single-channel byte image:
IplImage* img = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); int height = img->height; int width = img->width; int step = img->widthStep/sizeof(uchar); uchar* data = (uchar *)img->imageData; data[i*step+j] = 111;
- For a multi-channel byte image:
IplImage* img = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,3); int height = img->height; int width = img->width; int step = img->widthStep/sizeof(uchar); int channels = img->nChannels; uchar* data = (uchar *)img->imageData; data[i*step+j*channels+k] = 111;
- For a multi-channel float image (assuming a 4-byte alignment):
IplImage* img = cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_32F,3); int height = img->height; int width = img->width; int step = img->widthStep/sizeof(float); int channels = img->nChannels; float * data = (float *)img->imageData; data[i*step+j*channels+k] = 111;
- For a single-channel byte image:
- Direct access using a c++ wrapper:(Simple and efficient access)
- Define a c++ wrapper for single-channel byte images, multi-channelbyte images, and multi-channel float images:
template<class T> class Image { private: IplImage* imgp; public: Image(IplImage* img=0) {imgp=img;} ~Image(){imgp=0;} void operator=(IplImage* img) {imgp=img;} inline T* operator[](const int rowIndx) { return ((T *)(imgp->imageData + rowIndx*imgp->widthStep));} }; typedef struct{ unsigned char b,g,r; } RgbPixel; typedef struct{ float b,g,r; } RgbPixelFloat; typedef Image<RgbPixel> RgbImage; typedef Image<RgbPixelFloat> RgbImageFloat; typedef Image<unsigned char> BwImage; typedef Image<float> BwImageFloat;
- For a single-channel byte image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); BwImage imgA(img); imgA[i][j] = 111;
- For a multi-channel byte image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_8U,3); RgbImage imgA(img); imgA[i][j].b = 111; imgA[i][j].g = 111; imgA[i][j].r = 111;
- For a multi-channel float image:
IplImage* img=cvCreateImage(cvSize(640,480),IPL_DEPTH_32F,3); RgbImageFloat imgA(img); imgA[i][j].b = 111; imgA[i][j].g = 111; imgA[i][j].r = 111;
- Define a c++ wrapper for single-channel byte images, multi-channelbyte images, and multi-channel float images:
Image conversion
- Convert to a grayscale or color byte-image:
cvConvertImage(src, dst, flags=0); src = float/byte grayscale/color image dst = byte grayscale/color image flags = CV_CVTIMG_FLIP (flip vertically) CV_CVTIMG_SWAP_RB (swap the R and B channels)
- Convert a color image to grayscale:
Using the OpenCV conversion:cvCvtColor(cimg,gimg,CV_BGR2GRAY); // cimg -> gimg
Using a direct conversion:for(i=0;i<cimg->height;i++) for(j=0;j<cimg->width;j++) gimgA[i][j]= (uchar)(cimgA[i][j].b*0.114 + cimgA[i][j].g*0.587 + cimgA[i][j].r*0.299);
- Convert between color spaces:
cvCvtColor(src,dst,code); // src -> dst code = CV_<X>2<Y> <X>/<Y> = RGB, BGR, GRAY, HSV, YCrCb, XYZ, Lab, Luv, HLS e.g.: CV_BGR2GRAY, CV_BGR2HSV, CV_BGR2Lab
Drawing commands
- Draw a box:
// draw a box with red lines of width 1 between (100,100) and (200,200) cvRectangle(img, cvPoint(100,100), cvPoint(200,200), cvScalar(255,0,0), 1);
- Draw a circle:
// draw a circle at (100,100) with a radius of 20. Use green lines of width 1 cvCircle(img, cvPoint(100,100), 20, cvScalar(0,255,0), 1);
- Draw a line segment:
// draw a green line of width 1 between (100,100) and (200,200) cvLine(img, cvPoint(100,100), cvPoint(200,200), cvScalar(0,255,0), 1);
- Draw a set of polylines:
CvPoint curve1[]={10,10, 10,100, 100,100, 100,10}; CvPoint curve2[]={30,30, 30,130, 130,130, 130,30, 150,10}; CvPoint* curveArr[2]={curve1, curve2}; int nCurvePts[2]={4,5}; int nCurves=2; int isCurveClosed=1; int lineWidth=1; cvPolyLine(img,curveArr,nCurvePts,nCurves,isCurveClosed,cvScalar(0,255,255),lineWidth);
- Draw a set of filled polygons:
cvFillPoly(img,curveArr,nCurvePts,nCurves,cvScalar(0,255,255));
- Add text:
CvFont font; double hScale=1.0; double vScale=1.0; int lineWidth=1; cvInitFont(&font,CV_FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX|CV_FONT_ITALIC, hScale,vScale,0,lineWidth); cvPutText (img,"My comment",cvPoint(200,400), &font, cvScalar(255,255,0));
Other possible fonts:
CV_FONT_HERSHEY_SIMPLEX, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_PLAIN, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_DUPLEX, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_TRIPLEX, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_COMPLEX_SMALL, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_SCRIPT_SIMPLEX, CV_FONT_HERSHEY_SCRIPT_COMPLEX,
Working with matrices
Allocating and releasing matrices
- General:
- OpenCV has a C interface to matrix operations. There are many alternatives that have a C++ interface (which is more convenient) and are as efficient as OpenCV.
