c++基础学习（11）--（模板、预处理器、信号处理）

目录

1.模板

模板是泛型编程的基础，泛型编程：以一种独立于任何特定类型的方式

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;


template <typename T>
inline T const& Max(T const &a , T const &b){
	return a<b?b:a;
}

int main(){
	int i = 10 , j = 11;
	cout<<"int\t"<<Max(i,j)<<endl;
	
	double m = 13.5 , n = 11.3;
	cout<<"double\t"<<Max(m,n)<<endl;
	
	string s1 = "wfy", s2 = "hxm";
	cout<<"string\t"<<Max(s1,s2)<<endl;
	return 0;
}

int 11
double 13.5
string wfy

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <string>
#include <stdexcept>

using namespace std;

template <class T>
class Stack { 
  private: 
    vector<T> elems;     // 元素 

  public: 
    void push(T const&);  // 入栈
    void pop();               // 出栈
    T top() const;            // 返回栈顶元素
    bool empty() const{       // 如果为空则返回真。
        return elems.empty(); 
    } 
}; 

template <class T>
void Stack<T>::push (T const& elem) 
{ 
    // 追加传入元素的副本
    elems.push_back(elem);    
} 

template <class T>
void Stack<T>::pop () 
{ 
    if (elems.empty()) { 
        throw out_of_range("Stack<>::pop(): empty stack"); 
    }
    // 删除最后一个元素
    elems.pop_back();         
} 

template <class T>
T Stack<T>::top () const 
{ 
    if (elems.empty()) { 
        throw out_of_range("Stack<>::top(): empty stack"); 
    }
    // 返回最后一个元素的副本 
    return elems.back();      
} 

int main() 
{ 
    try { 
        Stack<int>         intStack;  // int 类型的栈 
        Stack<string> stringStack;    // string 类型的栈 

        // 操作 int 类型的栈 
        intStack.push(7); 
        cout << intStack.top() <<endl; 

        // 操作 string 类型的栈 
        stringStack.push("hello"); 
        cout << stringStack.top() << std::endl; 
        stringStack.pop(); 
        stringStack.pop(); 
    } 
    catch (exception const& ex) { 
        cerr << "Exception: " << ex.what() <<endl; 
        return -1;
    } 
}

当上面的代码被编译和执行时，它会产生下列结果：
7
hello
Exception: Stack<>::pop(): empty stack

第一个例子中typename改为class也是可以的:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

template <class T>
inline T const& Max (T const& a, T const& b) 
{ 
    return a < b ? b:a; 
} 
int main ()
{

    int i = 39;
    int j = 20;
    cout << "Max(i, j): " << Max(i, j) << endl; 

    double f1 = 13.5; 
    double f2 = 20.7; 
    cout << "Max(f1, f2): " << Max(f1, f2) << endl; 

    string s1 = "Hello"; 
    string s2 = "World"; 
    cout << "Max(s1, s2): " << Max(s1, s2) << endl; 

   return 0;
}

Max(i, j): 39
Max(f1, f2): 20.7
Max(s1, s2): World

2.预处理器

3.信号处理

#include <iostream>
#include <csignal>
#include <unistd.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
void signalHandler( int signum )
{
    cout << "Interrupt signal (" << signum << ") received.\n";
 
    // 清理并关闭
    // 终止程序  
 
   exit(signum);  
 
}
 
int main ()
{
    // 注册信号 SIGINT 和信号处理程序
    signal(SIGINT, signalHandler);  
 
    while(1){
       cout << "Going to sleep...." << endl;
       sleep(1);
    }
 
    return 0;
}

当上面的代码被编译和执行时，它会产生下列结果
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
现在，按 Ctrl+C 来中断程序，您会看到程序捕获信号，程序打印如下内容并退出：
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
Interrupt signal (2) received.

#include <iostream>
#include <csignal>
#include <unistd.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
void signalHandler( int signum )
{
    cout << "Interrupt signal (" << signum << ") received.\n";
 
    // 清理并关闭
    // 终止程序 
 
   exit(signum);  
 
}
 
int main ()
{
    int i = 0;
    // 注册信号 SIGINT 和信号处理程序
    signal(SIGINT, signalHandler);  
 
    while(++i){
       cout << "Going to sleep...." << endl;
       if( i == 3 ){
          raise( SIGINT);
       }
       sleep(1);
    }
 
    return 0;
}

当上面的代码被编译和执行时，它会产生下列结果，并会自动退出：
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
Going to sleep…
Interrupt signal (2) received.