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A Twitter network used random text, including poems, song lyrics, and Wikipedia entries, to amplify hashtags against Venezuela’s Juan Guaidó on Twitter. The network’s actions suggested they engaged in inauthentic behavior to make the hashtags seem more popular and organic than they were, in an attempt to manipulate trending topics on Twitter.
Twitter网络使用随机文本(包括诗歌，歌曲歌词和Wikipedia条目)来放大Twitter上针对委内瑞拉的JuanGuaidó的标签。 该网络的行动表明，他们从事虚假行为，以使标签看起来比以前更受欢迎和更有组织性，从而试图操纵Twitter上的热门话题。
Venezuela is undergoing a prolonged online battle — as a proxy for real-life support — between both the Maduro regime and the opposition. On social media, the regime has a history of using inauthentic tactics online for political gain, including Twitter’s traffic manipulation, the use of fake accounts, and state-backed campaigns on Twitter. Although there was no indication that these accounts were affiliated with the regime, their activity nonetheless indicated that pro-Maduro actors continue to use similar tactics to undermine Venezuela’s opposition coalition.
委内瑞拉正在经历一场长期的在线战斗，作为对马杜罗政权和反对派之间现实生活的支持。 在社交媒体上，该政权拥有使用在线不正当手段谋取政治利益的历史，包括Twitter的流量操纵 ， 伪造帐户的使用以及Twitter上由国家支持的竞选活动 。 尽管没有迹象表明这些说法与该政权有联系，但他们的活动表明，亲马杜罗演员继续使用类似的策略破坏委内瑞拉的反对派联盟。
The DFRLab previously reported on this network, showing that the 112 accounts coordinated to amplify anti-Guaidó hashtags in the aftermath of the Venezuelan National Assembly vote for the presidency of the legislative body on January 5, 2020. (In January 2019, following the disputed national election in late 2018, the National Assembly confirmed Guaidó as “interim president,” allowing him to form an “interim government” that is now recognized by more than 50 countries.) The network amplified hashtags by retweeting, replying, and mentioning each other’s posts. The strategy of using random text unrelated to the hashtag had not been detected in the previous report, however.
DFRLab先前在此网络上进行了报告 ，显示委内瑞拉国民议会在2020年1月5日投票选举立法机构主席之后，协调了112个账户以扩大反瓜伊多派主题标签。(在2018年末举行的全国大选中，国民议会确认瓜伊多为“临时总统”，使他能够组成一个“临时政府”，现已得到50多个国家的认可 。)该网络通过转发，回复和提及彼此的方式来放大标签。帖子。 但是，在先前的报告中未检测到使用与主题标签无关的随机文本的策略。
网络 (The network)
The posts that included random text also included the hashtags, thus pushing them to reach Twitter’s trending topics. They were all explicitly anti-Guaidó: the accounts used, for instance, the hashtags #NoQueremosaWaido (“We don’t want Waido,” a pejorative reference to “Guaidó”) and #WaidoEsFracaso (“Waido is a failure”).
包含随机文本的帖子还包含主题标签，从而推动它们成为Twitter的热门话题 。 它们都是明确反对Guaidó的：例如使用#NoQueremosaWaido(“我们不要Waido”，贬义为“Guaidó”)和#WaidoEsFracaso(“ Waido是失败”)的标签。
Most of the hashtags appeared in response to stories about Guaidó published by media outlets and on social media. Coverage of his recent international tour, which included an appearance as a special guest in U.S. President Donald Trump’s State of the Union address on February 4, received particular attention. News of the interim government’s announcement that they would appoint a presidential commission to oversee the restructuring of the Maduro regime-backed broadcaster Telesur was also targeted by the hashtags.
大多数主题标签的出现是对媒体和社交媒体发布的有关瓜伊多的故事的回应。 他最近的报道国际巡演 ，其中包括在外观上2月4日在国情咨文演说的美国总统唐纳德·特朗普的国家一位特殊的客人，受到了特别的关注。 临时政府宣布他们将任命一个总统委员会来监督马杜罗政权支持的广播公司Telesur的重组的消息也受到了话题的关注。
The accounts may have included the random text as a means of thwarting Twitter’s automated detection tools for platform manipulation, which includes attempts to undermine public conversation through repeated action (e.g., using a hashtag repeatedly). It may also have done so to artificially amplify or suppress information through inauthentic engagements, making content appear more organic or popular than it actually was.
