计算机网络面试常问_计算机网络最常问的面试话题

计算机网络面试常问

In this article, I will mention all the important computer networking Interview topics and a brief description of each topic. For my interview preparation, I had focussed mainly on these topics. So, let’s crack the interview.

在本文中，我将提及所有重要的计算机网络面试主题以及每个主题的简要说明。 在准备面试时，我主要关注这些主题。 因此，让我们开始采访吧。

1. OSI模型(开放系统互连) (1. OSI Model (Open System InterConnection))

It is the layered framework for the design of the network System. It consists of 7 layers :

它是网络系统设计的分层框架。 它由7层组成：

Application Layer serves as a window for application services

应用程序层充当应用程序服务的窗口

At Presentation Layer, data is manipulated on the basis of the required format

在表示层，根据所需格式处理数据

Session Layer is responsible for the establishment of connection, sessions, and authentication

会话层负责建立连接，会话和身份验证

Transport Layer involves end to end delivery of messages

传输层涉及端到端的消息传递

Network Layer takes care of routing and Logical Addressing

网络层负责路由和逻辑寻址

Data Link Layer responsible for the error-free transmission of data packets i.e.Framing

数据链路层负责数据包的无错传输，即帧

Physical Layer is responsible for the actual physical connection between devices.

物理层负责设备之间的实际物理连接。

2. TCP / IP模型 (2. TCP/IP Model)

TCP/IP model consists of 4 layers. It is developed before OSI model and is more reliable than the OSI model.

TCP / IP模型包含4层。 它是在OSI模型之前开发的，并且比OSI模型更可靠。

TCP/IP Layers TCP / IP层

Application Layer controls user-interface specifications.

应用层控制用户界面规范。

Host-to-Host Layer is responsible for end-to-end communication and error-free delivery of data.

主机到主机层负责端到端通信和数据的无错误传递。

Internet Layer involves logical transmission of data over the entire network.

Internet层涉及整个网络上数据的逻辑传输。

Network Access layer involves hardware addressing and physical transmission of data.

网络访问层涉及硬件寻址和数据的物理传输。

3. ARQ(自动重复请求技术) (3. ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request Technique))

It is the method of error Control i.e. whenever an error is detected in a signal, a request is made for the retransmission of that signal.

这是错误控制的方法，即，每当在信号中检测到错误时，就请求重传该信号。

Flow Control: It is the procedures for restricting the amount of data that a transmitter can transmit before receiving any acknowledgment.

流控制：这是用于限制发送方在收到任何确认之前可以发送的数据量的过程。

There are 3 types of ARQ Techniques:

有3种类型的ARQ技术：

1. STOP and Wait ARQ: The sender sends one packet and then wait for ACK(acknowledgment). If the sender receives ACK, then the next packet will be sent, otherwise the previous packet will be retransmitted.

   停止并等待ARQ：发送方发送一个数据包，然后等待ACK(确认)。 如果发送方收到ACK，则将发送下一个数据包，否则将重传前一个数据包。

2. GO Back-N ARQ: The sender sends N packets(N=window size) before any Ack. If acknowledgment for any packet is not received, then all the packets sent after this will be retransmitted.

   返回Back-N ARQ：发送方在任何Ack之前发送N个数据包( N = window size )。 如果未收到对任何数据包的确认，则此后发送的所有数据包都将重新发送。

3. Selective Repeat ARQ: The sender sends N packets(N=window size) before any Ack. If Ack for any packet is not received, then only those packets will be retransmitted whose ACK is not received(A buffer is created at the receiver side for this purpose).

   选择性重复ARQ：发送方在任何Ack之前发送N个数据包(N =窗口大小)。 如果未收到任何数据包的Ack，则仅重发那些未收到ACK的数据包(为此，在接收方创建了一个缓冲区)。

4.最受欢迎的协议 (4. Most Asked Protocols)

1. Point to Point Protocol(PPP): It is a byte-oriented, data link layer protocol that establishes a direct connection between two routers without any host in-between.

   点对点协议(PPP)：这是一种面向字节的数据链路层协议，可在两个路由器之间建立直接连接，而无需任何主机。

2. High-Level Data Link Control(HDLC): It is a bit-oriented, data link layer protocol used for both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connection.

   高级数据链路控制(HDLC)：这是一种面向位的数据链路层协议，用于点对点和点对多点连接。

3. Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP): It is a request-response application-layer protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers.

   超文本传输​​协议(HTTP)：它是用于Web浏览器和Web服务器之间通信的请求-响应应用程序层协议。

4. Network Time Protocol(NTP): It is used to synchronize the clock of the computer system to one standard time source. It is useful for bank transactions.

   网络时间协议(NTP)：用于将计算机系统的时钟同步到一个标准时间源。 这对银行交易很有用。

5. Address Resolution Protocol(ARP): It is used for discovering the link-layer address, such as a MAC address with the help of the IP address of the device in a network.

   地址解析协议(ARP)：用于通过网络中设备的IP地址来发现链路层地址，例如MAC地址。

6. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol(RARP): It is used by the client computer to request its IP address in a network with the help of the MAC address of the device.

   反向地址解析协议(RARP)：客户端计算机使用它来借助设备的MAC地址在网络中请求其IP地址。

7. Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP): It is a network layer protocol used by devices in a network to diagnose network communication issues. It sends control messages such as destination network unreachable, source route failed, and source quench.

