除了DES,我们还知道有DESede(TripleDES,就是3DES)、AES、Blowfish、RC2、RC4(ARCFOUR)等多种对称加密方式,其实现方式大同小异,这里介绍对称加密的另一个算法——PBE
PBE
PBE——Password-based encryption(基于密码加密)。其特点在于口令由用户自己掌管,不借助任何物理媒体;采用随机数(这里我们叫做盐)杂凑多重加密等方法保证数据的安全性。是一种简便的加密方式。
通过java代码实现如下:
import java.security.Key;
import java.util.Random;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.PBEParameterSpec;
/** *//**
* PBE安全编码组件
*
*/
public abstract class PBECoder extends Coder {
/** *//**
* 支持以下任意一种算法
*
* <pre>
* PBEWithMD5AndDES
* PBEWithMD5AndTripleDES
* PBEWithSHA1AndDESede
* PBEWithSHA1AndRC2_40
* </pre>
*/
public static final String ALGORITHM = "PBEWITHMD5andDES";
/** *//**
* 盐初始化
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] initSalt() throws Exception {
byte[] salt = new byte[8];
Random random = new Random();
random.nextBytes(salt);
return salt;
}
/** *//**
* 转换密钥<br>
*
* @param password
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
private static Key toKey(String password) throws Exception {
PBEKeySpec keySpec = new PBEKeySpec(password.toCharArray());
SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec);
return secretKey;
}
/** *//**
* 加密
*
* @param data
* 数据
* @param password
* 密码
* @param salt
* 盐
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String password, byte[] salt)
throws Exception {
Key key = toKey(password);
PBEParameterSpec paramSpec = new PBEParameterSpec(salt, 100);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key, paramSpec);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 解密
*
* @param data
* 数据
* @param password
* 密码
* @param salt
* 盐
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String password, byte[] salt)
throws Exception {
Key key = toKey(password);
PBEParameterSpec paramSpec = new PBEParameterSpec(salt, 100);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(ALGORITHM);
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key, paramSpec);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Test;
/** *//**
*
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public class PBECoderTest {
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
String inputStr = "abc";
System.err.println("原文: " + inputStr);
byte[] input = inputStr.getBytes();
String pwd = "efg";
System.err.println("密码: " + pwd);
byte[] salt = PBECoder.initSalt();
byte[] data = PBECoder.encrypt(input, pwd, salt);
System.err.println("加密后: " + PBECoder.encryptBASE64(data));
byte[] output = PBECoder.decrypt(data, pwd, salt);
String outputStr = new String(output);
System.err.println("解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
}
}
控制台输出:
原文: abc
密码: efg
加密后: iCZ0uRtaAhE=
解密后: abc
RSA
这种算法1978年就出现了,它是第一个既能用于数据加密也能用于数字签名的算法。它易于理解和操作,也很流行。算法的名字以发明者的名字命名:Ron Rivest, AdiShamir 和Leonard Adleman.这种加密算法的特点主要是密钥的变化,上文我们看到DES只有一个密钥。相当于只有一把钥匙,如果这把钥匙丢了,数据也就不安全了。RSA同时有两把钥匙,公钥与私钥。同时支持数字签名。数字签名的意义在于,对传输过来的数据进行校验。确保数据在传输工程中不被修改。
流程分析:
1、甲方构建密钥对儿,将公钥公布给乙方,将私钥保留。
2、甲方使用私钥加密数据,然后用私钥对加密后的数据签名,发送给乙方签名以及加密后的数据;乙方使用公钥、签名来验证待解密数据是否有效,如果有效使用公钥对数据解密。
3、乙方使用公钥加密数据,向甲方发送经过加密后的数据;甲方获得加密数据,通过私钥解密。
通过java代码实现如下:
import java.security.Key;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
/** *//**
* RSA安全编码组件
*
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public abstract class RSACoder extends Coder {
public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";
public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";
private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";
private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";
/** *//**
* 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
*
* @param data
* 加密数据
* @param privateKey
* 私钥
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {
// 解密由base64编码的私钥
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(privateKey);
// 构造PKCS8EncodedKeySpec对象
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取私钥匙对象
PrivateKey priKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initSign(priKey);
signature.update(data);
return encryptBASE64(signature.sign());
}
/** *//**
* 校验数字签名
*
* @param data
* 加密数据
* @param publicKey
* 公钥
* @param sign
* 数字签名
*
* @return 校验成功返回true 失败返回false
* @throws Exception
*
*/
public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)
throws Exception {
// 解密由base64编码的公钥
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(publicKey);