这些帐户可能包含随机文本，以阻止Twitter的自动检测工具进行平台操作 ，该工具包括通过重复操作(例如，反复使用主题标签)破坏公众对话的尝试。 也可能这样做是通过不真实的参与人为地放大或抑制信息，使内容显得比实际更有机或更受欢迎。
The DFRLab analyzed 22 hashtags posted by the network between January 4 and February 3, 2020. The hashtag used most often was #HastaNuncaWaido (“#SeeYouNeverWaido”), posted on January 5, 2020, the day of the election for the presidency of the National Assembly, followed by #YRctvWaido (“#AndRctvWaido” — RCTV refers to Radio Caracas Television, a Venezuelan media outlet) posted on January 12, after Guaidó announced his intention to restructure Telesur.
DFRLab分析了该网络在2020年1月4日至2月3日之间发布的22个主题标签。使用最多的主题标签是#HastaNuncaWaido(“ #SeeYouNeverWaido”)，发布于2020年1月5日，即总统选举的当天。国民议会，接着是#YRctvWaido(“＃AndRctvWaido”，RCTV指委内瑞拉媒体的加拉加斯广播电台 )在瓜伊多宣布打算重组Telesur之后于1月12日发布。
The 22 analyzed hashtags were used by 3,530 accounts in total. Most of these accounts tweeted only one of the 22 hashtags, while accounts associated with the network used on average half of them (11 out of 22). The accounts @maritzabarbi and @chepina2020 were the only two profiles to use 21 of the hashtags, which in part contributed to them being the most recurrent accounts among the network. (No account used all 22 of the hashtags.)
分析的22个主题标签共有3,530个帐户使用。 这些帐户中的大多数仅发布了22个标签中的一个，而与网络关联的帐户平均使用了一半(22个中的11个)。 帐户@maritzabarbi和@ chepina2020是使用21个主题标签的仅有的两个配置文件，部分原因是它们是网络中最频繁出现的帐户。 (没有帐户使用全部22个主题标签。)
反Guaidó标签中包含的随机文本 (Random text included in anti-Guaidó hashtags)
Among the text most frequently used alongside the hashtags were articles from different websites and fragments of poems. Some posts also included Wikipedia entries and song lyrics that were often unrelated to Guaidó and to the hashtags.
在主题标签旁边最常使用的文字是来自不同网站的文章和诗歌片段。 一些帖子还包括Wikipedia条目和歌曲歌词，这些歌词通常与Guaidó和主题标签无关。
The accounts used this tactic to create original posts, which other accounts amplified consecutively. The relatively high volume of original tweets created the impression that the traffic was organic, when in fact it was being manipulated by a network.
这些帐户使用此策略来创建原始帖子，其他帐户则将其连续放大。 原始推文的数量相对较高，给人的印象是流量是有机的，而实际上却是由网络操纵的。
The accounts @_Monicafer and @stev_nat, for instance, posted text lifted from Wikipedia entries accompanying the hashtags #NoMeImportaTelesur (“I do not care about Telesur”) and #RindeCuentasGuaido (“Be accountable, Guaido”). Both posts showed inconsistencies in the text, such as incomplete sentences and a single letter after a period.
例如， @ _ Monicafer和@stev_nat帐户发布了带有#NoMeImportaTelesur(“我不在乎Telesur ”)和#RindeCuentasGuaido(“负责，Guaido”)等标签的Wikipedia条目中删除的文本。 这两个帖子均显示文本不一致，例如句子不完整和句号后只写一封信。
@_Monicafer pulled text from the Wikipedia entry for pro-Maduro Venezuelan news outlet Telesur.
@_Monicafer从亲马杜罗委内瑞拉新闻台Telesur 的Wikipedia条目中 提取了文字 。
The account @stev_nat, separately, used the Spanish-language Wikipedia entry on the Eiffel Tower in a tweet that also used #RindeCuentasGuaido.
该帐户@stev_nat，分开， 使用 的西班牙语维基百科条目在鸣叫也使用#RindeCuentasGuaido艾菲尔铁塔。
@stev_nat also included a snippet of unrelated poems alongside the hashtag #NoQueremosAWaido (“We do not want Waido”) on January 4, one day before the election for the presidency of the Venezuelan National Assembly. The examples included poems from Argentinian Julio Cortázar and Mexican Octavio Paz.
