中学1+1-2

Unit12

1.instead和instead of

instead 是副词，意为“不......而......”“作为替代”,但在汉语中常不译出。

if Joe can't attend the meeting, I could go instend.
如果乔不能出席会议,我可以代他去。

We walked down the stairs instead of' taking the lift
我们是走下楼梯的,而不是乘电梯。

Give me the red pen inslead of' the blue one ,
给我那支红笔,而不是蓝笔。

2.by

**have to  需要
We have to express our thought by action .
我们要用行动表达我们的思想。


**lay the foundations 意为“莫定基础”。
This laid the foundations for later modem economic growth .
这为以后现代经济的增长莫定了基础。

 3. long before和before long

I knew Smith long beforo I know you !
在认识你之前很久我就认识史密斯了

It will not be long before you retire .
不久你就要退休了

4.set out

set out 作不及物动词时,意为“出发”“启程”。

Half an hour later I set out again on my journey .
半小时以后,我又启程赶路了


set out 作“开始”“着手”“打算”“试图”解释时,后接动词不庭

He failed in what he had sel out to do .
他没有做到自己原来想做的事。


[注]set about 也有“着手”“打算”之意,但通常后接名词或动词

OThey immediately set about repairing the machine .
他们立即动手修理这台机器。


[注]set out 还有“列举”“详述”“装饰”“布置”之意。

Darwin set out his theory in details in The Origin of Species .
达尔文在他的《物种起源》中详细地而述了他的理论。
PIt took them an hour to set out the room ready for the reception .
他们花了一个钟头,把房间布置起来,准备开招待会。

5. find oneself与turn out

fnd oneself...意思是“发现自己......”“不自觉地(来到某处)”

He found himself walking in the direction of the zoo .
他发现自己不知不觉的在往动物园走。

I found myself having more fun than I had had for years .
我发现自己比过去生活得有趣了。

It's not the first time that you've found yourself in the situation.
你已不止一次地发现自己处于这种境地了。


tum out 意为“结果”“原来(情况)是”,后面可跟形容词、名词、不定式或从句。
She was afraid things weren't going to turn out smooth for us .
她担心我们将来情况不会顺利。(结果)

The person I spoke to turned out to be an Italian .
我找说话的那个人原来是意大利人。(原来)

It turns out that he was never there .
原来他根本就没去过那儿。(原来)

6.board 利 aboard 

[注]on board 可起介词的作用,后接表示交通工具的名词,后面再用其他的介词。

He ran until he was on board a city bus .
他一路跑,直到他坐上一辆公交车。

7.wonder 的意思和用法

wonder about 意为“对··...·感到惊奇(不安)”
I often wonder about why she treated me like that.
我常常奇怪她为什么这样对待我。

Do you often wonder about the future of the world?
你常为世界的未来感到不安吗?

wonder 与 at 连用,表示“奇怪”“惊异”。
The failure to arrive at a common language on many problems is not to be
wondered at .
在很多问题上没有共同语言,是不足为奇的。

wonder 可以用来比较委婉地提出请求。如:
**I wonder：不知道
I wonder whether you would mind doing me a favour.
不知道你能不能帮我一个忙。


wonder 作“感到奇怪”“感到惊奇”解释时可直接跟不定式
I wondered to hear your voice. When did you get back?
听到你的声音我很诧异,你什么时候回来的?

8.begin with 的一些用法

begin with 的意思是“以·...··开始”。
The great man began with the second question .
那个伟人从第二个问题问起。

begin with 可作“先(从某事做起)”解释。
Begin with this room and do the others afterwards .
先打扫这一间,然后再打扫其他几间。

[注]**to begin wih 可以单独使用,意思是“首先”“第一点”。

9.desirc 的用法

desire 在本单元中作名词用,意为“渴望”“愿望”,后面可接不定式。
He fought a burning desire to break into the conversation .
他设法抑制住打断这段谈话的强烈欲望。

desire 可作动词用,表示“期望(渴望)得到”。后面可跟名词、代词、不定式或从句。
We all desire happiness and health .
我们都希望获得幸福和健康。

All he desired then was some spare time for study .
那时候他想要的只是有些空余时间能进行学习。

**come at once 马上
He desires that you should come at once .
他希望你马上就来。

10.search

此处的 search 是名词,与介词 for 连用,意思与作动词时相同 
I will make a search for your book , but I don't think I have got it.
我会找一下你的书,但我觉得我没有拿这本书。

dream of 意为“渴望”“梦想"“梦见”,在口语中可用about代替 
What does it mean if one dreams of mountains?
要是梦见大山那意味着什么呢?

dream of 用在否定句中时,多表示“料想到”,“考虑到”,“想象”时,不能换用about。
I wouldn't dream of troubling you .
我做梦都没想到来麻烦你.

cure此处作动词用,意为“治愈”,为及物动词,后接表示爽词。若表示治好了某人的某种病,应说 
cure sb.of ones disease
Do you believe there is really some medicine which can cure you of your cold?
你相信真有什么药能治好你的感冒吗?

cure 可引申为“纠正”“矫正”“消除”.
The shock of losing my purse cured me of my absent-mindedness.
丢失钱包的打击使我改正了心不在焉的毛病.

11.throw light on 

lhrow light on 意思是“使·....·清楚起来”“提供线索”,
也可以表达为cast light on , come to light或bring light  to

The new facts throw some light on the matter .
新的事实为此事件提供了---些线索。

Let Mrs Danvers read the note . She may be able to throw light on it.
让丹弗斯太太看看那张字条,她也许会帮着弄清楚这件事的。

But there was nothing to throw light on the connection between the two
men .
但没有什么东西使人了解这两人之间的关系。

Her book throws new light on the poems .
她的书使人对这些诗歌有了新的认识。

12.unfold

1.unfold 原意为“展开”“打开”“摊开”
Mr Smith unfolded a newspaper and began to read it as he was waiting
for the train.
史密斯先生一面等车一面打开报纸阅读。

2.unfold 还可引申为“展现”“呈现”
The beautiful scenery unfolded before us .
美丽的风景展现在我们面前。

As the story unfolded itself, we became more and more exeited.
随着故事情节的展开,我们越来越激动。

3.unfold 的反义词为 fold,原意是“对折”“合拢”交迭”
She folded the chair and put it against the wall.
她把椅子折好,靠在墙上。

He stood there , his arm folded.
他站在那里,双臂交叉。

4.fold 可引申为“笼罩”“包”
The mountain village was folded in the morning mist.
山村笼罩在晨雾之中。

13.cause和reason

1.cause 可以作名词和动词,在本单元中作名词,作名词通常作“原因”“起因”解释,
是指直接导致某种结果的原因。
What was the cause of this all?这一切起因何在?

[注]cause 偶尔也可意为“理由”,这时是不可数名词,后或动词不定式。
There is no cause to be anxious.
没有理由感到不安。

2.reason 主要作“理由”解释，是指逻辑推理方面的理由或解释某些已发生的事的理由,
后接 for 个词短语、不定式或从句。
She had every reason for thinking so.
她有充分的理由这样想

These are our reasons for doing it.
这就是我们这样做的理由

That's one of the reasons I asked you to come.
这就是我要你来的理由之一。

14.doubt

1.doubt 在本单元中作动词用,意为“怀疑”,在肯定句中,后whether引导的宾语从句 
I doubt whether that was what he wanted.
我怀疑是否那就是他所要的。

2.在否定句中,doubt后接at引导的从句
I don't doubt that you are honest.
我确信你是诚实的。

[注]doubt 作名词时,后面所跟的同位语从句也按上述规则:即在肯定句中,同位语从句用if
或whether引导;否定句中由that引导。
I have no doubt that we shall be able to do something for you .
我并不怀疑我们是能为你做点什么的。

[注]no doubt 和 without (a) doubt 表示“毫无疑问”,可用作状语
He's the most attractive man in the building, no doubt about it .
他无疑是这幢楼里最吸引人的男子。

[注]no doubt 还有 I think 或 I agree 之意
IDShe is no doubt pretty , but isn't beautiful.
她是好看,但并不美。

15.of ** 

16.but**

but 作介词时意为“除了”,与 except 同义，一般与 evory，any，no 以及这类复合
词如 evorywhere，ything， nothing，nobody 或疑同词等还用，而 cxcept则不
与此类闻连用。如
I've enten nothing but bread and cheese since Sunday.
自从星期目以来,除了面包和乳酪外,我别的什么东西也没吃。

Everybody has anived but Simon and Virginia 
除了西蒙和弗吉尼亚之外,别人都到了。

It is nothing but a low peed engine .
这只不过是台低速发动机。

Energy is nothing but the capaeity to do work .
能量不过是做功的能力。

It is anything but a new type of machine .
这决不是一台新型机器。
This library can lend books to none but the teachers and students of our
school.
这个图书信只能把书借给我校师生。

从上述例句可以看出,but 与否定词连用,意为“只不过·.....!“仅仅”,而 but与anything连用时意
为“决不是......",如例句5,再如:
His English is anything but correct .
他的英语错误百出(原意:他的英语决不是正确的)。

[注]but 后可以跟动同不定式,需要注意的是,若 bu 前的动词是do的各种形式,不定式应省去to,若其前的动词不是do,则to不可省去,请细读下列例句,理解这一规则。
He does nothing but think about it .
他什么也不做,只想这件事。

There is nothing for it but to lay emphasis on its importance.
对于这件事只能强调其重要性。

He had no choico but to wait .
他除了等待,别无选择。

I couldn't do anything but just sit there and wait .
除了坐等之外,我毫无办法。

They desire nothing but to enjoy the present moment .
他们只渴望今朝有酒今朝醉。

[注]在 cannot but 后不定式不带to,亦即跟动词原形。
I cannot but laugh .
我不禁笑了起来。

I could not but choose to go .
我不得不去。

I cannot but take care of a pump .
我不得不看泵。

[注]but for 意为“要不是”“若不是”,句中谓语用虚拟语气。如
But for air and water, nothing could live .
没有空气和水,什么都活不了。

But for the rain , we would have had a nice holiday .
要是没下雨,我们的假日会过得很愉快。

We would have no money but for their aid .
要没有他们的救济,我们本会身无分文。

[注]but that 引出虚构的含有否定意思的假设从句,作“假如
......"讲。如:
But that he saw it, he could not have believed it .
要不是他亲眼看见,他早就不相信了。

I would fail my exams but that the classmates help me with my lesson.
要不是同学们帮助我学习功课,我考试就不及格了。

Unit13

1.come up with

1.在本单元中作“提出”“想出”解
The young engineer came up with a new design .
那个年轻工程师提出一种新的设计方案。

2.come up with 有“拿出”“筹措钱”之意
You have no choice but to come up with  18 , 000 .
你别无选择,必须拿出一万八千英镑。

3.come up wit 亦可作“赶上”解。如:
Let's hurry up so that we may come up with them 
咱们快些走,以便赶上他们。

We shall have to work hard so as to come up with the other fimm.
我们得努力工作才能赶上另一家商行。

2.benefit from/by

1.benefit from/by 意为“从·.....中得益”“得益于......”。如;
We can all benefit from his knowledge .
我们均可得益于他的知识。

You benefit from what he told you in the letter 
你会从他的信中受益。

[注]benefit 可作为及物动词用,意为“有益于”。
The trade agreement will greatly benefit the developing countries.
贸易会谈将大大的有益于发展中国家。

3.percent

1.百分数作主语时,即 percent 后有数时,应注意两点:一是 percent不能用复数形式;
二是谓语动词的单复数。如果 percent后的名词为单数,谓语动词用单数;其后的名词
为复,谓语动词则用复数。
About 70 percent of the surface of the earth is water
地球表面大约百分之七十是水。

[注]percent 可作为副词用,在句中作状语。
I notice you don't say that you're a hundred percent convinced yourself.
我注意到你没有让你自己完全信服。

[注]percent 也可作形容词用,在句中充当定语。
I paid him six percent interest .
我付给他百分之六的利息。

[注]percentage 意为“百分比”,多与 of 连用。如果连用的名词是复数,后面的动词就用复数形式,
否则用单数形式。
What percentage of his income is paid in income tax?
他的收人有多大比例用来交所得税?