- Vectors are obtained in OpenCV as matrices having one of their dimensions as 1.
- Matrices are stored row by row where each row has a 4 byte alignment.
- Allocate a matrix:
CvMat* cvCreateMat(int rows, int cols, int type); type: Type of the matrix elements. Specified in form CV_<bit_depth>(S|U|F)C<number_of_channels>. E.g.: CV_8UC1 means an 8-bit unsigned single-channel matrix, CV_32SC2 means a 32-bit signed matrix with two channels. Example: CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1);
- Release a matrix:
CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1); cvReleaseMat(&M);
- Clone a matrix:
CvMat* M1 = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1); CvMat* M2; M2=cvCloneMat(M1);
- Initialize a matrix:
double a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 }; CvMat Ma=cvMat(3, 4, CV_64FC1, a);
Alternatively:
CvMat Ma; cvInitMatHeader(&Ma, 3, 4, CV_64FC1, a);
- Initialize a matrix to identity:
CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1); cvSetIdentity(M); // does not seem to be working properly
Accessing matrix elements
- Assume that you need to access the
cell of a 2D floatmatrix.
- Indirect matrix element access:
cvmSet(M,i,j,2.0); // Set M(i,j) t = cvmGet(M,i,j); // Get M(i,j)
- Direct matrix element access assuming a 4-byte alignment:
CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1); int n = M->cols; float *data = M->data.fl; data[i*n+j] = 3.0;
- Direct matrix element access assuming possible alignment gaps:
CvMat* M = cvCreateMat(4,4,CV_32FC1); int step = M->step/sizeof(float); float *data = M->data.fl; (data+i*step)[j] = 3.0;
- Direct matrix element access of an initialized matrix:
double a[16]; CvMat Ma = cvMat(3, 4, CV_64FC1, a); a[i*4+j] = 2.0; // Ma(i,j)=2.0;
Matrix/vector operations
- Matrix-matrix operations:
CvMat *Ma, *Mb, *Mc; cvAdd(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma+Mb -> Mc cvSub(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma-Mb -> Mc cvMatMul(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma*Mb -> Mc
- Elementwise matrix operations:
CvMat *Ma, *Mb, *Mc; cvMul(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma.*Mb -> Mc cvDiv(Ma, Mb, Mc); // Ma./Mb -> Mc cvAddS(Ma, cvScalar(-10.0), Mc); // Ma.-10 -> Mc
- Vector products:
double va[] = {1, 2, 3}; double vb[] = {0, 0, 1}; double vc[3]; CvMat Va=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, va); CvMat Vb=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, vb); CvMat Vc=cvMat(3, 1, CV_64FC1, vc); double res=cvDotProduct(&Va,&Vb); // dot product: Va . Vb -> res cvCrossProduct(&Va, &Vb, &Vc); // cross product: Va x Vb -> Vc end{verbatim}
Note that Va, Vb, Vc, must be 3 element vectors in a cross product.
