老龄人口公交出行_在设计技术时要考虑到老年人口

老龄人口公交出行

Abstract — The senior user base, which we will define as sixty-five years or older, is often overlooked during the design of new technologies, apps, or devices. Many human functions, such as hearing, sight, and motor skills, decline rapidly after this age, causing difficulties when interacting with small devices and non-intuitive interfaces. This article will analyze current design patterns of technology, their appropriateness for the elderly, and find recommendations for designing interfaces with the older population in mind.

摘要—我们将定义为65岁以上的高级用户群在设计新技术，应用程序或设备时经常被忽略。 在这个年龄之后，许多人类功能(例如听觉，视觉和运动技能)会Swift下降，在与小型设备和非直观界面交互时会造成困难。 本文将分析当前技术的设计模式及其对老年人的适用性，并为在考虑到老年人群方面设计接口提供建议。

The tech industry today is dominated by software engineers and product owners in their twenties and thirties. It is easy to forget that older people are also part of the user base when designing new digital products, apps, and smart technologies. There are many human functions such as motor skills, vision, and hearing that rapidly decline after the age of sixty-five, many of those beginning to decline earlier in life. There are also many user interface elements that younger people have embedded in their second nature, such as the scroll bar, search bar, or navigation bar. But lack of digital experience usually causes the elderly to stumble while trying to navigate a website or app. Poor design choices can cut off the older population from reaping the benefits of technology. Just like the younger population uses technology to instantly communicate through messaging, video chat with family across the country, share photos through social media, and even stay healthy through fitness apps, the older generation has their own set of needs that can be achieved with technology in hand. We will look into what design patterns make an interface friendlier to the elderly, what the elderly have to say after having used technology, and discuss why it is important to include the older population with new waves of technology.

当今的技术行业在20世纪30年代受到软件工程师和产品所有者的支配。 很容易忘记，老年人在设计新的数字产品，应用程序和智能技术时也属于用户群。 运动技能，视觉和听觉等许多人类功能在六十五岁之后会Swift下降，其中许多会在生命早期开始下降。 年轻人还具有许多第二种固有的用户界面元素，例如滚动条，搜索条或导航条。 但是缺乏数字体验通常会导致老年人在尝试浏览网站或应用程序时跌倒。 设计选择不当会使老年人无法享受技术带来的好处。 就像年轻人使用技术通过即时通讯，与全国各地的家庭进行视频聊天，通过社交媒体共享照片，甚至通过健身应用程序保持健康一样，老一辈也有自己的一套可以通过技术实现的需求在手里。 我们将研究哪些设计模式使界面对老年人更友好，老年人在使用技术后必须说些什么，并讨论为什么将老年人群纳入新技术浪潮很重要。

Photo by Gervyn Louis on Unsplash

Gervyn Louis在 Unsplash上 拍摄的照片

In many wealthy countries, people over the age of sixty-five are the fastest-growing demographic, and they are becoming a big consumer of modern digital products. Around 19% of people in the U.S. will be over the age of sixty-five by 2030 [6]. This is a large portion of the population that would be left out if interface designers and new devices do not acknowledge the needs of the elderly.

在许多富裕国家/地区，六十五岁以上的人口是增长最快的人口，并且正在成为现代数字产品的主要消费者。 到2030年，美国约19％的人将达到65岁。 如果接口设计者和新设备不承认老年人的需求，这将是很大的一部分人口。

A majority of software engineers and product designers are in their early twenties and thirties, so it is safe to say that technology is being designed mostly by young people for young people. An important consideration is that the current generation of seniors, born between 1946 and 1964 and known as the Baby Boomer generation, is far more likely to have had substantial experience with technology during careers or in the latter half of their adult life [6]. The seniors from 10–15 years ago were much less likely to have used computers and tablets in their work and personal life. Thus, digital literacy is on the rise and today’s seniors will behave and interact with technology more fluently than the seniors from twenty years ago.

大多数软件工程师和产品设计师都处于20年代和30年代初期，因此可以肯定地说，技术主要是由年轻人为年轻人设计的。 一个重要的考虑因素是，当前一代的老年人出生于1946年至1964年之间，被称为“婴儿潮一代”，在职业生涯或成年后半段中，他们很可能拥有过丰富的技术经验[6]。 10至15年前的老年人在工作和个人生活中不太可能使用计算机和平板电脑。 因此，数字素养正在上升，与20年前的老年人相比，如今的老年人将更加流畅地与技术互动。

用户角色 (User Persona)

After collecting information about the older generation, I developed a fictional representation of an elderly woman, depicted in Fig. 1, to illustrate the physical and social qualities that may be typical amongst the elderly. The user persona created describes an elderly woman who is really interested in using technology in her everyday life, and more importantly, even needs technology to accomplish important tasks. There are a few important takeaways. She wants to be independent and learn things on her own, so easy access and understanding of technology will be crucial. Her physical abilities to interact with devices that require touch, or point and click, might be limited due to her trembling in the right hand. Lastly, technology is a vital part of how she communicates with her children and grandchildren. Being able to use a video communication system is important for her daily communication with her family. She also strives to become a more active Facebook user by learning how to post her own pictures and be more involved with online media by starting her own baking blog.