@stev_nat还在1月4日委内瑞拉国民议会当选总统选举的前一天，与#NoQueremosAWaido(“我们不要怀多”)的标签一起包含了一系列无关的诗歌。 例子包括阿根廷人朱利奥·科尔塔扎尔(JulioCortázar)和墨西哥人Octavio Paz的诗歌。
Other accounts, including @esneyder_2512 and @Cristprr, posted random text using song lyrics while mentioning the hashtags #PrefieroACapriles (“I prefer Capriles”) and #WaidoCriminalInternacional (“Waido International Criminal”).
其他帐户，包括@ esneyder_2512和@Cristprr ，使用歌曲歌词发布了随机文本，同时提到了#PrefieroACapriles(“我更喜欢Capriles”)和#WaidoCriminalInternacional(“ Waido国际刑事”)的标签。
Other sources of text included articles, bible psalms, and quotes. The accounts @venecophobic, @Kaiserincviper, and @RosschiII, among others, posted some of this content.
其他文本来源包括文章，圣经诗篇和引号。 @venecophobic帐户， @ Kaiserincviper和@RosschiII帐户等都发布了其中一些内容。
网络模式 (Patterns of the network)
The accounts involved in the amplification of the hashtags posted at different volumes. A small subset of the accounts posted many tweets, while other accounts tweeted less.
涉及放大不同卷上的主题标签的帐户。 一小部分帐户发布了许多推文，而其他帐户的推文较少。
A network analysis, a set of techniques that depicts relations among entities (in this case, Twitter accounts) and analyzes the structures that emerge from these relations, indicated that specific accounts acted to amplify the hashtags by retweeting, replying, and mentioning each other’s posts.
网络分析是描述实体之间关系的一组技术(在本例中为Twitter帐户)，并分析了从这些关系中出现的结构，该分析表明特定帐户通过转推，回复和提及彼此的帖子来放大主题标签。
Most hashtag usage followed the same pattern: a small number of accounts posted and amplified hashtags mostly through high-volume retweeting of other accounts that used them.
大多数主题标签的使用遵循相同的模式：少数帐户发布和放大主题标签，主要是通过大量转推其他使用它们的帐户来进行的。
For the hashtags that garnered the highest number of mentions and that had more accounts involved in amplifying it (#HastaNucaWaido, #YRctvWaido, and #WaidoCriminalInternacional), the most active profiles (by volume of posts) were @Pekytas1, @GladysVal_23, @AlejandraMalav, @nilfredo1978, and @Nebuverso.
对于获得最多提及次数且涉及更多放大作用的主题标签(＃HastaNucaWaido，＃YRctvWaido和#WaidoCriminalInternacional)，最活跃的个人资料(按帖子数量)是@ Pekytas1 ， @ GladysVal_23 ， @ AlejandraMalav ， @ nilfredo1978和@Nebuverso 。
Between January 4 and February 3, the period in which the accounts pushed the anti-Guaidó hashtags on Twitter, some accounts promoting these hashtags were either suspended by Twitter or deleted.
在1月4日至2月3日(即帐户在Twitter上推送反Guaidó标签)的时期，一些宣传这些标签的帐户已被Twitter暂停或删除。
Additionally, some accounts have deleted their own tweets mentioning the hashtags or have changed their handles. Based on an account’s Twitter ID, a unique number attributed to each account that does not vary if an account changes its handle, the DFRLab determined that at least 25 accounts changed their handle in this period.
此外，一些帐户已经删除了自己的提及＃标签的推文，或者更改了其句柄。 根据帐户的Twitter ID(归属于每个帐户的唯一编号)(如果帐户更改其句柄不会改变)，DFRLab确定在此期间至少有25个帐户更改了其句柄。
By changing their names, as well as through all of the other behavior outlined above, the accounts likely were attempting to evade Twitter’s enforcement mechanisms.
通过更改其名称以及上述所有其他行为，这些帐户很可能试图逃避Twitter的执行机制。
Esteban Ponce de León is a Research Assistant, Latin America, with the Digital Forensic Research Lab and is based in Colombia.
Esteban Ponce deLeón 是位于拉丁美洲的Digital Forensic Research Lab的研究助理，总部位于哥伦比亚。
Daniel Suárez Pérez is a Research Assistant, Latin America, with the Digital Forensic Research Lab and is based in Colombia.
丹尼尔·苏亚雷斯·佩雷斯 是位于哥伦比亚的Digital Forensic Research Lab的拉丁美洲研究助理。
Follow along for more in-depth analysis from our #DigitalSherlocks.
跟随 我们的#DigitalSherlocks进行更深入的分析。
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