note of code in python

1. different of assignment variable and list
    for variable: just copy the content of the other
    like below:

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1. >>> var1 = 'hello'
   
2. >>> var2 = var1
   
3. >>> var1 = 'world'
   
4. >>> var1
   
5. 'world'
   
6. >>> var2
   
7. 'hello'

    for list: copy the address of the other
    like below:

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1. >>> list1 = []
   
2. >>> nested = [list1, list1, list1]
   
3. >>> nested
   
4. [[], [], []]
   
5. >>> nested[1].append('Hello ')
   
6. >>> nested
   
7. [['Hello '], ['Hello '], ['Hello ']]
   
8. >>> list1.append('world!!')
   
9. >>> nested
   
10. [['Hello ', 'world!!'], ['Hello ', 'world!!'], ['Hello ', 'world!!']]

2. contrast from string\list\pair
    the difference like the code below:

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1. strings = 'I am a good student!!'
   
2. >>> lines = ['zhang', 'pei', 'hua', 'hello', 'world']
   
3. >>> pairs = (6, 'dog', 'cat')
   
4. >>> strings[2], lines[2], pairs[2]
   
5. ('a', 'hua', 'cat')
   
6. >>> len(strings), len(lines), len(pairs)
   
7. (21, 5, 3)

3. the defence style function
    prevent unreasonable input and suggest reasonable solution. like below function the argument  must be string,if not return warn.
    

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1. >>> def tag(word):
   
2. ... assert isinstance(word, basestring), "argument \
   
3. ... to tag() must be a string"
   
4. ... if word in ['a', 'the', 'all']:
   
5. ... return 'det'
   
6. ... else:
   
7. ... return 'noun'
   
8. ...
   
9. >>> tag('hello')
   
10. 'noun'
    
11. >>> tag(['hello'])
    
12. Traceback (most recent call last):
    
13.   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    
14.   File "<stdin>", line 3, in tag
    
15. AssertionError: argument     to tag() must be a string

4. dictionary in python like hash pair in other programming language
    the character reflected in below code:

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1. >>> pos = {'colorless':'ADJ', 'ideas':'N', 'sleep':'V'}
   
2. >>> pos
   
3. {'sleep': 'V', 'ideas': 'N', 'colorless': 'ADJ'}
   
4. >>> pos2 = dict(colorless='ADJ', ideas='N', sleep='V')
   
5. >>> pos2
   
6. {'sleep': 'V', 'ideas': 'N', 'colorless': 'ADJ'}
   
7. >>> pos['sleep']
   
8. 'V'
   
9. >>> pos['sleep'] = ['N','V']
   
10. >>> pos
    
11. {'sleep': ['N', 'V'], 'ideas': 'N', 'colorless': 'ADJ'}