4.vary

1.varied 是由动词 vary 变化而来的过去分词,在句中作定语或表语
They made varied efforts to bring about a peaceful solution of the problems.
他们做了种种努力来和平解决这些问题。

They are rich in content and varied in style.
它们内容丰富、风格多样。

He had had varied training and had held many offices.
他受过多种训练并担任过多种职务。

2.动词vary意为“有差异”“有变化”时,是不及物动词。如
Courses vary according to the needs of the students .
课程根据学生的需要而不同。

People vary very much in their ideas .
人与人的想法差别是很大的。

The answers given by different people vary greatly .
不同人作出的回答,差别非常大。

3.vary可作及物动词,意思是“使..有变化”“变换”。
You should vary your diet.
你的饮食应经常变换花样。

She varies her dress as fashion changes 她的衣着随潮流而变化。
[注]my充当及物动词时,可用现在分词作定语。如: vanying prices不断变化的价格。

5.species

1.species 意为“种”“类”。单复数同形,主要指生物学上有相同特征的动植物品种、种类。
Some species of animals have become extinct because they could not
adapt to a changing environment .
有一些动物已经灭绝了,因为它们不能适应环境的变化。

[注]species 可用来表示“人类”。如:
OThe use of nuclear weapons is a horrible threat to the species .
核武器的使用对人类是一个严重的威胁。

[注]species 在口语中表示“种类”,相当于 a kind,a type,a sort。
Various species of business advertisements on the television sometime 
make TV programs rather dull .
电视上五花八门的商业广告有时使电视节 目十分乏味。

A strange species of car attracted the attention of people .
一种形状奇特的轿车引起了人们的注意。
[注]英语中还有 specie 这个词,不要把它误认为是 species 的单数
这是两个完全不同的词。species 意为“硬币”。

6.yet**

7.up to**

1.
His interests ranged from chess to surfing.
他的爱好从下棋到冲浪,无所不有。

Their ages ranged from 25 to 50 .
他们的年龄在二十五岁到五十岁之间。

2.range 后接介词 over 时表示“漫游”“涉及”“包括”。
We ranged over the hills and valleys .
我们在山上和山谷中漫游。

Our conversation ranged over many topics .
我们的谈话涉及许多话题。

[注]range 作“漫游”解释时,可作为及物动词用。如:
DHe spent the summer ranging the countryside .
他在乡间漫游,度过了夏天。

3.**all the way 意为“一直”“始终”,也可以用 **to whole way。
8There being no bus , he had to walk all the way home .
没有公共汽车,他不得不一直步行到家。

4.up to此处是与 mom 连用的。up to 单独使用时有“直到”“至多意。
It could be up to two years before the project is completed.
可能需要两年时间这项工程才能完成。

She was here up to a few minutes apo .
她直到数分钟前还在这里。

Our minibus can hold up to eight people .
我们的小车能容纳 8 人。

5.[注]up to 有很多意思,常见的还有“忙于”“由-....·决定、负责”
What have you been up to all day while I' ve been busy?
我整天忙着的时候你在干什么?

Go and see what these girls are up to.
去看看这些女孩子在于什么。

It's up to you whether you decide to take the job .
要不要这份工作由你自己决定。

lt's up to you to break the news to him.
该由你把这消息告诉他。

6.[注]up to 还可作“及得上”“可以与-..-.-相比较”解。如:
This new book of Green's isn't up to his last .
格林的这本书不如上一本好。

He is not up to his father as a scholar .
作为学者他不如他父亲。

 8.way**

9.make词组

1.make up of 常用被动式,意为“由··...·所组成”。
**for instance 例如
Paper, for instance , is made up of transparent fibres .
例如纸就是由透明纤维构成的。

2.make up 可作“弥补”“赔偿”“补足”解
This will make up for what he lasked in book knowledge.
这就可以补足他所缺少的书本知识。

The new tencher made up for his ineaperience by careful preparation for
each lenson .
这位新教师每节课都认真准备,以此惊补自己的经验不足。

3.make mp 亦可作“编选”“虚构”解
He asked ench of us to make up a dialogue .
他让我们每人编一段对话。

4.make up 还有“和解”“言归于好”之意。如:
She told us about their quarrele and how they made up.
她给我们讲到了他们的争吵以及他们怎样又和好。

When a quarrel has once been made up, the best thing is to forget it.
一场争吵和解后,最好是把它忘掉。

They advised him to make things up with his wife.
他们劝他和变子盲归于好。

5.make up 亦有“傲成”“创好”之意。如:
Then they made them up into tablets .
然后他们把它们制成了药。

They made up their beds immediately after getting up .
他们一退身就把床铺好。

10.break down  

1.break down 是个常用词组，我们在高二上册同步讲解中已作过解释,但此处 break down
 作“分解”解。
Chemicals in the body break our food down into useful substances .
##人体里的化学元素把食物分解成有用的物质。

The figures on living expenses must be broken down into food, shelter,
education , medical bills and so on .
##生活消费的数字必须细分为食物类、住房类、教育类、医疗费类等等。

2.还有很多解释,常见的有“(身体)了”“(计“(精神)支持不住了”。如:
His health broke down because he had strained himself too mu
work .
他因工作劳累过度而把身体搞垮了。
 
Their plan has broken down .
他们的计划失败了。

3.break down 可作“(机器等)坏了”解。如:
Then the car I was in broke down .
那时我乘坐的汽车坏了。

When the pumps broke down, they would repair them for us
水泵坏了,他们就帮我们修。

4.break down 有“中断”之意。如:
He broke down in the middle of his speech .
他讲到一半儿停了下来。

That is how the talks broke down .
谈判就是那样中断的。

5.break down 还“打破”“摧毁”“制服”之意。如:
We have broken down the resistence of the enemy.
我们已经打垮了敌人的顽抗。

The police tried to break down the prisoner's opposition.
警察试图压制囚犯的反抗。

11 . take advantage of**

1.take advantage of 意为“利用”“占便宜”。如:
They often took advantage of his lack of experience
他们常常利用他缺乏经验这个弱点。

He took advantage of his friend's kindness.
他利用广他朋友的好心肠。

He didn't want take unfair advantage .
他不底意占人便宜。

Jone took adyanlage tothe lunch hour to fnish her homework .
珍和用个饭时闻完成家庭作业。

OWe took advantage of ihe fne weather to air quilis .
我们腔好关气晾晒被褥。

They took full advantape of the sahool's faoilidies
他们充分利用学校的设施。

[注]take advantape of sb,查为“骗(提界)某人”“利用某人(的弱点。）
He's tking advantope of her pood nature .
他在利用她更性善良的弱点。

She took advantape of' him even after they were divoreed .
即使在高婚后，她还在顺骗他。

[注]take advantage of 查为“利用”而 
have the adyantage of 则意为“胜过......”“对....具有优势”“具有·..的优点”。
He has the advantage of  me in experience .
他在经验方面胜过我。

Cereals have the advantage of' being rich in iron .
悲片喇具有富含铁质的优息。

[往]表示"利用(机会)"或“利用(时间)”还可以用 
take te opportunity , take , (one's ) time。

He likes to lake his time over breakfast .
他喜欢不紧不慢地吃早饭。

Some of' the soldierg took the opportunity the next day to go ashore .
第二天有些上兵利用这机会上岸去了。

12. add to和 add up to

1.这两个词组的意思完全不同。前者意为“增加”,后者作“总计”。
The music added to our enjoyment of the film .
这部电影的音乐使我们更加喜欢这部电影。

Every book you need will edd to your store of knonledze
你每读一本书就会增加一点儿知识。

2.add up to意为“总数是”“加起来是”。
Their knowleige of how other people live doesn't add up to much.
他们关于别人生活情况的了解合在一起也没有多少。

[注]add up to 还可用于引申意义,表示“意味着”“等于说”。
Your long answer just adds up to a refusal .
你这冗长的回答就等于是拒绝。

She gave many ercuses , but what they added up to was that she did not
want to come.
她提出了种种借口,但只不过说明她不想来

13 . be sensitive to

1.be sensitive to 意为“对.....·敏感”。
Photographic paper is highly sensitive to light .
照相纸对光十分敏感。

2.sensitive 有“神经质的”“神经过敏的”意思。如:
You really must stop being so sensitive about your accent .
你实在不必为自己的口音感到烦燥不安。
Don't mention she's put on weight -- she's very sensitive about it.
不要说她胖了一-她对此非常敏感。

3.sensitive 可引申为“善解人意的”。如;
He is very sensitive to his pupils’ need for encourgement and knows when
to praise them .
他非常理解学生对鼓励的需要,并知道何时表扬他们。

4.[注]另一个词 eensible 和 sensitive一样都是形容词但意思不sensible 
意为“明智的”“合情合理的”。
Why don't you do something sensible in your spare time?
咨为什么不在业余时间干些有意义的事情呢?

You are sersible to take his aivice .
你听从随的动告 是明智的。

14.play a trick on 

1.play a tick on 意为“提弄”"开玩笑”,也可以说 play sb.a tick
He plsyed her a bad trick by taking all her money.
他跟她开了个恶劣的玩笑,把她的钱全拿去了。

it nerer occumed to me that they were plaving a trick on me .
我从未想到他们是在捉弄我。

Thev played a thousand tricks on him.
他们千方百计地欺骗他。

They are playing harmless tricks on one another.
他们正彼此毫无恶意地恶作剧。(play sb.a tick)

2.call  in 作“我来”“请来”解,通常是指请医生或警察。如:
Call in a doctor at once.
马上把医生请来。

He insisted that we should call in a expert at this point .
这时他坚决主张我们去请一位专家来。

3.call in 可作“来访”“到···那里去”解。如:
He called in and told us that the machine had been badly damased.
他来告诉我们机器受到了严重损坏。

I fcmed the habit of calling in on them in the evenings .
我每天晚上都到他们那里去,这已形成了习惯。

4.call in 还有“收回”之意。如:
The librarinas has called in all the books
图书馆管理员把书都收回去了。

5.[注]call in 作“来访”解时,可看作不及物动词,如表示“访问某人”
要说 call in on sb.。
Could you call in on Mum on your way home?
你能不能在回家的路上看看妈妈?

I got into the habit of calling in on the bookstore on my way home.
我在回家的路上总要去书店看看,这已成了习惯。

15.creat

1.creale 在本课中作“造成”“引起”解。如:
##That of course would create a tense situation in the area .
这自然会造成这个地区的紧张形势。

##His speech created much ill will among the lower classes.
他的讲话在下层民众中引起极大反感。

2.create 可作“创造”“创作”解。
Dickens created many wonderful characters in his works .
狄更斯在他的作品中创造了许多奇妙的人物。

3.fill...with...意为“装满”“充满”。
Then she filled everyone's cup with steaming tea .
然后她给大家斟上热腾腾的茶。

The announcement flled her with excitement.
那项声明使她激动不已。

[注]fill with 常用过去分词作表语或定语。
These days were filled with important and exciting events .
这些日子发生了许多重要的激动人心的事。

The hall was at once filled with great joy .
大厅里顿时一片欢腾。

16.provide

1.provide 意为“提供”“借给”,通常用
“provide sb with sth"或
”provide sth.to /for sb,"
这两个结构,意为“向某人提供某物”。
The sick were provided with blankets against cold.
给这些病人提供了御寒的毯子。

[注]provide 与 against 连用。
They had already provided against the attack
他们已做好应付进攻的准备。

We have to provide against accidents .
我们必须做好应付事故的准备。

2.[注]provide 的过去分词可引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”“只要”。
You may keep the book a further week provided that no one else requiresit。
只要没有别人要这本书，你还可借一个星期。

We'll visit Europe next year, provided we have the money .
如果我们有这笔钱,我们明年将去欧洲。

[注]providing 也可引导条件状语从句。
You may go out providing you do your homework first.
只要你先把作业做好,你就可以出去。

Providing ( that ) there is no oppositions , we shall hold the sports 
meet here .
如果没有人反对,我们将来这里开运动会。

17.protect

1.protect 意为“保护”,后接介词 from 或 against。
The eyelashes protect the eyes from dust and dirt
眼睫毛保护眼睛不让尘埃和脏东西进去。

2.[注)动词 protect 表示“保护......免受......”,后用 fom 或 against可以,但对于较大的
事情如天灾等,介词一般用 against。较的事情用 from。
体会在protect 后用 from 和 against 的差别:
The tea plants must be protected against frost in winter 
必须保护茶树在冬季不受霜冻。

The insurance policy protects you against fire .
如遭火灾,保险单将保证你的损失得到偿付。

Unit14

1.on

1.on意为“朝向”“向······方向”,是正式用语。
Take the fist turning on your right .
在第一个路口向右拐。

Fortune smiled on his enterprise .
他的企业兴旺发达。

Ellen is eating, her eves on her food.
海伦吃东西时两眼盯着食物。

[注]on 作副词用时,也有“向前”之意。如:
##If you walk on , you'll come to the church .
如果你再向前走,就到教堂了。

##If any letters come while you are away , shall I send them on?
如果你不在的时候有信来,我是不是要转寄给你?

