C++ 中的深拷贝和浅拷贝

浅拷贝

浅拷贝指的是仅拷贝对象的所有成员，包括指针的值，而不包括其引用对象（例如指针指向的其他内容）。
看下面这个例子：

#pragma once
#include <string>
//学生

class Student {
public:
	Student(std::string name, int age);
	~Student();

	void printInfo();
private:
	std::string _name;
	int _age;
};

#include "Student.h"
#include <stdio.h>

Student::Student(std::string name, int age) {
	_name = name;
	_age = age;
}

Student::~Student() {
	_name = "";
	_age = -1;
}

void Student::printInfo() {
	printf("Name:%s  Age:%d\n", _name.c_str(), _age);
}

#pragma once
#include <string>
//教室

class Student;

class Classroom {
public:
	Classroom(int grade);
	~Classroom();

	void addStudent(std::string name, int age);

	void printInfo();
private:
	int _grade;//年级
	Student* _student = nullptr;
};

#include "Classroom.h"
#include "Student.h"

Classroom::Classroom(int grade) {
	_grade = grade;
}

Classroom::~Classroom() {
	_grade = 0;
	delete _student;
	_student = nullptr;
}

void Classroom::addStudent(std::string name, int age) {
	_student = new Student(name, age);
}

void Classroom::printInfo() {
	printf("Grade:%d ", _grade);
	if (_student == nullptr){
		printf("No Student\n");
	} else {
		_student->printInfo();
	}
}

#include <QtCore/QCoreApplication>
#include "Classroom.h"
#include "Student.h"

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	QCoreApplication a(argc, argv);

	//1.创建一个教室并且添加一个学生
	Classroom* room1 = new Classroom(6);
	room1->addStudent("张三", 16);
	room1->printInfo();

	//2.把教室1的内容复制给教室2  -  浅拷贝
	Classroom room2 = *room1;
	room2.printInfo();

	//3.删除教室1
	delete room1;
	room1 = nullptr;

	//4.重新打印教室2
	room2.printInfo();

	return a.exec();
}

运行结果：

虽然room1把值对象的值付给了room2，赋值的只是room中的成员变量，并没有把_student拷贝一份，而只是把指针地址赋值给了room2，但是当room1销毁后，room2除了_grade的值以外，指针执行的内存同时也销毁了。

深拷贝

深拷贝除了拷贝其成员本身的值之外，还拷贝的成员指向的动态内存等的内容。
修改一下Classroom的复制构造函数

#pragma once
#include <string>
//教室

class Student;

class Classroom {
public:
	Classroom(int grade);
	Classroom(Classroom&room);
	~Classroom();

	void addStudent(std::string name, int age);

	void printInfo();
private:
	int _grade;//年级
	Student* _student = nullptr;
};

#include "Classroom.h"
#include "Student.h"

Classroom::Classroom(int grade) {
	_grade = grade;
}

Classroom::Classroom(Classroom&room) {
	this->_grade = room._grade;
	this->_student = new Student(room._student->getName(), room._student->getAge());
}

Classroom::~Classroom() {
	_grade = 0;
	delete _student;
	_student = nullptr;
}

void Classroom::addStudent(std::string name, int age) {
	_student = new Student(name, age);
}

void Classroom::printInfo() {
	printf("Grade:%d ", _grade);
	if (_student == nullptr){
		printf("No Student\n");
	} else {
		_student->printInfo();
	}
}

#pragma once
#include <string>
//学生

class Student {
public:
	Student(std::string name, int age);
	~Student();

	std::string getName() {
		return _name;
	}

	int getAge() {
		return _age;
	}

	void printInfo();
private:
	std::string _name;
	int _age;
};

#include "Student.h"
#include <stdio.h>

Student::Student(std::string name, int age) {
	_name = name;
	_age = age;
}

Student::~Student() {
	_name = "";
	_age = -1;
}

void Student::printInfo() {
	printf("Name:%s  Age:%d\n", _name.c_str(), _age);
}

main函数不变，运行结果:

默认的拷贝行为基本都是浅拷贝，即仅仅拷贝其成员值。当然如果所有成员值没有引用任何外部对象，或者引用的外部对象定义了自己的深拷贝行为，那么深拷贝和浅拷贝是一样的。如果需要拷贝值以外的内容,如指针指向的内存等，需要自己编写复制构造函数。

aaa