在收集了有关较老一代的信息之后，我开发了一个虚构的老年妇女形象，如图1所示，以说明老年人中典型的身体和社会素质。 创建的用户角色描述了一位老妇，她真的对在日常生活中使用技术很感兴趣，更重要的是，甚至需要技术来完成重要任务。 有一些重要的要点。 她希望自己独立自主学习，因此轻松访问和理解技术至关重要。 由于她在右手发抖，因此与需要触摸或点击的设备进行交互的身体能力可能会受到限制。 最后，技术是她与子女和孙辈沟通的重要组成部分。 能够使用视频通信系统对于她与家人的日常通信很重要。 她还努力学习如何发布自己的照片，并通过创建自己的烘焙博客来参与在线媒体，从而成为更活跃的Facebook用户。

Fig. 1 Self-created representation of a 75-year-old woman who is a novice technology user

图1一名75岁女性的新手技术代表

与技术的老年人关系 (The Elderly Relationship With Technology)

The elderly make up a diverse and large consumer base. Technology is an impactful part of their lives and can improve the quality of their life. But, the internet, apps and devices do not consider challenges the elderly need to overcome in order to interact with technology designed for the younger population. Interface design, such as text, colors, icons, and assistive features, are important as well as providing instructions to guide a new user of an application.

老年人构成了一个庞大的多元化消费群体。 技术是他们生活中至关重要的一部分，可以改善他们的生活质量。 但是，互联网，应用程序和设备没有考虑到老年人与专为年轻人设计的技术进行交互所需要克服的挑战。 界面设计(例如文本，颜色，图标和辅助功能)很重要，并且提供了指导应用程序新用户的指导。

Technology Can Change Their Lifestyle

科技可以改变他们的生活方式

Technology can simplify and assist with the everyday tasks of the elderly. They can use the internet to pursue interests, shop, manage money, follow current events, research topics, and stay in touch with family and friends [6]. This is very similar to how a younger person relies on technology to accomplish their everyday tasks. Seniors can use apps like Uber and Lyft to easily get around rather than driving themselves or having a family member transport them. A growth in virtual healthcare, also called telemedicine, allows for connection with doctors via video camera so a patient with limited transportation does not have to worry about leaving their home. This virtual connection allows health care professionals to monitor important vital signs and conduct teleconferences with their patients on a regular basis, increasing doctor and patient interactions [8]. Another useful online service is grocery shopping and food delivery. Elders do not have to worry about leaving their homes, carrying heavy grocery bags, or pushing a cart. Next, they can pursue their hobbies and interests because video streaming gives them access to endless content and the ability to learn new things without going anywhere. One way this is used is to learn new hobbies like baking, golfing, or gardening. Video streaming is a cross-age service that can benefit just about anyone who is curious about learning online. Lastly, there are many apps for mind games and physical exercises. These are used by the elderly to practice memory and cognition and even are recommended by health professionals to maintain a healthy brain. In a Nielson Norman group research study, an 87-year-old participant stated: “going online has made me feel so much more independent [6].” Independence is a quality that is of primary importance to our user persona above, and especially to elders that want to live alone and not ask family and friends for assistance with everyday tasks.

技术可以简化并协助老年人的日常工作。 他们可以使用互联网追求兴趣，购物，管理资金，关注时事，研究主题以及与家人和朋友保持联系[6]。 这与年轻人依靠技术来完成其日常任务非常相似。 老年人可以使用Uber和Lyft之类的应用轻松出行，而不必自己开车或让家人接送他们。 虚拟医疗保健(也称为远程医疗)的发展使得可以通过摄像机与医生建立联系，因此交通不便的患者不必担心出门在外。 这种虚拟连接使医疗保健专业人员能够监视重要的生命体征并定期与患者进行电话会议，从而增加医生与患者之间的互动[8]。 另一个有用的在线服务是杂货店购物和食品配送。 长者不必担心离开家园，背着沉重的杂物袋或推着推车。 接下来，他们可以追求自己的爱好和兴趣，因为视频流使他们能够访问无尽的内容，并且能够无所事事地学习新事物。 一种使用这种方法的方法是学习新的爱好，例如烘焙，打高尔夫球或园艺。 视频流是跨时代的服务，几乎对在线学习感兴趣的任何人都可以从中受益。 最后，有许多用于智力游戏和体育锻炼的应用程序。 这些被老年人用来练习记忆和认知，甚至被健康专家推荐以保持大脑健康。 在Nielson Norman小组的一项研究研究中，一位87岁的参与者说：“上网使我感到更加独立[6]。” 独立性是上述使用者角色最重要的素质，尤其是对于那些希望独自生活而不愿意向家人和朋友寻求日常任务帮助的长者。