The two strolled on, arguing.
两人辩论着往前溜达。

There's no use staying on .
继续呆下去没有用。

2. treat  as  

At that time in the southern states , blacks were not treated 
as equal citizens.
那时在南方各州黑人不被当作平等的公民对待。

1.动词 treat 与 as 或 like 连用,表示“把·-....当作.....·看待”。
Why do you treat the matter as a joke?
你为什么把这件事当作玩笑呢?

she treated me as if I were a child .
她把我当作小孩看待。

2.treat 可作“探讨”“处理”“讨论”解。
The novel treats the subjeet of justice.
这部小说的主题是正义。

The theme of the play is skillfully treated .
这个剧的主题处理得很巧妙。

3.treat 亦有“款待”“待客”之意。
[注]teat 作上述“款待”“待客”解释时,与介词 to 连用。
He treated his friends to a soda, and they treated him to a movie.
他请他的朋友们喝汽水,他们请他看电影。

4.treat 与 of 连用时,表示“论述”“推论”。
[注]treat 还可作“治疗”解释,请参见《1 + 1 同步讲解》高二上册第228 页。
The report treats of the progress of cancer research .
该报告论述了对癌症研究的进展情况。

3.section 

1.section 为名词,在本课中意为“区”“地段”(a part of a place)。
The library has a section for teachers.
图书馆有个地方来供教师阅读。

4.by**

By doing this, he set an example to the rest sections of' the world.
他以此给世界其他地区树立了榜样。

by和with都可以用来表示某人如何做某事,但这两个词之间有重要的区别:
by用于表示动作或方式,后限动名词或抽象名词;
而with通常表示用的是什么工具或其他具体的东西。试比较:

5.**132页没有录入

1.本句中的表语从句中的动词用的是虚拟语气,当表示“要求"“建议”“命令”这类意义的名词作主语时,其后的名词性从句应该用虚拟语气,动词形式为“should + 动词原形”或直接用动词原形,这类名词常见的有
suggeslion，proposal，demand，request， order，requirement, advice, idea 等。
Sophia's idea was that they should lock up the home.
索菲娅的想法是把大门锁起来。

Her suggestion was that they carry on their conversation in French.
她的建议是他们用法语对话。

2.[注]下面是这类名词后的同位语从句,谓语动词也用“should + 动词原形”或直接用动词原形
They were faced with the demand that this tax ( should) be abolished.
他们面对着废除这个税的要求。

the same...as...意为“和·.....相同的”,在这个结构中,as 为关系代词,引导定语从句,在从句中,as 可作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时,as 也不能省略。
[注]as作为关系代词代表前而生句的意思,和 which 代表主句的意思很相似,但 as 有“正如”的涵义,而which 没有。
Lincoln was killed in a thentro by an actor, an is dencribed in thin book正如这木书所描了的,林肯是在一家剧院里被一个演员谋养的。

6.

where blnck peoplo hnd equnl rights nnd were free to live, study 
and work as they wished .
那儿的熙人享有同等的权利,能自由地按自己的意愿生活、学习和工作。
**be free to do sth、意为”自由自在、不受拘束地做某事”。
You are hee to go or stay as you please .
去或留随你的便。

Everyone is free to express himself.
每个人都可以畅所欲言。

She is not free to marry because she has to look after her parents.
她不能结婚,因为她必须照顾双亲。

She felt free when she left home and moved to the city .
他离开家乡到城市后感到无拘无束。

The prisoner will be set free next week
那个囚犯在下周释放。

2.free 还可解释为“免费的”,相当于 without payment of any kind，cost 
nothing。
Anyone who buys this breakfast food gets a free gift of a small 
plastics toy .
购买这份早餐食物的人都可得到一件免费的塑料玩具。

3.free 还可作“空闲的”“未被利用的”解。
##The doctor will be free in ten minutes. Can you wait that long?
医生十分钟后有空,你能等一下吗?

4.free from/of 意为“不受·...··影响的”。
The old lady is never free from/of pain .
如那次事故完全不能怪她。

5.还可作副词用,意为“自由地”“免费地”“松动地”。如
Don’t let the dog run free on the main road .
别让那条狗在大街上随便乱跑。

Babies are allowed to travel frec on buses .
婴儿可免费乘公共汽车。

Two of the screws in this old wooden door have worked themselves 
free.
那扇旧木门上的两颗螺丝钉松动了。

6.还可作动词用,意为“使自由"“免除”“解放”“使松动”。
The little boy freed the bird from its cage .
那小男孩把笼子里的鸟放了。

I need to go out. Can you free me for an hour?
我需要出去一下,你能让我离开一小时吗?

At last he freed himself from debt .
他终于还清了债务。

7.[注]reely 也是副词,但与 free 作副词时解释不同。
freely 意为“地”“慷慨地”“坦率地”“自由地”。
##I freely admit that what I said just now was wrong .
我主动承认刚才我说的话错了。

##He gives his time freely to help the school .
他用自己的大量时间来为学校办事。

You can speak quite freely in front of me . I shan't tell anyone 
what you say.
你有话可坦率地对我说,我不会告诉任何人。
as they wished 中的 as 与讲解 5 中的 as 不同,在此用作连词,方式状语从句,
有关 as 的这种用法,请见本书第 11 单元讲解9。

7.act**

act 在此处为名词,作“法案”解,常大写。
an Act of Parliament(美国)议院的法案
the Acts of Congress(美国)国会的法案

The Congress has passed an Act forbidding the drug .
国会通过了一项禁止毒品的法案。
Last week the new government announced an Act of Grace

8.murder

1.murder意为“谋杀”“因杀”,既可以作动词,也可以作名词,作名词时意为“谋杀案”,
是可数名词。
Police are still looking for the nuinder weapon .
警察们仍在寻找谋杀用的凶器

There happened two murders this month in the tomn
这个镇上本周发生了两起凶杀案。

One day , a man was murdered in the street .
有一天，一个人在街上被谋杀了。

2.[注]请注意 murder 与 kill 的区别,kill 是个普通的词,意为“造任何生物)死亡”,
其主语可以是人,也可以是物或大自然,而murder 的意思是“谋杀”,是有目的、有预谋的行为。
这比较:
The cold weather killed our tornato plants
寒冷的天气冻坏了我们种的西红柿

She was sent to prison for murdering her husband .
她因谋杀丈夫而被关进监狱。

3.murder 还可作“因缺乏技术或知识而损毁”解。
He murdered a piece cf music .
他把一支曲子演奏得不成样了。

Do you ever murder the English language!
你有没有胡乱使用英语?

It's a beautiful song, but they murdered it .
这首歌很动听,但他们唱砸了。

4.[注]murder 在非正式用法中,可解释为“极艰难的事”
**At last 最后，终于
##At last I repaired the clock , but it was munder getting 
the pieces back in .
我终于把钟修好了,但把所有的零件重新装好,可真是一件艰难的事。

9.fit  in

1.fit in 意为“(使)适合”“配合”,常与 with 连用。
The home fits in beautifully with its surroundings .
这房子同它周围的环境非常协调。

The piece of evidence does not fit in with that of the other witness.
这一证据同另一证人提供的不一致。

2.fit in可作“安排时间或地方”解。
Sony. I can't fit in any more callers this morning .
对不起,今天上午我不能再接待更多的来访者了。

I think one can fit in an additional room behind the kitchen.
我想我们可以在厨房后面辟出一间房间。

10.part in

1.in part 意为“在某种程度上”“部分地”。
This was in part due to the financial difficulties .
这部分上是由于财政困难造成的。

The house has been painted in part.
这房子只是部分粉刷了。

2.[注]in part 相当于 partly，上述 in 可以用 partly 替换。
Perhaps you are partly right .
或许你圯祷鹊顺徘侩￥罢一部分是对的。

[注]注意 in part 与 in parts 的区别:后者作“分次”“分册”“有些分”解,
例如 novel in three parts 一本分为三部的小说

11 be well-known for, be well-known as 及 famous 的异同

be well known for 和 be well known as 都有“以......而著称”之意,但者表示主
语以某一方面著称,而后者则意为主语作为一个整体以么著称。请阅读下面例句,
体会其中的差别:
Martin Luter king was well-known for fighting for equal right for
blacks .
马丁·路德金以为黑人的平等权利战斗而著称。

Martin Luter king was well-known as a freedom fighter.
马丁·路德金以一名自由战上而著称。

[注]well-known 的近义词是 famous。 famous 是个普通词,使用最广泛,多用于褒义。侧重好名声,
语义比 well-known 强;读上面的几个例句中 well-know 可用 famous替代。well-know 
通常与名声好坏无关,也表示“广为人知”。下面的句子中,well-known 不能用 famous 替代。

It is well-known that bamboo shoot is a panda's main food .
众所周知竹笋是熊猫的主食。

It's a well-known fact that smoking can cause lung cancer.
吸烟可导致肺癌,这是众所周知的事实。

12.再谈“be+ of+ 名词”

1.关于“be + of +名词”,我们在 1+1 高二上册已作过分析,这里我们从另一角度来阐述一下。
介词 of 在这里表人或物的特征这是 of 的一种最常见的用法,只不过在这里是用在 be 
动词之后作表语。构成了我们所要谈的这个结构,而在其他情况下,多用在名词后作定语,
也表示人或物的特征。
That's one true act of friendship .
这是一个真正的友好行动。(定语)

The act is of true friendship .
这个行动是真正友好的。(表语)

The mantger is of the same opinion .
经理也持同样看法。(表酒)

13.well

1.well 此处为副词,表示程度常用来修饰介词短语。
It's well past six o'clock . Let's hurry .
六点多了,快点吧。

2.##well 表示程度时,也可修饰部分形容词或副词。
He's well advanced in his years.
他年纪相当大了。
They were well down in front. 
他们坐得很靠前。
The wheat is well forwaid now.小麦已经长得相当高了
The Glm is well worth seeing. 这电影很值得一看。

14 . start with

1.start with 意为“以·..·.·开始”“从·....·着手”“开头有”。
His illness started with a slight cough .
他的病开始时只是轻微的咳嗽。

2.stat with 可作“开始时”“首先”解释,这时常作插入语。
You have no right to raise this question , to start with
首先,你们无权提这个问题。

3.[注]to start with 也可作状语
They paid him only five dollars a week to slart with.
开始时,他们每周只给他五美金的工资。

15.ask for

1.ask for 在此处作“要求得到”“需要”解。如:
The employees asked for an increase in their pay.
员工们要求提高工资。

Everything that was asked for has now been sent
所要的东西现在全送去了。

2.ask for 有“求见”“找(某)人”之意。
He is not the man you are asking for.
他不是你要找的人。

Just now sorneone asked for you on the phone。
刚才有人打电话找你。

3.**ask sb.for sth.有“向某人要某物”之意。
They asked us for our impressions of the fair.
他们要我们谈谈对交易会的印象。

16.in common

in common意为“共用”“共有”“共同"(如要表示“与..-.共有(用)”,后接介词with等)。
Freedom fighters in history had something in common, that is thfought 
for freedom of most people , not few .
历史上的自由战士有共同点,那就是他们为大多数人的自由斗争,不是为少数人。(共同)

The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the town.
这个游泳池供镇上所有的孩子共同使用。（共用）

In common with most Italian lakes , access to' the shores of Orta is re
stricted .
和大多数的意大利湖一样,进人奥培湖泊受到限制。

He had little in common with his little sister .
他与妹妹没有多少共同之处。

17. give voice to

1.give voice to 意为“提出(意见)”“吐露(感情)”。
Dnly Jack dared to give voice to his discontent.
只有杰克敢于表达他的不满。

2.有关 voice 的词组很多,常见的有 :
raise one's voice         放大声音讲话
with one voice            异口同声地,
at the top of one's voice 高声地,
lose one voice            发不出声音，
keep one’s voice dow      说话声要小一点等等

I don't want to have to raise my voice to you again .
我不想再对你大声嚷嚷。

Keep your voice down, and don't wake up the sleeping child .
声音小一点,不要吵醒熟睡的小孩。 

With one voice, they agreed to go on strike.
他们一致同意继续罢工。

He gave lessons at the top of his voice.
他放开嗓门讲课。

I've got a bad cold, and I've lost my voice.
我得了重感冒,嗓子都发不出声来了。

Unit15

1.set fit

1.set fit意为“以为正确,合适”“恩意”“决定”,如要表示“认为做某事合适”,
应在 see ht 后加动词不定式。
I don't see fit to tell hirn all our plans .
把我们的全部计划告诉他,我看不大台适.

You may stay on if you see fit to do so .
如果你愿意的话，可以在这里继续果下去。

I don't know why they see fit to leave so suddenly.
我不明白,他们为什么决定这样突然走掉。

Do You may arrange everything as you see fit .
这一切,你觉得怎么办好就怎么办。

For some reason , they saw fit to exolude him from the invitation list .
由于某种原因,他们觉得不把他列人邀请名单为好。

They saw fit to employ someone else .
他们觉得雇佣别人更合适。

2.look into

1.look into 意为“调查”“了解”“研究”
The police are working into the records of all these involved in the crime。
警方正在查阅所有卷人这一犯罪事件的人的档案。

The police are looking into possible causes of the accident .
警方正在调查事故的原因。

3Your complaint is being looked into. When we have anything to report
we will write to you again .
你的申诉我们正在处理,如有可以奉告之处,会再给你写信。

The manager has promised that he will look into the matter at once .
经理答应会马上调查此事。

2.[注]see into 还有“调查”“了解”之意。如:
I will see into tis business.
我去了解一下这事。

Will you please go and see into the problem?
请你去调查一下这个问题好吗?

3.[注]但 see into 还有“看出”“察觉”“看破”之意,而 look into 无此意
I wish I had the gift of seeing into people's hearts .
我希望拥有看出人们内心世界的本领。K;

It's difficult for me to see into his full meaning.
我很难弄懂他的全部意思。
He began to return to health when he was able to see into the 
causes of his trouble .
在他能够认清自己疾病根源后他开始恢复健康了。

3. get /have an itch for sth. /to do sth.