- Single matrix operations:
CvMat *Ma, *Mb; cvTranspose(Ma, Mb); // transpose(Ma) -> Mb (cannot transpose onto self) CvScalar t = cvTrace(Ma); // trace(Ma) -> t.val[0] double d = cvDet(Ma); // det(Ma) -> d cvInvert(Ma, Mb); // inv(Ma) -> Mb
- Inhomogeneous linear system solver:
CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* x = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1); CvMat* b = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1); cvSolve(&A, &b, &x); // solve (Ax=b) for x
- Eigen analysis (of a symmetric matrix):
CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* E = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* l = cvCreateMat(3,1,CV_32FC1); cvEigenVV(&A, &E, &l); // l = eigenvalues of A (descending order) // E = corresponding eigenvectors (rows)
- Singular value decomposition:
CvMat* A = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* U = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* D = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); CvMat* V = cvCreateMat(3,3,CV_32FC1); cvSVD(A, D, U, V, CV_SVD_U_T|CV_SVD_V_T); // A = U D V^T
The flags cause U and V to be returned transposed (does not work wellwithout the transpose flags).
Working with video sequences
Capturing a frame from a video sequence
- OpenCV supports capturing images from a camera or a video file (AVI).
- Initializing capture from a camera:
CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromCAM(0); // capture from video device #0
- Initializing capture from a file:
CvCapture* capture = cvCaptureFromAVI("infile.avi");
- Capturing a frame:
IplImage* img = 0; if(!cvGrabFrame(capture)){ // capture a frame printf("Could not grab a frame\n\7"); exit(0); } img=cvRetrieveFrame(capture); // retrieve the captured frame
To obtain images from several cameras simultaneously, first grab animage from each camera. Retrieve the captured images after the grabbing iscomplete.
- Releasing the capture source:
cvReleaseCapture(&capture);
Note that the image captured by the device is allocated/released by thecapture function. There is no need to release it explicitly.
Getting/setting frame information
- Get capture device properties:
cvQueryFrame(capture); // this call is necessary to get correct // capture properties int frameH = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_HEIGHT); int frameW = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_WIDTH); int fps = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FPS); int numFrames = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_FRAME_COUNT);
The total frame count is relevant for video files only. It does not seemto be working properly.
- Get frame information:
float posMsec = cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_MSEC); int posFrames = (int) cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_FRAMES); float posRatio = cvGetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_AVI_RATIO);
Get the position of the captured frame in [msec] with respect to thefirst frame, or get its index where the first frame starts with an indexof 0. The relative position (ratio) is 0 in the first frame and 1 inthe last frame. This ratio is valid only for capturing images from afile.
- Set the index of the first frame to capture:
// start capturing from a relative position of 0.9 of a video file cvSetCaptureProperty(capture, CV_CAP_PROP_POS_AVI_RATIO, (double)0.9);
This only applies for capturing from a file. It does not seem to beworking properly.
Saving a video file
- Initializing a video writer:
CvVideoWriter *writer = 0; int isColor = 1; int fps = 25; // or 30 int frameW = 640; // 744 for firewire cameras int frameH = 480; // 480 for firewire cameras writer=cvCreateVideoWriter("out.avi",CV_FOURCC('P','I','M','1'), fps,cvSize(frameW,frameH),isColor);
Other possible codec codes:
CV_FOURCC('P','I','M','1') = MPEG-1 codec CV_FOURCC('M','J','P','G') = motion-jpeg codec (does not work well) CV_FOURCC('M', 'P', '4', '2') = MPEG-4.2 codec CV_FOURCC('D', 'I', 'V', '3') = MPEG-4.3 codec CV_FOURCC('D', 'I', 'V', 'X') = MPEG-4 codec CV_FOURCC('U', '2', '6', '3') = H263 codec CV_FOURCC('I', '2', '6', '3') = H263I codec CV_FOURCC('F', 'L', 'V', '1') = FLV1 codec
A codec code of -1 will open a codec selection window (in windows).
- Writing the video file:
IplImage* img = 0; int nFrames = 50; for(i=0;i<nFrames;i++){ cvGrabFrame(capture); // capture a frame img=cvRetrieveFrame(capture); // retrieve the captured frame cvWriteFrame(writer,img); // add the frame to the file }
To view the captured frames during capture, add the following in the loop:
cvShowImage("mainWin", img); key=cvWaitKey(20); // wait 20 ms
Note that without the 20[msec] delay the captured sequence is notdisplayed properly.
- Releasing the video writer:
cvReleaseVideoWriter(&writer);