   Internet控制消息协议(ICMP)：这是网络中的设备用于诊断网络通信问题的网络层协议。 它发送控制消息，例如目标网络不可达，源路由失败和源中断。

8. Domain Name System(DNS): It is a directory service that provides a mapping between the name of a host on the network and its numerical address i.e. IP address.

   域名系统(DNS)：这是一种目录服务，提供网络上主机名与其​​数字地址(即IP地址)之间的映射。

9. File Transfer Protocol(FTP): It is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and a server on a computer network.

   文件传输协议(FTP)：这是一种标准的网络协议，用于在计算机网络上的客户端和服务器之间传输计算机文件。

10. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP): It is a push protocol and used to send the mail whereas Internet Message Access Protocol(IMAP) is used to retrieve those messages at the receiver side.

    简单邮件传输协议(SMTP)：这是一种推送协议，用于发送邮件，而Internet邮件访问协议(IMAP)用于在接收方检索这些邮件。

11. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP): It is a network management protocol whereby a DHCP server dynamically assigns an IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on the network.

    动态主机配置协议(DHCP)：这是一种网络管理协议，DHCP服务器通过该协议为网络上的每个设备动态分配IP地址和其他网络配置参数。

5.定义集线器，开关和路由器？ (5. Define HUB, SWITCHES, AND ROUTERS?)

HUB: It is a central device that splits the network connection into multiple devices. Whenever a request is made, the hub distributes this request to all the connected devices.

集线器：这是一个中央设备，可将网络连接拆分为多个设备。 每当发出请求时，集线器都会将此请求分发到所有连接的设备。

SWITCHES: It is similar to a hub that connects all the devices but it only sends the request to the device for which it belongs to.

开关：类似于连接所有设备的集线器，但它仅将请求发送到它所属的设备。

ROUTERS: A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. It inspects a given data packet’s destination IP address, calculates the best way for it to reach its destination, and then forwards it accordingly.

路由器：路由器是一种在计算机网络之间转发数据包的网络设备。 它检查给定数据包的目标IP地址，计算使其到达目的地的最佳方式，然后进行相应的转发。

6.路由协议 (6. ROUTING PROTOCOLS)

There are two types of Routing techniques:

路由技术有两种类型：

一世)。 域内路由(自治系统内) (i). Intradomain Routing (Within Autonomous System))

1. Distance Vector Routing: In this, a router transmits its distance vector to each of its neighbors in a routing packet and each router recalculates its distance vector table. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is used in DVR and Bellman-Ford algorithm is used for calculating the shortest path in a distance vector routing.

   距离矢量路由：在这种情况下，路由器将其距离矢量发送到路由数据包中的每个邻居，并且每个路由器都会重新计算其距离矢量表。 DVR中使用路由信息协议(RIP) ，而Bellman-Ford算法用于计算距离矢量路由中的最短路径。

2. Link State Routing: In this protocol, each node of the network maintains the entire topology of the network. Dijkstra Algorithm is used for calculating the shortest path in a network. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an implementation of the Link State Routing Protocol.

   链路状态路由：在此协议中，网络的每个节点都维护网络的整个拓扑。 Dijkstra算法用于计算网络中的最短路径。 开放式最短路径优先(OSPF)是链路状态路由协议的一种实现。

ii)。 域间路由(两个自治系统之间) (ii). Interdomain Routing (Between two Autonomous System))

1. Path Vector Routing: In this, the autonomous system boundary routers send path-vector messages to advertise the reachability of networks. Border Gateway Protocol(BGP) is an example of a path vector protocol.

   路径向量路由：在这种情况下，自治系统边界路由器发送路径向量消息来通告网络的可达性。 边界网关协议(BGP)是路径矢量协议的示例。

7. TCP与UDP (7. TCP Vs UDP)

1. TCP is known as Transmission Control Protocol whereas UDP is called User-datagram Protocol.
   TCP被称为传输控制协议，而UDP被称为用户数据报协议。
2. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol whereas UDP is a connectionless protocol.
   TCP是面向连接的协议，而UDP是无连接协议。
3. TCP is reliable as it provides the assurance for the delivery of data packets whereas UDP is unreliable.
   TCP是可靠的，因为它为数据包的传递提供了保证，而UDP是不可靠的。
4. TCP is slower as it performs error checking and flow control whereas UDP is faster.
   TCP较慢，因为它执行错误检查和流控制，而UDP则更快。
5. TCP uses a three-way handshaking mechanism i.e. sender receives the ACK and then transmits data whereas UDP does not follow any such mechanism.
   TCP使用三向握手机制，即发送方接收ACK，然后发送数据，而UDP不遵循任何这种机制。
6. TCP follows a flow-control mechanism whereas UDP follows no such mechanism.
   TCP遵循流控制机制，而UDP不遵循这种机制。

8.传输方式 (8. Transmission Modes)

There are three types of transmission mode:-

传输模式分为三种：

1. Simplex Mode: Transmission in only one direction.

   单工模式：仅在一个方向上传输。

2. Half-Duplex Mode: Transmission in both directions but one at a time.

   半双工模式：双向传输，一次传输一次。

3. Full-Duplex Mode: Transmission in both directions simultaneously.

   全双工模式：同时双向传输。

If you reached here, then I hope you liked my first medium article.

如果您到达这里，那么希望您喜欢我的第一篇中篇文章。

Is there anything I missed? I hope that the medium community shares their feedback and provide thoughts…

我有什么想念的吗？ 我希望媒体社区分享他们的反馈并提供想法…

翻译自: https://medium.com/swlh/computer-networking-most-asked-interview-topics-e6637e468aff

计算机网络面试常问