1.get/have an itch for sth./to do sth.渴望(做)某事。
Go on , I know you have an itch to tell me.
快点,我知道你迫不及待地想告诉我。

He hes an itch for personal fame and gains.
他追名逐利。

2.[注]itch 可作动词用,意为~渴望~“急于”。
The seneral was itching for fight. 
将军渴望打仗.

He itched to tell his friends the news.
他急于要把这消息告诉他的朋友们。

3.[注]itch 作名词时,也可以单独使用。
OThe itch to travel began in his childhood .
早在童年时代他就渴望旅行。

4.

Should you feel the urge to pack your bags and explore what the world
has ofler,you may went to consider one of the destinafions low.
如果你感觉到有一种背起背包探索世界的冲动,你也许会考虑下的一个目的地。

1.这是一个与将来可能发生的事实相反的虚拟语气,条件句中的语用倒装句式,省去了连词if,
而把 should 放在句首,在虚句中,如谓语动词中有 should,were,had 时,可将其移至句首,省去if。

Had I not seen it with my own eyes , I would not have believed it.
要不是我亲眼所见,我就不会相信了。

Should you change your mind , no one would blame you .
万一你改变主意,谁也不会怨你。

Had I known your address , I would have written before .
我要是知道你的地址,我早就给你写信了。

2.consider 此处意为“考虑”,后接名词、代词、动名词或从句。
Have you considered how you could achieve your purpose?
你考虑过如何能达到你的目的吗?

3.[注]consider 后可跟不定式,但必须是“疑同词 + 不定式”,不可直接
跟不定式。
Before she could consider whal to do, her mother came in.
她还没来得及考虑怎么办,她母亲进来了。

4.consider 可作“认为”解释,一般后面跟从句,复合宾语或带不定式的复合结构。
##It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.
那样做一般认为是不可能的。

5.urge 此处是名词,意为“冲动”“强烈的愿望”,常跟 have,feel 等动词搭配。
He had a sudden urge to go to Italy.
他突然很想到意大利去。(冲动)

Mr Turner had an urge to open a shop of his own .
特纳先生有一种强烈的愿望要开办自己的商店。(强烈的愿望)

6.urge 也可用作动词,意为“督促”“要求”“促使”,后接不定式作宾语,或用 
urge sb.to sth.结构。
We urged our guests to stay for dinner.
我们坚持留客人吃饭.

I urge him to an explanation.
我极力请求他作出解释。

The teacher urged us to hand in our exereises.
老师催促我们交作业。

7.urge 可作“强烈”“极力主张”解释,表示“向某人强调”,
常用 urge on sb.。
The teacher urged on her students the importance of hard work.

The doctor unged on his patiente tho need for regular physical check-ups.
**physical check-ups 身体检查
这位医生向他的病人强测定期体验的重要性。

5.

Rio de janciro, Brazi's second largest city , stretehes itself lazily among
the coast of te Adantie Ocenn .
里约热内卢,巴西第二大城市,沿着大西洋海岸悠闲地展开她的身姿。

1.strech 意为“延伸”“绵延”不仅是指地点的延伸
What are you stretching your neck for? Can't you see well?
你伸长脖子干什么? 你看不清吗?

You are stretching my patience to the limit .
你把我的耐心都耗尽了。

Perhaps the sweater will fit you if you stretch it 
如果你把毛衣捕一抽,也许就合身了。

2.coast,shore 与 beach 的区别
coast 是指海岸线,通常是指从这处看到的海洋与陆地的分界线;
或把这一分界线作为一个整体来看待。
Looking down from the plane , we could see the Dutch coast.
我们从飞机上往下看,可以看到荷兰的海岸线。

beach 指海滩,相对比较平坦,覆盖着沙子或碎石,适宜游泳,日光浴,或停靠小船。
They walked for a while along the beach.
他们沿海滩走了一会儿。
[注]beach 可作动词用,意思说“使......冲滩”。
The boat has been beached near the rocks .
那小船已被冲到沙滩上

shore 是一个较为笼统的说法,主要指“海岸”“海滨”,既可以包括beach,也可以指岩石或陡峭的岸边。
We found many shells on the seashore .
我们在海岸上找到许多贝壳。

6. give/have a glimpse of

1.glimpse 意为“一瞥”“一看”,常与 have,give, catch 等动词连用
He caught a glimpse of a young couple lying on the grasslands 
looking atthe blue sky .
他看见一对年轻人躺在草地上望着蓝色的天空
[注]glimpse 与 glance 都表示“匆匆一瞥”,但 glance 只意味着“看”而
 glimpse 还意味着“看见”,glimpse 往往是 glance 的结果,
如:He gave a glance at the stranger 意为“他打量了一下那个陌生人”。
He caught a glimpse of the stranger.意思是“他瞥见了那个陌生人”。
前句表示动作,后句表示动作的结果

2.glimpse 也可作动词用,意思与作名词时相同。
He glimpsed at the letter, then threw it impatiently aside.
他把信粗略地看了一眼,便不耐烦地丢到了一边。

3.glimpse 也可引中为“了解”“开始理解”。
He glimpsed the despair that she felt .
他突然间理解了她那绝望的感觉。

she glimpsed something of what life ought to be about .
她开始领悟到人生应该是怎么回事。

7.get/be  tired  of 

1.get/be tired or 意思是“对... 厌烦,ge 是连系动词,常见的系动
词还有 become,grow 等。
She grew tired of talking to these people .
和这些人谈话,她已经厌烦了。

2.be tired of 意为“对·....·厌烦, be tired from 则表示“由于......
累”,偶尔也用介词 wih。
You're tired enough from caring for me. 
你照顾我,够累的了。

I'm very tired with that long walk
走了这么长一段路,我非常累。

3.tire是动词,原意是“使.....·疲倦”“使......厌烦”。
The ceremony was short so as not to tire them .
仪式很简短,以免使他们疲劳。

4.tire...out 是“使.....·筋疲力尽”之意。
He tired us with his long speeches.他长的讲话使人厌烦

If driving lires you， take the rain.如果开车累,就乘火车吧

All that running around tires me out .
这么跑来跑去真把我累垮了。

I'm tired out. I think I'll go to bed .
我已疲倦至极,想上床休息.

5.tire 也可作不及物动闻用,tire of 可以无被动式,意为”对·....·感到厌倦”
与 be tired of 意思差不多。如;
**Sooner or later 早晚
Sooner or later she may tire of eating fish.
早晚她会吃鱼吃腻的。

8 .cool off

1.cool of 意思是“变凉快”“凉下来”,也可以说 cool down。
Don't be in such a haste , Let your tea cool down a linle before 
you drink it，
不要这样急,等茶凉一点再喝。

2.cool off 可引申为“变冷静”之意。如:
Wait till he cools off.等他冷静下来再说。
[注]上述例句中的 cool of 或 cool down 是作不及物动词用的。
cool off 也可当作及物动词用。
A shower cooled me off a little.
冲了个澡以后,我觉得凉快了一些。

I tried to cool them all down , but they were too angry
我想使他们都平静下来,但是他们怒气太大一时消不了。

9.locate

1.locate 在本课中是及物动词,意为“设置于”“位于”,常以被动语态
或过去分词短语形式出现。
Geographically , that country is located in the Southern Hemisphere.
从地理上说,那个国家位于南半球。

Located near the railway station , the company is easy to find .
这家公司位于火车站附近,很容易找到。

2.locate 还有“找出或指出(位置)”之意。
We think we have located the source of the problem.
我们认为我们已找到了问题的根源。

They couldn't loeate the enemy, so they sent planes over hunting for 
them.
他们没能找到敌人的所在地点,因此他们派飞机去寻找.

3.locate 有两个名词.location 和 localily,前者意为“地点”“位置”
者作“地区”解。
The location of the house is near the highway .
房子的地点靠近公路。

There are no hotels in this locality.
在这个地区没有旅馆。

A post ofice should be built in a central location .
邮局应盖在中心的位置。

The town offers many shops and cafes and a wide variety of entertainment.
镇上有许多商店和咖啡馆以及各种各样的娱乐活动。

1.ofer 意为“提供”“提出”。
May I offer an opinion on this question?
我可以就这个问题提个意见吗?

Why didn't you take the seat he offered you?
你为什么不坐他让给你的位子?

He kindly offered me a ride .
他热情地要我搭他的车。

2.offer 可作“表示愿意”解释,作此解时,后面通常跟不定式。
Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要班门弄。

Having been there many times , he offered to be our guide .
他因多次去过那里,主动提出做我们的向导。

3.offer 还有“出价”之意,这时常与 for 连用。
I offered him a high price for his horse .
我出高价买他的马。

I should think I was lucky if I were offered  5000 for it.
我想要是有人愿出 5000 英镑买它,我就够幸运的了。

4.offer 亦有“发生”“出现”之意。
##I shall seize the first opportunity that offers.
一有机会我会抓住。

##We shall visit the place as occasion offers
有机会我们就去参观那个地方。

5.a variely of 意思是“各式各样的”
My little brother has a variety of interests
我的小弟有各种各样的兴趣。
[注]variely 前可有形容词来修饰。如:
A great variety of animals survive there 
那里存留下来许多种动物。

The library has a wide variety of books
这家图书馆有许许多多种类的书。

[注]variety 既可以作可数名词,也可以作不可数名词,
前者意为“品种”“异体”“种类”后者作“多样化”“变化”解释。
That farmer is always looking for new varieties of wheat .
那位农民一直在寻找新品种的麦子。

My last job lacked variety . I was doing the same thing all the time .
我的上一份工作缺乏变化,我老是在做同样的事情。

There are numerous varieties of fish in the lake .
这个湖里有无数种类的鱼。

Life at school has plenty of variety
学校的生活有多种多样的内容。

11.dip

You can take a dip in the pool , work out at the gym. . . .
你可以在游泳池里泡,在体育馆里锻炼。
1.dip 的原意是“浸”“蘸”,此处作可数名词用,是非正式用语,意为“游泳”“洗澡”。
与动词 take 或 have 连用。
They have decided to take a dip in the lake before lunch .
他们决定午饭前在湖里游一会儿泳。

2.dip 可作动词用,意为“漫”“泡”“把(手)伸人”。
Mary dipped her hand into the clear pool .
玛丽把手伸到清澈的池水里。

Ask the children to guess what's in each container by dipping 
their hand in.
叫孩子把手伸进容器里,猜猜每个容器里是什么东西。

She dipped a hand into the jar of sweets and pulled one out .
她把一只手伸进了糖果罐里,掏出了一块糖果。

3.dip 有“下沉”“下降”之意。
Unemployment dipped to 6 . 9 percent last month .
上个月的失业率下降到百分之六点九。

The boat dipped slightly under his weight .
船在他的重量下稍有下沉。

4.dip into 可引申为“浏览”“翻阅”之意。如:
Some books are intended to be read at length , others to be dipped into
有些书是供细读的,有些则供浏览。

I have only been able to dip into your book as yet .
目前我只能把你的书浏览一遍。

11.work out

1.work out,此处不是“解出(题目)”之意,而是表示“进行锻炼”“训练”。如:
The football team of our school are working out on the playground every
day.
我们学校的足球队员每天都在操场上训练。

2.work out 有“(按某种方式)发展”“有预期的结果”“有益处”之意
That plan seems to most probably work out satisfactorily .
那个计划似乎很可能获得令人满意的预期结果。

Things just didnt work out as planned .
事情没按我们的计划发展。

I'm glad that things are working out so well for them in Australia.
我很高兴他们在澳大利亚过得很不错。

I'm sure things will work out for the best in the end .
我相信事情最后将朝最好的方向发展。

12. avoid

1.avoid意为“避免”，“避开”，“躲避”，后接名词，代词或动名词。
I realized they were trying to avoid the topic.
我明白了 他们是在故意避开这个话题。

It is hard to avoid mistakes.
犯错误是难免的

2.avoid 可用作被动语态。
Misuse and waste must be avoided .
使用不当和浪费都要避免。

This difficulty can be avoided in several ways .
有几种方法可以避免这个困难。

[注]avoid 是终止性动词,不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,但是avoid 若与有否定意义的词搭配时,
则可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。
Their silence was so cold that she was unable to avoid their eyes for long.
他们的沉默是那样的令人不寒而栗，以致她无法长时间避开他们的目光。

13.by

by 表示方式方法或手段时,通常后接名词,即表示做什么事以取得预期的结果。
By helping them we are helping to save ourselves.
我们通过帮助他们来帮助我们拯救自己。

[注]by 表示方式时,并不只跟动名词,也可以跟名词,这时 by 意为“通过”“用”。
The money will be paid by cheque. 这笔钱将用支票支付。

We want to settle the problem by direct negotiation with them.
我们想通过和他们直接谈判解决这个问题。

14.include, including 和 included**

1.include 是动词,意为“包含”“包括”。如:

15.prefer**

16.some time,sometime和sometimes**

17.light

Travel light if possible.
如果可能的话,轻装旅行。

1.此处 light 作副词用,修饰动词 travel 意为“轻装地”“轻便地”“轻载地“
We always travel light，我们总是轻装旅行。

She felt uncomfortable because she slept light last night .
她昨晚睡得不实,所以感到不舒服。

Her years sit light on her though she is over fifty 
虽然她五十多岁了,但并不见老。

2.[注]ight 作副词时,与 ighlly 有所不同,后者意为“轻微地”“轻轻地”。
If you tread lightly , your footsteps will not be heard。
轻轻走,脚步声就不会被听见。

3.[注]lightly 还可以作“少量地”“清淡地”“少许”解释。如
After lunching lightly at Queenie's , he slipped into the museum.
在奎宁家吃了正午饭后,他走进了博物馆。

The cake is sprinkled lightly with sugar.
糕点上撒了少许糖。

4.[注]lightly 也可解释为“轻便地”,但多指“衣着”,不指旅行。
Many people were lightly dressed .很多人穿得很随便。

Unit 16

1.turn into

1.tumn 既可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,作及物动词时，tum...into...
意为“把···..-变成··....”。
I'm thinking of turning the flower garden into a vegetable field .
我正在考虑把花园改成菜地。

2.turn作不及物动词时,意为“变成”“译成”。
He has turned into nice boy after all .
他到底变成了一个不错的小伙子。

Jane is turning into quite a skilled musician .
简正成长为一个训练有素的音乐家。

Shakespeare's plays are difficult to turn into any other language.
莎士比亚的戏剧译成其他语言是困难的。

 2.connect... with...