// 构造X509EncodedKeySpec对象
X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
// KEY_ALGORITHM 指定的加密算法
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
// 取公钥匙对象
PublicKey pubKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
signature.initVerify(pubKey);
signature.update(data);
// 验证签名是否正常
return signature.verify(decryptBASE64(sign));
}
/** *//**
* 解密<br>
* 用私钥解密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私钥
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 对数据解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 解密<br>
* 用私钥解密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公钥
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 对数据解密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 加密<br>
* 用公钥加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对公钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得公钥
X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key publicKey = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
// 对数据加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 加密<br>
* 用私钥加密
*
* @param data
* @param key
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String key)
throws Exception {
// 对密钥解密
byte[] keyBytes = decryptBASE64(key);
// 取得私钥
PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
Key privateKey = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
// 对数据加密
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
return cipher.doFinal(data);
}
/** *//**
* 取得私钥
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/** *//**
* 取得公钥
*
* @param keyMap
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
throws Exception {
Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
return encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded());
}
/** *//**
* 初始化密钥
*
* @return
* @throws Exception
*/
public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception {
KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator
.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
// 公钥
RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
// 私钥
RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
return keyMap;
}
}
再给出一个测试类:
import static org.junit.Assert.*;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Map;
/** *//**
*
* @version 1.0
* @since 1.0
*/
public class RSACoderTest {
private String publicKey;
private String privateKey;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception {
Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSACoder.initKey();
publicKey = RSACoder.getPublicKey(keyMap);
privateKey = RSACoder.getPrivateKey(keyMap);
System.err.println("公钥: /n/r" + publicKey);
System.err.println("私钥: /n/r" + privateKey);
}
@Test
public void test() throws Exception {
System.err.println("公钥加密——私钥解密");
String inputStr = "abc";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPublicKey(data, publicKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder.decryptByPrivateKey(encodedData,
privateKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "/n/r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
}
@Test
public void testSign() throws Exception {
System.err.println("私钥加密——公钥解密");
String inputStr = "sign";
byte[] data = inputStr.getBytes();
byte[] encodedData = RSACoder.encryptByPrivateKey(data, privateKey);
byte[] decodedData = RSACoder
.decryptByPublicKey(encodedData, publicKey);
String outputStr = new String(decodedData);
System.err.println("加密前: " + inputStr + "/n/r" + "解密后: " + outputStr);
assertEquals(inputStr, outputStr);
System.err.println("私钥签名——公钥验证签名");
// 产生签名
String sign = RSACoder.sign(encodedData, privateKey);
System.err.println("签名:/r" + sign);
// 验证签名
boolean status = RSACoder.verify(encodedData, publicKey, sign);
System.err.println("状态:/r" + status);
assertTrue(status);
}
}
公钥加密——私钥解密
加密前: abc
解密后: abc
公钥:
私钥加密——公钥解密
加密前: sign
解密后: sign
私钥签名——公钥验证签名
签名:
ud1RsIwmSC1pN22I4IXteg1VD2FbiehKUfNxgVSHzvQNIK+d20FCkHCqh9djP3h94iWnIUY0ifU+
mbJkhAl/i5krExOE0hknOnPMcEP+lZV1RbJI2zG2YooSp2XDleqrQk5e/QF2Mx0Zxt8Xsg7ucVpn
i3wwbYWs9wSzIf0UjlM=
状态:
true
简要总结一下,使用公钥加密、私钥解密,完成了乙方到甲方的一次数据传递,通过私钥加密、公钥解密,同时通过私钥签 名、公钥验证签名,完成了一次甲方到乙方的数据传递与验证,两次数据传递完成一整套的数据交互!
类似数字签名,数字信封是这样描述的:
数字信封
数字信封用加密技术来保证只有特定的收信人才能阅读信的内容。
流程:
信息发送方采用对称密钥来加密信息,然后再用接收方的公钥来加密此对称密钥(这部分称为数字信封),再将它和信息一起发送给接收方;接收方先用相应的私钥打开数字信封,得到对称密钥,然后使用对称密钥再解开信息。