机器学习笔记之线性回归的正则化

Regularized Linear Regression

Note: [8:43 - It is said that X is non-invertible if m  ≤  n. The correct statement should be that X is non-invertible if m < n, and may be non-invertible if m = n.

We can apply regularization to both linear regression and logistic regression. We will approach linear regression first.

Gradient Descent

We will modify our gradient descent function to separate out  θ0  from the rest of the parameters because we do not want to penalize  θ0 .

Repeat {    θ0:=θ0−α 1m ∑i=1m(hθ(x(i))−y(i))x(i)0    θj:=θj−α [(1m ∑i=1m(hθ(x(i))−y(i))x(i)j)+λmθj]}          j∈{1,2...n}

The term  λmθj  performs our regularization. With some manipulation our update rule can also be represented as:

θj:=θj(1−αλm)−α1m∑mi=1(hθ(x(i))−y(i))x(i)j

The first term in the above equation,  1−αλm  will always be less than 1. Intuitively you can see it as reducing the value of  θj  by some amount on every update. Notice that the second term is now exactly the same as it was before.

Normal Equation

Now let's approach regularization using the alternate method of the non-iterative normal equation.

To add in regularization, the equation is the same as our original, except that we add another term inside the parentheses:

θ=(XTX+λ⋅L)−1XTywhere  L=⎡⎣⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢⎢011⋱1⎤⎦⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥⎥

L is a matrix with 0 at the top left and 1's down the diagonal, with 0's everywhere else. It should have dimension (n+1)×(n+1). Intuitively, this is the identity matrix (though we are not including  x0 ), multiplied with a single real number λ.

Recall that if m < n, then  XTX  is non-invertible. However, when we add the term λ⋅L, then  XTX  + λ⋅L becomes invertible.