1。connect...with...意为“连接”“使有关系”。
The police did not connect him with the murder.
警方没有想到他与凶杀案有关。

2.动词 join 也有“连接”之意,与介词to连用connect...with...“连接”解时同义。
Sometimes the needles are joined to electric wires .
有时把针和电线连接起来。

3.pass through

1.pass though 在本课中作“通过”“经过”解释。如:

The newspaper is passing through the press .
报纸正在印刷中。

His sister had passed through medical college to become a qualifed doctor .
他姐姐上完了医学院成了一名合格的医生。

4. stuggle**

5.pain

1.pain 原意为“疼痛”,表示身体局部的疼痛,其前一般用不定冠词，也可以用复数。如:
[注]表示身体某部分的疼痛,介词要用 in,不可用 at 或 on
She had pains in her back all the time. 她背部一直痛。

2.pain 表示“痛苦”时,是不可数名词。如:
You will forgive me if I have given your pain
如果我给了你痛苦,请你原谅我。

How well I understood the confusion and pain of her parents!
我非常理解她父母的迷惑和痛苦!

3.pain 作“烦恼”“辛苦”“费心”“努力”解释时要用复数形式。如：
He is a good teacher and takes great pains with his pupils.
他是个好老师,非常尽力地教育学生。(尽力)

With great pains and much patience , I at last manased to get from them
the information I wanted .
我煞费苦心,坚韧不拔,总算从他们那里弄来了我需要的信息。（费心）

She took great pains to show me how the computer worked.
她努力向我展示这台计算机的工作原理。(努力)

4.[注lin pain 是“痛苦”“疼痛”之意,通常作表语,wit pain 是“疼痛地“ 
“痛得”之意,用作状语。如:
The soldier was wounded , and in pain .
这名战士受伤了,疼得很。

5.[注]也可作动词用,意为“使心痛(痛苦)”“使苦恼”。如:
It pained me to watch them quarrel .
看见他们争吵我很难受。

On nights like this , his wounded foot pained him.
在这样的夜晚,他的伤脚就作痛。

6.run 

1.run 此处为连系动词,后接形容词,意为“变得”。
They had to retum to camp because their food supply was running low.
因为粮食不够了,他们只好返回营地。

You mustn't let the children run wild and do exactly what they like.
你不要让孩子们毫无约束,爱干什么就干什么。

As the fuel ran short, the plane was forced to land.
由于燃料快要用完,飞机被迫落。

2.run作行为动词时、有很多用法,除了其基本意思，“跑”“运转”
“行驶”“流消”外,还可作"通往”“延续”解释。
We have had a wet summier tlirce years running .
我们这儿已经连续三年夏天多雨。

The strcet runs fom north to south .
这条街是南北向的。

3.run 还有“内容为·.....”之意。
He received a note which ran as follows .
他收到一个条子,内容如下。

The story runs like this.故事大致内容如下。

This is how the song runs.这首歌曲是这样唱的。

7.come词组

1.come out of 意为“有...···的结果”。
Nothing came out of this talk .
这次会议没有产生任何结果。

Well, what came out of your careful planning?
喂,你那样精心筹划的结果怎样?

No one can say what will come out of the discussion .
谁也说不上讨论会有什么结果。

2.注意 come out 后接不同的介词表示不同的意思。如 come out with
意为“说出来”“讲出”“发表”。
If you have anything in your mind , I want you to come out with it .
你要是有什么想法,我希望你说出来。(说出来)

He came out with some funny ideas .
他提出了一此可笑的想法。（提出）

That year they came out with another article .
那一年他们又发表了一篇文章。（发表）

3.come out 意为“出版”“出来”。
The magazine comes out once a month
这本杂志每月出一期。

4.come out 还有“开花”“褪色”“罢工”等意思,要根据句意来推测其确切的意思。
I think the roses will come out next week.
我想玫瑰下星期要开了。（开花）

Will the color come out if the cloth is washed?
这布洗了会褪色吗?（褪色）

The dockers have come out on strike .
码头工人罢工了。(罢工)

How did the film come out?
这片子拍得怎样?

8.bum down

1.bum down 意为“烧掉”“焚毁”,既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。
The woodshed burnt down in half an hour.
小木屋半个小时就烧毁了。

2.[注]bum down 所指的“烧毁”多是指将高大的物体烧毁,烧塌.而burn up 也有“烧掉”“烧毁”之意,其范围比 burn down要广,既可指建筑物被烧毁,也可指其他的东西被烧毁,烧掉。
The house burned up before the firemen got there.
还没等消防人员来到,那房子就烧毁了。

3.[注]请注意 bum down。bum up buming 与 bur out 的区别,后者意为“烧完”“烧坏”“烧尽”。
The poet's ability bumt itself out belore he was thirty诗人的才能还不到三十农就枯竭了。

[注]bum out 也可表示将建筑物或其他物体烧掉。如，
The building was bumned out and only walls remained .
人楼被灰毁,只剩下残壁。

9.recover

1.recover 在本课中作不及物动词用,通常与 om 连用,意为~M中恢复”;作及物动词用时,意为“恢复”,通常与 on 连用,“从.....·中恢复”。
A healhy child quickly recovers from a fever.
健康的孩子发了烧很快就会好。

The athlete soon recovered his breath after the fnal dash
这位运动员在冲刺之后很快就呼吸正常了。

She had not yet recovered from the shock .
她还没有完全从惊吓中恢复过来。

Don't go back to work until you have fully recovered.
等你痊愈了,再去上班。

2.recover 与反身代词连用时意为“镇定下来”“恢复原样”。
She soon recovered herself and stopped crying .
不一会儿,她冷静下来,不再哭了。

The skater stumbled but at once recovered himself.
滑冰的人绊了一下,但立即恢复了平衡。

She made a great effort to recover herself .
她极力使自己镇定下来。

3.recover 还有“重新找到”“收复(回)”之意。如:
Recently a man-made satellite we sent up has been recovered .
最近我们发射的一颗人造卫星已返回地面。

The police helped them to recover their stolen jewellery.
警察帮助他们把被窃的珠宝找回来了。

The boy recovered his football from the neighbour's lawn.
男孩从邻居的草坪上找回了自己的足球。

10.介词 despite 的用法

1.despite 意为“不管”“任凭”,相当于 in spite of,后接名词、代司或词,但语气比后者轻,不如后者常用。
Despite myself, Harry's remarks had caused me to stop and rellect.
尽管不是我的本意,哈里的话使得我停下来想了想。

Despite waiting to see him again , she refused to reply to his letter.
尽管很想再见到他,她却拒不答复他的来信。

[注]despite 后可接 what 引导的从句。如:
Despite what she says , I'll go .
不管她怎么说,我也要去。

I would support him despite what he did
不管他做什么,我都支持他。

11.lead和aim

1.lead to 和 lead sb.to do sth.的区别:前者是“通向”“引起”, 为介词,后接名词、代词或动名词,而后者的 to是不定式的符号,是不定式作宾语补足语,意为“使得·....·做某事”。
" Where does this road lead?”“It leads to the railway station ."
“这条路通到哪里?”“通向火车站。”

His amazing intelligence led him to make many discoveries .
他惊人的智力使他有很多发现。

2.aim at 意为“目的是”“为的是”。
The factory must alm at inereaaing produetion .
工厂必须敛力于增加产量。

He aims at perfection in everything he does .
他做每一件事部力求做得尽善尽美。

[注]也可以说 aim to do at.即在 aim 后用不定式表示目的。
He aims to gain the Nobel Prize .
他的目标是得到诺贝尔奖金。

We aim to produce superior goods , not large quantities
我们的目标是生产优质产品,而不是追求数量。

The hunter aimed at the lion and fred , but missed him.
猎人对着师子开了枪,但未击中。

The students picked up stones and aimed them at the policemen.
学生们捡起一此石头，冲着警察投去。

In saying this , Im not aiming at you .
我这话不是针对你说的。

His speech was not only aimed at the older boys .
他的话不光是说给那些年龄较大的男孩子听的。

We all realized who that remark was aimed at .
我们心里都明白那句话是冲谁说的。

[注]aim at 作“针对”解释时,如主语是人，多用主动语态,如主语是人所说的话,所作的评论等,则常用 be aimed at.

12.series

1.本句是用拟人化的手法赋予无生命的主语以人的动作,以增加子的表现力,类似的句子有:
The year 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.
一九四九年见证了中华人民共和国的诞生。

His unselfish work is beginning to tell .
他无私的工作开始产生效果。

Her nervousness began to tell as soon as she entered the room.
她一进房间就表现出紧张不安。

My watch says it is nine already.我的表显示已经九点了。

2.series 意为“连续”“系列”,单复数相同,常用 a seres of 表示”系列”
Cosho was invited to give a nerien of lecturen on American poltics.
她被邀请就美国政治作系列讲座。

There has boen a series of cnr accidents at the crossing.
在那个交叉路口已经发生了一连的车祸。

13.in honour of 

1.in honour or 意恩是“为向..·表示敬意”“为纪念(庆祝)”也可以说
in sb. 's honour
A memorial was built in honour of those who died for the country.
为纪念为国捐驱者建了一座纪念碑。

A holiday was declared in honour of the Presidents visit.
为庆祝总统到来特宣布放假一日。

Mr Mandela will attend an outdoor concert in his honour in the centre of
Paris .
尊敬的曼德拉先生将出席在巴黎中心举办的一场露天音乐会。

The ceremony was held in honour of the Queen's birthday .
这庆典是为庆祝女王的生日而举行的。

2.[注]有关 honour 的用法我们学过的还有 have the honour of doing sth或 it is one's honour to do sth.意为“乐于做某事”或“有幸做某事”,do honour to 或 do sb.honour 意思是“用··.···来庆祝·.....”或“使某人增添光荣”。
It's a great honour to meet you.认识你三生有幸。

He is one of the most interesting people I have the honour of meeting.
他是我有幸认识的最有趣的人之一

Her behavior in such a difficult situation does her honour.
她在逆境中的表现给自己增添了光荣。

They dressed their ships with flags to do honour to the occasions
他们用旗帜把船只装饰起来庆祝这重要的日子。

14.in vain

1.in vain 意为“徒劳”“无效”“费心机”。
It became obvious that all her complaints were in vain .
很显然她的所有投诉都是徒劳的。

The police triad in vain to break up the protest orowda .
警察企图霉散抗议的人群,但没有成功。

2.vain 常见的闻组还有: in a vain altempt/elfont to do sth.妄图做..
但未成功、in the vain hope that 未能如愿。
I was singing in a vain effort to cheer him up.我本想唱支歌使他高兴起来,但未能如愿

The crary football fans were in a vain attempt to make troublo during the
match .疯狂的球迷们妄图在比赛期间捣乱,但没有成功。

He merried his fourth wife, Susan, in the vain hope that she would inprove his health .
他跟他的第四个妻子苏珊结了婚。,希望她能改善他的健康,但没有如原。

15.on

1.介词n在此处作”(视,盯)在······(目标)上"解释。
Jim came in, his eves were fied on Della as if he didn't know her.
言姆走了进来,他的眼睛盯住了黛拉好像不认识她似的。

He fired his eyes on something moving on the wall .
他一直盯着在墙上嫣动的东西。

2.请注意 on 的几种常见用法
表示“关于(某个题目)”“在(某个问题)上”。
Write a temm paper on Shakespeare .
写一筒关于莎士比亚的学期论文。

用于引申意义,表示“在······身上”“在心上”等。
My mind is still on the research .
我的心思仍然在这项研究上。

人表示“在······时”后跟动名词或名司,表示一个动作紧接着另一个动作。
Oh his return from Europe , he set to work again.
他一从欧洲回来,就投人了工作。

表示原因,意为“根据”“由于”“在······下”。
He did it on the instruction of the manager.
他是根据经理的指示这样做的。

