C语言基础（二十五）

栈排序不是最高效的方法，因为栈是一种后进先出（LIFO, Last In First Out）的数据结构，而排序要求根据元素的顺序（如升序或降序）重新排列。但是，可以利用栈的特性，结合其他排序算法的思想，或者通过多次入栈和出栈操作间接实现排序。

测试代码：

#include "date.h"
#include <stdio.h>  
#include <stdlib.h>  
  
typedef int ElementType;  
  
typedef struct Node {  
    ElementType data;  
    struct Node* next;  
} Node;  
  
typedef struct {  
    Node* top;  
} Stack;  
  
// 初始化栈  
void InitStack(Stack* s) {  
    s->top = NULL;  
}  
  
// 检查栈是否为空  
int IsEmpty(Stack* s) {  
    return s->top == NULL;  
}  
  
// 入栈  
void Push(Stack* s, ElementType e) {  
    Node* newNode = (Node*)malloc(sizeof(Node));  
    if (!newNode) {  
        printf("Memory allocation failed.\n");  
        return;  
    }  
    newNode->data = e;  
    newNode->next = s->top;  
    s->top = newNode;  
}  
  
// 出栈  
ElementType Pop(Stack* s) {  
    if (IsEmpty(s)) {  
        printf("Stack is empty. Cannot pop.\n");  
        return -1; // 假设-1是错误值  
    }  
    Node* temp = s->top;  
    ElementType popped = temp->data;  
    s->top = s->top->next;  
    free(temp);  
    return popped;  
}  
  
// 计算栈中元素数量  
int CountElements(Stack* s) {  
    int count = 0;  
    Node* current = s->top;  
    while (current != NULL) {  
        count++;  
        current = current->next;  
    }  
    return count;  
}  
  
// 打印栈  
void PrintStack(Stack* s) {  
    Node* current = s->top;  
    while (current != NULL) {  
        printf("%d ", current->data);  
        current = current->next;  
    }  
    printf("\n");  
}  
  
// 排序并重新入栈（使用插入排序）  
void SortAndPushBack(Stack* s) {  
    int count = CountElements(s);  
    ElementType* array = (ElementType*)malloc(sizeof(ElementType) * count);  
    if (!array) return;  
  
    int i = 0;  
    Node* current = s->top;  
    while (current != NULL) {  
        array[i++] = current->data;  
        current = current->next;  
    }  
  
    // 插入排序  
    for (int j = 1; j < count; j++) {  
        ElementType key = array[j];  
        int k = j - 1;  
  
        while (k >= 0 && array[k] > key) {  
            array[k + 1] = array[k];  
            k = k - 1;  
        }  
        array[k + 1] = key;  
    }  
  
    // 清空栈并重新入栈  
    InitStack(s);  
    for (int j = 0; j < count; j++) {  
        Push(s, array[j]);  
    }  
  
    free(array);  
}  
  
int main() {  
    int time = getTime();
    Stack s;  
    InitStack(&s);  
  
    Push(&s, 3);  
    Push(&s, 1);  
    Push(&s, 4);  
    Push(&s, 6);  
    Push(&s, 5);  
  
    printf("Original stack: ");  
    PrintStack(&s);  
    
    SortAndPushBack(&s); 
	printf("Sorted stack: ");  
    PrintStack(&s);
    // 出栈  
    printf("Popping: ");  
    while (!IsEmpty(&s)) {  
        printf("%d ", Pop(&s));  
    }  
    printf("\n");  
    return 0;  
}

运行结果如下：

 

...........................................................................................................................................................

队列（Queue）是一种先进先出（FIFO, First In First Out）的数据结构。队列的尾部用于添加元素（入队），而队列的头部用于移除元素（出队）。实现队列的方法有很多种，一般基于数组和链表实现。

测试代码;

#include "date.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#define MAX_SIZE 10  // 定义队列的最大容量

typedef struct {
    int items[MAX_SIZE];
    int front;
    int rear;
} Queue;

// 初始化队列
void initQueue(Queue *q) {
    q->front = q->rear = -1;
}

// 检查队列是否满
bool isFull(Queue *q) {
    return q->rear == MAX_SIZE - 1;
}

// 检查队列是否为空
bool isEmpty(Queue *q) {
    return q->front == -1;
}

// 入队操作
bool enqueue(Queue *q, int element) {
    if (isFull(q)) {
        printf("Queue is full!\n");
        return false;
    }
    if (isEmpty(q)) {
        q->front = 0;
    }
    q->rear++;
    q->items[q->rear] = element;
    printf("Enqueued %d to queue\n", element);
    return true;
}

// 出队操作
bool dequeue(Queue *q, int *element) {
    if (isEmpty(q)) {
        printf("Queue is empty!\n");
        return false;
    }
    *element = q->items[q->front];
    q->front++;
    if (q->front > q->rear) { // 若队列为空，重置front和rear
        q->front = q->rear = -1;
    }
    return true;
}

// 打印队列元素
void printQueue(Queue q) {
    if (isEmpty(&q)) {
        printf("Queue is empty\n");
        return;
    }

    printf("Queue elements:\n");
    for (int i = q.front; i <= q.rear; i++) {
        printf("%d ", q.items[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
}

int main() {
	int time = getTime();
    Queue q;
    initQueue(&q);

    // 入队操作
    enqueue(&q, 6);
    enqueue(&q, 2);
    enqueue(&q, 18);
    enqueue(&q, 0);
    enqueue(&q, 3);

    // 出队操作  
    int element;
    while (dequeue(&q, &element)) {  
        printf("Element dequeued: %d\n", element);  
   }  
    // 再次入队  
    enqueue(&q, 4);  
    enqueue(&q, 5);
    enqueue(&q, 10);
    enqueue(&q, 1);
    // 打印队列元素  
    printQueue(q);

    return 0;
}

运行结果如下：