The Turners had been away on a long tip.
特纳一家离开去长途旅行了。

表示“靠······生活”“以······为主食”。如:
DThe prisoners could not exist on bread and water
囚犯也不能单靠面包和水生活。

BThey lived mostly on vegetables from their garden.
他们主要靠园子里的蔬菜生活。

16.动词 determine 的常见用法

1.detemine 意为“决定”“决心”,后面常跟不定式或从句。
They determined to stay there till the year was up.
他们决定在那儿一直待到年底。

The explorer determined to set out the next day in spite of the stomm.
探险者决定不顾风暴次日出发。

Nobody determined what is to be done .
没有人决定下一步怎么办。

[注]detemine 作上述解释时,可以跟 on 引导的短语。
They detennined on an early start .
他们决定早动身。

[注]上述例句G@相当于 delermine 后接不定式。detemine 常用作过去分词作表语,意为“有决定”“下定决心接不定式或从句,如本课正是此用法。
He was determined that no one should know anything about it.
他决定不让任何人知道这事。

2.detemmine 有“使决定”“使下决心”之意,后接不定式作宾补。
His advice determined me to delay no more .
他的忠告使我决定不再拖延。

3.determine 亦可作“确定”“限定”“算出”解释。
They determined the date for our party .
他们确定了我们聚会的日期。

The position of the earth in relation to the sun determines the season.
地球与太阳之间的相对位置决定一年四季的变化。

17.host

1.此处 host 作动词用,意为“主办”“作.....的主人”“接待”。
Birmingham is hosting this year's trade fair.
伯明翰将主办今年的交易会。

The group was hosted by the ambassador .
这一群人受到了大使的歉待。

2.host还有“作······的节目主持人”之意,一般用于非正式场合。
Apart from my host , I didn't know a single person there
除了主人外我谁都不认识。

Barcelona was chosen to be the host of the 1992 Olympic Games
巴塞罗纳被选为一九九二年奥运会东道主城市。

The host team and the guest team won each of the games , so they were
even with each other.
主队和客队各赢一场,现在他们两队打平了。

3.[注]host 作名词时是指男主人,女主人用 hostess,但 hostess 不能作动词用。
My hostess greeted me with unexpected warmth .
我的女主人出乎意料地热情欢迎我。

18.type

1.(a) type of 作“种类”“类型”解释时,后接单数名词,不用复数名词,该名词前不加任何限定词。例如我们可以说 a dierent type ofbicycle,但不可说 a diferent type of a bicycle(或 bicyeles)如:
What type of plan is this?
这是一种什么计划?2

2.[注]但 type 作“典范”解释时,其后的名词可以被限定词所修饰。
Abraham Lincohn was a fine type of the American patriotism.
阿巴拉罕·林肯是美国爱国史上的典范。

3.[注]type后面的名词可用复数,出可用单数,但作主语时相应的请动词一律用复数,与 type 保持一致。
Saveral new types of computer( a) are on show.
几种新型的计算机正在展出。

4.[注]上述type 的用法,亦适用于 kind,即 a kind ol 后面的名词通常单数,几该名词前不用冠词成其他限定词,如 a certain kind rose 等,请看下列例句：
Is this kind of TY set made in Shanghai?
这种电视机是上海们造的吗?

5.kinds 后的名词既可用单数,也可用复数,但其作主语时,其后的谓语动词应用复数，与kinds 保持一致。
There are different kinds of binds in the woods and they sing beautifull
林子里有各种各样的鸟,它们唱着悦耳动听的歌。

[注]a kind of意为“某种"或“一种不甚明确的”。
The dances of the bees are a kind of language .
蛋蜂的舞蹈是一种语言。
I had a kind of suspicion that he was cheating.
我有点怀疑他在欺骗。

[注]kind of 常用在口语中,作状语修饰动词,意为“有点”“有几分”
kind of though! he would come .
我似乎感到他会来的。
I kind of thought this would happen .
我似乎预感到此事会发生。

19.动词 provide 的用法

1.provide 意为“提供”“供给”,在 provide sb.后常接 wih 介词短语,表示所提供的事物。在 provide sth.后常接 for sb.,表示向谁提供.
Food and drink were provided for all of them.
向他们全体提供了食物和饮料。

2.provide 亦可作“预防”“作好准备”“提供生计”解,与aginst 或for 连用。
We have to provide against accidents.
我们必须做好应付事敌的准备。

They had to provide for their old age.
他们得积攒点钱以备在老年时用

We will see that all the old folks are provided for from now on.
从现在起，我们要做到老有所养。

He has a large family to provide for .
他需赡养一大家子人。

3.provide 还有“规定”之意。如:
They enjoy all the rights provided in the constitution.
他们享有宪法所规定的一切权利。

You may keep the book another week provided that no one else reruire it.
只要没有别人要这本书,你还可再借一个星期。

Provided that no objection is raised, we shall hold the meeting here.
如果没有人反对,我们就在这里开会了。

[注]provided that 中的 hat 有时可省略。如:
He should be home soon provided the buses haven't been held up
只要汽车没误点,他应该就要到家了。

20.

Unit17

1.disability 和 inability

1.dis和in-都是表示否定意义的前缀，但用在ability前,表示不同的
bnA意思，disability意为“残疾”，而inabilitty意为“无能力”“没办法”
请比较下列例句，注意这两个词的不同意思。

I was surprised at her inability to do things promptly.
她不能迅速处事,我感到惊异。

She is deaf, but refuses to let her disability prevent her from doing what
she wants to do.
她失聪,但她不让自己的残疾妨碍自己去做想做的事。

His inability to pay his debts made his parents worried.
他无力偿还债务使他父母亲很着急.

Her lack of experience is a severe disabilty
她缺少经验是一个严重的障碍。

2.【注】ability的形容词是able,其前也有两个否定前缀，dis-和un-表示
不同的意思，disable是动词,意为“使……伤残”，而unable 则是形容词,表示
“不能的”“不会的”。如:
That illness disabled him and left him unable to work
那病使他残疾,不能工作。

An accident disabled him from teaching
一次交通事故使他再也不能教书了。

He was unable to sleep at night because of his anxiety.
他因焦虑而晚上睡不着。

10.介词 despite 的用法 

1.despite 意为“不管”“任凭”,相当于 in spite of,后接名词、代司或词,但语气比后者轻,不如后者常用。
Despite myself, Harry's remarks had caused me to stop and reflect.
尽管不是我的本意,哈里的话使得我停下来想了想。

Despite waiting to see him again , she refused to reply to his letter.
尽管很想再见到他,她却拒不答复他的来信。

[注]despite 后可接 what 引导的从句。如:
Despite what she says , I'll go .
不管她怎么说,我也要去。

I would support him despite what he did
不管他做什么,我都支持他。

2. award 和 reward

1.award 作名词时意思是“奖金”“奖品”。如:
He received an award of 1000 dollars for having saved a little boy.
他因救了一个小男孩而得到一千美元的奖金.

2.award 可作为动词用,意为“授予”“奖给”“给予”。如:
They awarded her a medal for bravery.
她表现勇敢,他们授予她奖金。

The judge awarded a large sum of money to those hurt by the fire.
法官判给在火灾中受伤的人一大笔钱。

3.reward 作名词时是“酬金”“报酬”之意。如:
She offered a reward of $ 2000 for infornation about her missing son.
她悬赏二千美元,寻找失踪儿子的下落。

4.rewand 也可作动词用,意为“报酬”“报偿”,通常与介 for 或 with连用。
Miners feel they are not well rewarded for the dangerous work they do.
煤矿工人觉得和他们所做的危险工作相比，他们的报酬太低了

His effort was rewarded with remarkable success
辉煌的成就是他辛勤努力的丰硕果实。

How can I reward you for helping?
我如何报答你的帮助呢?

3.**
5.assist的用法

The police will assist you in finding your daughter's address.
警察会帮助你找到你女儿的地址的。

He assisted me with good advide and encouragement。
他帮助我出好主意并加以鼓励。

6. play a role( part) ( in) 

1.play a role(part)(in)意为“起……作用”“扮演……角色”。如:
He played a leading role in getting the delegates to agree on the final
document.
在使代表们都同意最后的那个文件这一点上他起了主要的作用.

The press plays an important role in the life of a nation.
新闻界对一个国家的生活起着重要的作用。

The teacher plays a very active part in this type of classroom activity.
在这类课堂活动中教师起了非常积极的作用。

7.more than**

1.▲more than 此处作“不只是”“不仅仅”解，此为more than 后接名词或
动词时之意。如:
Mr Brown is more than a teacher.He is an elder and friend as well.
布朗先生不只是一位老师,他还是一位长者和朋友。

2.▲more than 用在形容词前面、动词前面,意为“非常”“十分”。如:
I suppose he’ll be more than likely to come.
我想他很有可能会来。

I could no more do that than you.
你不能做那件事，我也不能做。

3.【注】no more than 作“与……一样的”解,即否定前后两者时，与not  more than
完全不同。请注意比较下列例句:

He is not more diligent than you.
他不比你用功。

He is no more diligent than you.
他和你一样不用功。

8.动词inspire的用法

1.动词inspire意为“鼓舞”“激励”“驱使”，后接名词、代词、介词短语、to结构或不定式作、
宾语补足语。如:
He had the example of his father to inspire and guide him.
他以父亲为榜样来激励和引导自己。

We need a new captain who can inspire the team.
我们需要一个能鼓舞全队的新队长。

What inspired you to change your name?
是什么驱使你改名的?

2.inspire可作“激起”“唤起(某人的某种思想、感情)”解，常与介词in 或 with 连用。如:
The memory of his mother inspired his best music.
他对母亲的追忆使他写出最好的音乐。

His selflessness inspired them with respect。
他的忘我精神使他们肃然起敬。

This inspired in them a lure for leaning
这使他们产生了学习的热情。

He inspired confidence in us.
他使我们获得了信心。

The news inspired the soldiers with redoubled courage。
这消息使战士们勇气倍增。

 9.动词 motivate 的用法

1.▲动词 motivate 意为“是……的动机”“激发”“引起”。如:
The murder was motivated by hatred.
仇恨是谋杀的动机。

He was motivated by his wish to help me,and expected nothing in re-
turn.
他只是想帮助我,不图任何回报。

A good teacher has to be able to motivate his students.
一个好老师应该能激发学生的兴趣。

**Would you say... 
Would you say that he was motivated only by a desire for power?
你是说他的动机仅仅是对权力的渴求吗?

2.motivate 后可接不定式作宾语补足语。如:
There is little to motivate these kids to work hard at school.
没有什么东西可以刺激这些小孩努力学习。

10. adjust

I have learnt to live with my body and adjusted to my way of life.
我已经学会用我这带有残疾的身体生活，而且已适应了我的生活方式。

1.▲adjust 意为“适应”“调整”常与介词to连用。如:
These desks and seats can be adjusted to the heights of any child.
这些课桌椅可以按孩子的身高进行调整。

**so that 使
Can you adjust the light on my bike so that it shines on the road?
你能替我把自行车上的灯调整一下,使光线照在路上吗?

The teacher adjusted his methods to suit the needs of slower children.
这老师调整教法,以适应差生的需要。

He stopped to try to adjust his vision to the faint starlight.
他停下来把视力调整一下，以适应微弱的星光。

11.get used to, used to 和动词 use 的被动语态

1.get used o意为“习惯子”.后接名司、代同或动名词其中get为连系动词，也可以用其他的
连系动词如be.becomegrow.feel.seem等表示.如：
He seemed a quiet man. used to practical work.
他似乎是一个安静的人,习惯于做实际工作。

2.used to 意为“过去经常”,后接动词原形,因表示过去,故无时态变化。
We get on pretty well.Better than we used to.
我们相处得相当不错，比过去好。

If only you’d be as you used to be!
你要是像过去那样就好了!

3.【注】usedto的否定式和疑问式的构成有两种:一是借助助动词did;
二是直接在used 后加not构成否定式，或是将used放到句首构成疑问句。
They didn't use to mind what we said.
我们说什么他们过去是不介意的。

You usedn't make such mistakes.
你过去是不犯这种错误的。

12.every 

1.此处 every 用在数词前，如 every two(three, ete.)，意为“每两个(三
……)个……”。如:
I go there every three days.
我每三天去那里一次。

Nine women have lost johs for every five men.
每五个男子失业就有九个女子失业。

2.【注】也可以跟序数词表示同样的意思。如:
It has been snowing,roughly every third day.
近来大约每三天就要下一次雪.

3.【注】值得注意的是表示“每隔…”用every other或everyse
ond。如“每隔一天”，要说every other day或 every second day
I went home every other week.
我每隔一周回家一次。

“Please write every other line." said the teacher.
老师说:“请隔行写".

13.event,incident和accident

1.▲这三个词都表示“事件”，但各有不同，event一般表示比较重大的
我们这儿事件或体育运动的比赛项目。如:
The sigriing of the Declaration af Independehce was an important event.
《独立宣言》的签定是重大事件。

The next event will be 100 metres.
下一个比赛项目是一百米赛跑.

2.incident是指“(不寻常的或令人不快的)事情小事情插曲”。
There was a funny incident when the fit woman could't set out of the car.
当那个胖女人下不了小汽车时有小段滑稽的插曲

3.incident也可以表示引起战象k争端的事件:可作为batter,war一类
词的委婉说法。如:
Frontier incidents have been common along the border between the two
countries。
两国常发生边界事件。

4.accident多指“不愉快的意外的不测之事导致不良后果”。如:
There were several people injured in the traffic adcident。
在这次交通事故中有好几个人受了伤。

5.accident 也可以指中性的事情。如:thetageident of birth出生这件
事。
the accident that Francel and Cermany havea common border 法国
和德国有共同的边界线的情况

14.surround by/with

1.surround by/with意思是“四周都是””处于。。。。。。的气氛中”。
Ours is a hilly area surrourided lon three sides by mountains.
我们这儿是一个山区，三面都是大山.

The garden was large, suroinded by bighwall and shaded by thick
trees!
这座花园很大,周围有一道高墙,里面有茂密的树林!。

He found himself surrounded with an atmosphene of kindness。
他发现自己处在友好的气氛之中。 

They were surrounded. with dangers they knew。
他们知道他们处于危险之中。


2.[注】surrounded with/by实际上是个过去(分词短语，现在分词 surrounding 可单独作
前置定语。如:
The town's water comes from the surrounding hills.
这个城镇的水是从周围的小山上流下来的。

3.【注】surrounding 也可作名词用，意为“周围的事物”“环境”。如:
I'd like to bring up my child in healthy surroundings.
我想在健康的环境中养育我的孩子。

15.everyday 和every day 

The disability makes everyday life difficult and society often fails to
treat the mentally disabled with dignity and respect.
残疾使日常生活困难，社会也经常不能给智力障碍者以尊重和尊严。

1.▲注意 everyday 和every day 在用法上的不同，前者是形容词，作前置
定语,后者作状语修饰动词。如:
Then she changed into her everyday clothes.
然后她换上了日常的衣服.

She came to see us every day.
她每天都来看我们。

2.fail 表示“没能做到某事”可用 fail to do sth.也可以说 fail in doing
sth.。如:
He rang the number again,but failed to get a connection.
他又拔了那个号,仍然没能接通。

I failed to see him.He was out.
我没见到他,他出去了。

I failed in persuading him.
我没能说服他。

3.fail sb.有“使某人失望”之意。如:
His friends failed him when he most needed them.
他的朋友们在他最需要他们的时候使他失望了。

She reached for a chair and sat down suddenly,as if her legs had failed
her.
她伸手抓过一把椅子,突然坐了下来,好像她的腿支持不住了似的。

She was so upset that words failed her.
她心烦意乱得说不出话来。

16.动词 participate的用法

1.▲participate意为“参加”“参与”，与介词in 连用相当于 take part in。
如:
He refused to participate in the sports meet.
他拒绝参加运动会。

Terry can’t participate in the match because he has hurt his foot.
特里不能参加比赛,因为他扭伤了脚。

2.participate 可作“分享”“分担”解，而take part in 无此解。如:
participate in one’s suffering分担某人的痛苦
participate in the profits 分享利润

17.动词 compete 的用法

1.compete意思是“竞争”“比赛”“争夺”，表示与谁竞争、比赛，介词
用with或against;表示竞争的目的，即想要得到什么，用介词for,
即 compete with/against sb. for sth.。如:
He competed with a man from California for the post.
他与一个从加里福尼亚来的人争夺这个职位。

Fifty students competed with one another for the scholarship.
五十名学生相互竞争以取得这项奖学金。

The young golfer often competes against famous players, but so far he has
always been beaten。
那个年轻高尔夫球手常与名手较量，但到目前为止还没有赢过。

The banks have long competed with each other.
银行间早就开始了竞争。

The American economy and its ability to compete abroad is slowing
down.
美国经济增速放缓，对外竞争力下降。

The firm is too small to compete with large international companies.
这家公司太小了,竞争不过国际性大公司。
Both girls are always competing for their father’s attention.
两个姑娘总是竞相争取父亲的注意。

Unit18

1.come  up  with 

How do they come up with ideas for new inventions?
他们怎么提出新发明的想法的?
1.come up with 意为“提出”“想出”。如:

The magazine recently came up with some advice on smoking.
那本杂志最近就吸烟问题提出了一些忠告。

I hope you can come up with a better plan than this.
我希望你能想出一个比这个更好些的计划来。

Scientists will have to come up with new methods of increasing the
world's food supply .
科学家们必须找出增加全世界食品供应的新方法.

You have no choice but to come up with the f 18000.
你别无选择,必须拿出那一万八千英镑来。（筹钱）

2.[注]come up 也有“被提出来”之意,但主语一般是表示问题、建议计划等的名词。如:
The program came up for final decision .
这一计划被提出来以便作最后决定。

##We solved problems as soon as they came up.
问题一出现我们就解决。

3.come up wi还有“赶上"之意。如:
We shall have to work hard to come up with the other team.
我们得努力干才能赶上另一队的进度。

4.come up with 可引申为“拿出”“提供(一笔钱)”之意。如:
The rich man came up with a large sun of money to those poor s
tudentswho can't afford their tuition .
那个有钱人拿出一大笔钱来给那些因贫困而交不起学费的学生

2.in common

in common 意为“共用”“共有”“共同”,后接介词 wi 时,意为“和......一样”。如:
The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the town.
这个游泳池供镇上的孩子共同使用。

In common with most Italian lakes , access to the shores of Orta is restrict-
ed.
和大多数的意大利湖一样,进人奥塔湖滨受到限制。

To my surprise, I found I had a lot in common with this stranger.
令我惊讶的是,我发现我与那陌生人有很多相似之处。

Their methods have a lot in common.
他们的方法有很多相似之处。

[注]注意 out or he common 意思是“异乎寻常的”“不平然的” 
It is something out of the common.这是异乎寻常的东西“

3. allow 与 allow for

1.allow 意为“允许““准许”。如:
The government servants aren't allowed to accept rewards.
公务员不得接受酬谢。

The children are too young to be allowed out at night.
孩子们太小,夜间不能让他们出去。

2.allow for 意思是“估计到”“把·-··.·考虑在内”。如:
When he made the plan , he failed to allow for the unexpected
他作计划时没有把意外情况考虑进去。

You can't make it in an hour, you must allow for traffic delays.
你一个小时到不了,你必须考虑到在路上会遇到耽搁。

4 . stuck

1.get stuck 意思是“被困住”“被卡住”“处于困境”,此处 get 是连系词,也可以用 be 等其他
的连系动词。如:
The shuttle often got stuck , causing a lol of broken ends .
梭子常常卡住,造成大量断头。

##What shall we do? We seem to be stuck .
怎么办? 我们似乎干不下去了。

Have you got stuck over your maths problems?
你的数学题做不下去了吗?

5.effort

Creative thinking is a conscious effort to break away from old thought
patterns in order to explore new possibilities .
创造性思维是一种有意识的努力,即为了探索新的可能性而摆既旧的思维模式。

1.effort 作"努力”解释时.后常跟不定式,如本句即是,请看下列例句。
His effort to reform her at last succeeded .
他要改造她的努力终于成功了。

Despite all my efforts to improve his life-style , he's still smoking twenty cigarettes a day .
尽管我尽力改变他的生活方式,但他还是一天吸二十支香烟。

He's jogging round the park every moming in an effort to get fit for the
football season .
他为了锻炼身体迎接足球赛季的到来,每天早晨都绕着公园慢跑。

2.[注]effort 可作“艰难的事”解释,为可数名词。如:
It's such an effort to get up on these dark winter momings.
冬季早晨到处黑沉沉的,起床真艰难呀!

3.break away from 意为“脱离”“摆脱”“断绝来往”。如:
Fortunalely he broke away from that lawless group years ago .
幸好几年前他就脱离了那个不法集团。

The criminal tried to break away from the policeman .
罪犯试图从警察手里逃跑。

DSmith has broken away from the Labour Party .
史密斯已脱离工党。

4.break away from 亦可作“改掉”“破除”解。如:
Modern music has broken away from the 18th century rules
现代音乐不再遵守十八世纪的条条框框。

Modern art has broken away from old traditions
现代美术已摆脱了旧的传统。

The child broke away from all disciplines .
这孩子一点也不守规矩。

6.

By looking at a problem i as many ways as possible, creativethinkers can find solutions that would otherwise remain invisible.
通过尽可能多的角度来看待一个问题,富有创造力的思考者可以发现其他情况下可能觉察不了的答案。

 8.connect

commet to 意思是与...相连接(有关)”,其后的介词既可用to,也可以用 with。如:
He is connected with the Whites by marriage .
他与怀特家是姻亲。

A search of Brady's house found nothing that could connect them with the
robberies .
对布拉迪的房子的搜查没有找到任何他与抢劫有关的内容。

Unit19

1.as far as 的用法和意思

1.as far as 或 as far as,此处意为“据”“就”“尽”,常与动词 know,see
等词连用。如
So far as I know , their work is far from satisfactory .
据我所知,他们的工作并不令人满意。

2.[注]类似的用法还有:as far as sb./st，is concered,意思是“就某人
/某事而言”“对某人/某事来说”。如:
As far as I am concerned . it's all nonsense.
在我看来,这全是一派胡言。

This has been a difficult period as far as the country's economy is concermed.
就我国经济而言,最近是其困难时期。

3.[注]也可以用 as far as sth. goes。如:
So far as content goes , it is all right 
就内容而言.这还不错。

It's a perfectly good law as far as it goes , but it doesn’t deal with the real problems.
该法就其本身而言非常不错,但是它未解决实际问题。

4.as far as 的原意是“到达”“一直到”。
The flood waters came as far as the roof
洪水一直漫到屋顶。

They didn't go far as we. 
他们走的不如我们远。

2.go about的用法

1.go about 此处意思为“从事于....."“进行 ..."
You are not going about it the right way .
你的做法不对。

Peter has no idea how to go about finding a better job.
皮特下知道怎样才能找到更好的工作。

2.go about 可作“流传”解释,此时 about 是副词,后面不需要跟宾语
There are a lot of colds going about now .
目前感冒传染很厉害。

A story is going about that there will be another party on the 15th of Au
gusl .
据说八月十五日要举行另一次聚会。

3.go about 还有“到处走走”之意，此处 about 也是副词,相当于around。
People are going about more now that the weather's better.
因为天气热些了,人们外出增多了。

Is it dangerous to so about bareheaded when it's raining?
下雨的时候光着头到处走有危险吗?

Mother is much better, thank you , she's able to go about a bit more.
谢谢你,母亲好多了,她已能更多地走动了

3.have mercy on sb.宽恕某人

1.这一意思也可以用 show mercy lo sb.或 give mercy to sb.表示。
Have mercy on me.饶了我吧!

In lrag , the American soldiers had no merey on the prisoners of war .
在伊拉克,美军士兵对战俘毫无怜悯之意。

2.mercy 也可作可数名,这时为“幸运的事”“值得感激的事“
What a mercy he escaped the fire !
他从火里逃生，真是幸运。

He is thankful for small mrcies .
他对小恩小惠也很感激。

It was a mercy that she wasn't ecriously injured .
谢天谢地,她没有受重伤。

may/might/just/could as well do sth . ( as do sth . else)may/might/just/could as well do sth . ( as do sth , else)M恩是“.的好"“倒不如”“千脆”“不妨”。如:
lf that's the case , I may as well try .
如果真是那样的话,我不妨试试

I may as well admit that I knew the answer all along .
我干脆承认了吧，我早就知道答案。

The weather was so bad we might as well have stayed home
天气这样糟糕,我们还不如呆在家里呢。

Anyway , you're here ; you might as well stay
反正你已经来了，最好还是住在这儿吧!

I might as well tell you the truth .
我不妨告诉你真相。

l'll comne with you if you like ; I might as well 
如果你愿意,我就和你一起去,我无所谓。

if i've got to go somcwhere , I may as well go to Birmingham如果我非得到什么地方去的话,我还是去伯明翰的好。

Unit20

1.date back to 追溯到……

 1.date 此处作动词用，意为“确定……的年代”“计算…的日期”通常与from 或
 back to连用,意为“追溯到……”。如:
 The castle dates back to the 14th century.
 这城堡可以追溯到十四世纪。

 2.【注】date作动词时，可引申为“(开始)变得过时”之意。如:
 Some James Bond films have dated more quickly than others.
 有些“007”电影比其他的过时得快。

 3.【注】date还有“显示人的年龄”之意。如:
 That suit dates you so much.
 你穿那套衣服使你显得很老。

2.certain**

1.certain 是形容词,意为“肯定的”“确信的”,同义词为 sure,两者几乎可用在同样的结构中。例如两者都可用作表语、用于of结构或about短语。
4. 
From tests on his teeth, it is certain that he spent his youth in central
Europe.从对他牙齿的检测中可知，
他肯定是在欧洲中部度过了他的青少年时代。

2.certain 后可接从句。
She is absolutely certain ( sure ) that he's to go abroad
她确信他要出国。

Are you turned the gas off?
你确信已把煤气关了?

Im not certain ( sure ) whether he will come
我不能肯定他是否要来。

I was certain( sure ) that he had seen me .
我肯定他已看见我了。

3.certain/sure 后可接不定式短语。
He is certain(sure)to refuse.
他一定会拒绝。

You are certain( sure ) to be happy with them .
和他们在一起你一定会很愉快。

She isnt certain( sure) whether to stay in New York next month .
下月是否留在纽约,她还不确定。

[注]从上述例句可以看出 certain 与 sure 的意思基本相同。但 sure主要强调主语的心理状态,指主语心中无疑或十分确信,有把握,着重于人的内心世界;而 certain 则着重说明有肯定的理由和证据使人相信或确信,强调内心世界之外的客观证据。
He was sure that the manager must have read the letter.
他坚信经理一定看过了那封信。

[注]当主语是人时,certain 和 sure 常可替换,意思相差不大,但由于sure 多表示人的内心世界,故其主语只能是人,且不能用来形容事件,所以当主语是表示事件的名词或代词时,或主语是 it
时,只能用 certain。
It isn't quite certain whether he will be present at the meeting.
他能否出席会议,尚不能十分肯定。

Is it quite certain or is it not yet decided?
是定下来了,还是没有决定呢?

3.work

1.本句是一个倒装句,主语是 a cushion stone,谓语是 lie 的过去式lay,整个谓语都提前,为全部倒装。这种倒装结构主要是为了句子的平衡,在宾语中,有时句子的主语过长,又没有宾语,为了使句子较为平衡,同时也为了使句子更生动,常将状语提到句首,将主谓倒装,这种倒装是直接把谓语动词放到主语之前，不需要加助动词。请阅读下面的倒装句,体会这种倒装句的结构。
Over the wall came a shower of stones 
从墙上飞来一阵石块。

On everyside stretched fields of green wheat .
四周都是葱龙的麦田。

At the top of the hill stood a tiny temples .
在山顶上有一座小小的寺庙。

Next to it stood a pile of paper cups .
它旁边立着一堆纸杯。

In the distance could be seen the green hills .
能看到远处绿色的群山。

In the doorway stood a man with a gun .
门道里站着一个拿枪的人。

2.work 在此处作及物动词用,意为“制作”“锻造”“塑造”。
He worked a silver dollar into a bracelet .
他把一枚银元铸成一只手镯。(锻造)
[注]woke 作及物动词时有多种意思,请同读下列句子,体会的含意。
He worked his fam with sucess. 他成地经营着色的农所(0Our teacher works us very hard.
我们的老师对我们抓得很家

The wounded man worked his way across the fields on his hands and
knees。这受伤的人靠手和膝盖爬过田野。

The landlord almost worked his fanmhands to death .
那地主迫使雇农们累死累活地干。

4.动词 tend 的用法

1.tend 在本课中作“倾向于”“有某种趋势”解,后接不定式。
**My mother tends to get tired in the evenines .
我母亲在晚 上容易疲芳。

**A problem for manufacturers is that lighter cars tend to be noisy .
制造商所面临的问题是较轻型的轿车往往噪音很大。

**I tend to think that members of parliament do a good jeb
我常常以为议员们的工作总是做得很好。(常常)

2.tend 也可作“有助于”解。如:
These measures tend to improve working conditions
这些措施有助于改善工作条件。

3.tend 在正式用语中有“照管”“照例““护理”之意,相当于 look after
He tends the flower beds and evergreens that he has planted in the drire way，
他总是细心呵护着种植在车道边的花画和意青树。

She tended her hushand carefully during his illness.
丈夫生病期间,她悉心凰顾他。

5.谈谈动词 convey 的用法
 

1.convey 作“搬运”“运送“解。
This train conveys both passengers and goods
这列火车既载客又运货。

A chimney conveys smoke to the outside.
烟图将烟排到室外。

2.convey 可作“表达”“传达(思想感情)”“转达”解释。
"Really?"I snid , trying to convey that it did not really matter
“真的吗?"我说,意思是说那并非真的要紧。

I couldn't convey my feelings in words at that time
当时我的心情无法用语言表达。

Words cannot convey how happy I am .
言语无法表达我是多么幸福。

2.convey 亦可作“传导”“传播”“传染”解。
Air is the medium by which sound waves are conveyed
空气是声波传播的媒质。

A wire conveys an electric current.
导线输送电流

6 .have a/one's hand in **

7.put up

1.此处意为“竖起”“把·....·拉上来”。
She can't climb very well . We had to pull her up.
她不善攀登,我们只得把她拉上来。

The boy pulled his sledge up the hill.
男孩把雪撬拉上山来。

I pulled him up out of the water. 我把他从水里拉上来。

We pulled up the weeds by the roots.
我们把连根拔起。

2.pull up 可作“(车子)停下”翻译。
We had not gone many miles when we were pulled up the the police.
我们还没走多少里就被警察拦住了。

The policeman pulled up the motorist and asked to see his licence.
警察让那个骑摩托车的人停下来,要看他的执照。

He pulled up his horse outside the inn for lunch.
他在旅馆外面下马,准备吃午饭。

3.pall up 还有“阻止”“斥责”之意。
You should pulled those children up about their table mannem .
那些孩子就管时举止不好,你应该训训他们。（斥责）

The chairman pulled him up.
主席制止了他的发言。(阻止)

I felt i had to pull her up on her lateness
我觉得我必须告诉他不要可迟到了。(阻止)

4.pull up 亦可作“拉近”“追上"解释。
Pull up a chair and sit here with us at this table .
拉张椅子过来和我们坐一张桌儿。

The second runner managed to pull up with the leading runner and finally
won the race .
跑在第二的人设法赶上跑在最前面的人,并最终赢得了比赛。

If you can pull up your English grammar , you will stand a good chance ofsucceeding in the examination .
如果你把英语语法赶上来,你就有希望在考试中取得成功。

8 . in terms of  in...terms

1.此处意为"用······的话""就······而言""根据······"。
In their terms , cutting government spending is the most important thing.
根据他们的意见,削减政府开支是最重要的事情。（"根据······）

In terms of inflation, the policy works .
就抑制通货膨胀而言,这个政策是有效的。（"就······而言"）

The work is not very profitable in terms of cash , but I am getting valuableexperience from it .
就收人而言这工作赚不到多少钱,但我会从中学习到有价值的经验。（"就······而言"）

His suggestions were expressed in terms that were readily understood and accepted .
他的建议的措词使人容易理解和接受。

2.[注]think in temms of 意为“考虑(做某事)"。如;
We are thinking in ters of moving to the souh, as there are so few joain the north .
我们正考虑移居南方,因为北方的工作太少了。

I was thinking more in terms of buying than renting.
我更多考虑的是买而不是租。

9.in the eyes of

1.in he eyes of 意为“据某人看来”“在某人心目中”,也可以说in sb.'s
eyes 或 to sb . 's eyes  或 through the eyes of sb..
In the eyes of law , it is an offence.
在法律上，这是犯罪。

Some customs in A frica seem rather strange in the eyes of the Europeans.
非洲的一些风俗在欧洲人看来相当奇怪。

10.prove 的一些用法

1.prove 在本课中是及物动词,意为“证明”“证实”,用于被动语态.
It has been proved that the practice can only do good .
事实证明这样做只有好处。

That has got to be proved by further experiment.
那还有待进一步的实践来证实。

2.prove 作为及物动词时,可后接名词、代词、从句和复合结构。
Can you prove that to the court?
你能向法庭证实那一点吗?(接代词)

Look at these documents. They will prove that we are telling the truth.
看看这些文件,它们可以证明我们讲的都是事实。(接从句)

One mad action is not enough to prove a man mad .
干一件疯事并不足以证明一个人就是疯子。(接复合结构,名词作宾补)

3.prove 可作连系动词用,解释为“证明”“结果是”,后接形容词,副词、介词短语、名词或不定式 to be。
His effort , however , proved a failure .
他的努力结果都失败了。(接名词)

It will prove of little use .
结果会证明,它没有什么用。(接介词短语)

She may prove to be the most suitable person for the job .
结果她可能是最适合干这工作的人。(接不定式 to be)

It proved to be much more difficult than she had supposed .
结果比她预想的要难得多。(接不定式 to be)

11. serve as

1.意为“充当”“担任”“起······作用”,也可以是 serve for。
He served three years as an officer .
他在军队里当了三年军官。（担任）

The frozen river serves as a road throughout the bitter winters .
这条结冰的河流在严冬时当作道路使用。（“充当”）

This temple served for an operating room during the Anti-Japanese War.
在抗战时期这座庙曾用来作手术室。（“充当”）

This wooden box will have to serve for a table until the furniture arrives在家具运到前不得不把这个木箱当作桌子使用。（“充当”）

2.serve的原意是“为.....服务”“服役”。
Weather forecasts serve fammers , ships and airplanes.
天气预报为农民、船只和飞机服务。 (“为.....服务”)

He has served his time in the army.
他在军队中已服役期满。（“服役”）

3.serve 可作“招待(顾客)”“待候(吃饭)”“端菜”“供应”解释。
There was no one in the shop to serve me.
店里没有一个人招待我。

We are well served with gas in this city .
在这个城市我们有很好的煤气供应。

Shall I serve the meat? 要我把肉端上来吗?

She served us a very good dinner.
她给我们做了一顿非常好的饭.

4.serve 有“符合”适合···.··使用”之意。如;
This dictionary will serve your purpose .
这本词典符合你的需要。

That excuse will not serve you.
你的那个借口不能成立。

My memory serves me well.
我的记性不错。

It isnt good but it will serve me.
它不很好,但对我有用。

12. remind sb . of sth .

1.remind sb.of sth.意为“使人想起·.....”。
This reminded them of the days when they were in the army .
这使他们想起在部队的日子。

You remind me so much of your brother, especially when you smile.
你真像你的哥哥,尤其是在你微笑时。

2.remind 可作“提醒某人”解释,可以跟 of或 about短语,也可以跟不定式复合结构。
Be sure to remind her to come back early.
一定要提醒她早点回来。

In case I forget , please remind me about it.
我要是忘了,请提醒我。

I reminded Xiao Li of his promise .
我向小李提起他答应过的事。

3.remind 后可跟从句。
May I remind you that time will soon be off?
请允许我提醒你,时间快到了。

The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.
看到了钟提醒了我,我迟到了。

That reminds me that I have a meeting to attend this evening.
这使我想起今晚我还有一个会议要参加。

I had to remind myself that being confident is not the same as being perfect .
我不得不使自己注意，表现得自信并不等于完美。

 13. dig up 

1.dig up 意思是“挖出”“挖掘”“翻挖”。
These relics were dug up last year .
这些文物是去年出土的。

2.dig up 可引申为“找出”“翻出”之意。
His description fits perfectly the evidence dug up by Henry.
他的叙述与亨利找出的证据完全吻合。

It's a lovely picture . Where did you dig it up?
这张画很好玩，你在哪儿找出来的?

14.cover**

15.none

1.none 主要用作代词,在这里表示“没有人”。
A friend to all is a friend to none .
和谁都是朋友的人和谁都不是真朋友。

None of her children has blond hair .
她的孩子没有一个是金发的。

2.none 也可以指物或动物,表示“没有一个”
None of the rooms are ready .
房间一个也没准备好。

3.[注]none 常用在“none + of+名词”结构中，而 nobody、no one 或 noth-ing不能用于这种结构中。例如我们可以说 None of the pensare/is his.没有一支钢笔是他的，但不能说 No one of the pens is his . 
none 用作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数表示“所有的都不”时动词用复数形式。
None of us are perfect .
我们都不是完人。

若表示“其中一个也不”时,谓语动词用单数形式。
None of them has any great ability .
他们中间没有一个有大本事。

4.[注]但在很多情况下单复数的界限并不十分清楚,故常常用单数或复数均可。
Nono of tho telophones is/are working.
电话机都坏了。

[注]none of 后接的名词是限定性的。
We saw none of the students whom we discussed earlier.
我们早先讨论过的学生,一个也没见到。

[注]另外当 none 代表“no+名词”时,不可用 no,nobody或 nothing代替。
She has a tape-recorder, but I have none( = no tape-recorder) .
她有一台录音机,但我却没有。

5.none 有时可指不可数的东西,表示“一点儿都没有”。
l wanted some more coffee , but there was none left .
我想再喝点儿咖啡,但一点儿都不剩了。

16.It  is 句型

It was reported that half a million workers were on strike in their counte.
据报道他的国家有五十万工人罢工。

It is required that we work eight hours a day .
我们要求一天工作八小时。

It has been decided that the sports meet will be put off till next Thursday .
据决定运动会推迟到下周四召开。

It is suggested that they set out tomorrow .
据建议,他们明天出发。

It was demanded that the working conditions be improved as soon as possible.
据要求工作条件要尽可能快地改进。
It has been announced that their country will send up another man-madesatellite next month .

据宣布他们的国家将在下月再发射一颗人造地球卫星。

[注]在动词 require,demand,suggest,order 等后的 that 从句中,谓语动词用原形或“should + 动词原形”,这是虚拟语气的一种形式,如例句245.