Identifying Physical and Mental Differences

识别身心差异

After the age of sixty-five, the elderly face unique challenges when using websites and apps. This is because of physical, mental, and generational differences. It becomes harder for them to read text that is small and close. Text that has similar colors becomes hard to distinguish, especially shades of blue. Motor skills decline with age, especially with chronic illnesses like Parkinson’s, making it harder for seniors to point and click on tiny interface elements and move the mouse from one thing to the next. Research has shown that tapping is much friendlier to the elderly because finger tapping declines later than other motor skills [1]. The elderly also prioritize different kinds of relationships than do younger users. They tend to prefer connecting with a smaller group of people, such as their immediate family and close friends, whereas younger users prioritize social networks [1]. Next, there is a gap in digital experiences. The elderly are described by the term “digital immigrant”, having adopted technology at a later point in life. “Digital natives” are the generation who were born into technology; they are like native speakers of a language [4]. When faced with a new product, natives can quickly understand or experimentally figure out the interface. In contrast, digital immigrants want to read a manual first. The older population did not grow up with apps or devices, so interface elements are not second nature to them. Repeated digital experiences have programmed younger users’ brains to build mental models of their digital experiences [4]. In contrast, a lack of digital experience makes it hard for the elderly to build a mental model of an app or device. Apps do not come with instruction manuals, but many older people are used to reading paper instruction manuals. Lastly, there is a difference in the levels of memory and attention. Short term memory, which is remembering recent events, and prospective memory, which is remembering to do something in the future, begin to suffer. But, the attention span and methodical behaviors of the elderly excel far beyond younger users. Older people tend to be able to focus on one thing for a long period of time.

在65岁之后，老年人在使用网站和应用程序时会面临独特的挑战。 这是由于生理，心理和世代差异。 对于他们来说，阅读小而密的文本变得更加困难。 颜色相似的文本变得难以区分，尤其是蓝色阴影。 运动技能会随着年龄的增长而下降，尤其是在诸如帕金森氏症这样的慢性疾病中，这使老年人更难于指向和点击微小的界面元素并将鼠标从一件事移到另一件事。 研究表明，敲击对老年人更友好，因为手指敲击比其他运动技能下降得晚[1]。 与年轻用户相比，老年人还优先考虑不同类型的关系。 他们倾向于与较小的人群联系，例如直系亲属和密友，而年轻的用户则优先考虑社交网络[1]。 其次，数字体验之间存在差距。 老年人用“数字移民”一词来描述，他们在生活的晚些时候采用了技术。 “数字原住民”是出生于技术的一代； 他们就像母语使用者一样[4]。 面对新产品时，本地人可以快速了解或通过实验弄清界面。 相反，数字移民希望首先阅读手册。 年龄较大的人并没有随着应用程序或设备一起长大，因此界面元素并不是他们的本性。 重复的数字体验使年轻用户的大脑得以编程，以建立他们的数字体验的心理模型[4]。 相反，缺乏数字体验使老年人很难建立应用程序或设备的心理模型。 应用程序不附带说明手册，但是许多老年人习惯于阅读纸质说明手册。 最后，记忆力和注意力水平有所不同。 短期记忆(正在记住最近发生的事件)和前瞻性记忆(正在记住将来要做的事情)开始受到影响。 但是，老年人的注意力范围和方法行为远胜于年轻用户。 老年人倾向于能够长时间专注于一件事情。

Usability Challenges

可用性挑战

How do these differences affect the interactions that the elderly have with devices and interfaces? The internet is unfriendly for people with bad eyesight. Readability of text is an issue as well as elements like buttons, dropdowns, and links that are displayed at a small size cause difficulty when tapping or clicking. Many apps are inflexible in how they receive input. For example, a calendar date/time selector is difficult for an older person to navigate and click. It would be more usable if the date could be typed in the proper format or even recorded through voice input in order to accommodate users that are not able to click through a calendar widget. Next, there can be error messages that are hard to understand, too technical, or are unclear on what to do next. There are also some icons that are not intuitive to digital immigrants. For example, the bell icon for notifications or the gear icon for settings does not explain itself if you are a beginner with technology. These challenges make it hard for the elderly to accomplish tasks on devices and make them feel inadequate to use technology. Inaccessible design choices can be unfriendly for users of all ages as well. In a Nielsen Norman study of teenage users of technology, they found that “teenagers dislike tiny font sizes as much as adults do [10].” The teens expressed that they had to squint to read font sizes that were smaller than 16. Small text size draws complaints from teenagers too, and if a feature irritates young users then it will definitely be a substantial barrier for the elderly.

这些差异如何影响老年人与设备和界面的互动？ 视力不好的人对互联网不友好。 文本的可读性以及按钮，下拉菜单和以小尺寸显示的链接等元素在点击或单击时都会造成困难。 许多应用程序在接收输入方式方面缺乏灵活性。 例如，老年人很难导航和单击日历日期/时间选择器。 如果可以以正确的格式键入日期，甚至通过语音输入记录日期，以适应无法单击日历小部件的用户，那将更加有用。 接下来，可能会出现一些错误消息，这些消息很难理解，过于技术性或不清楚下一步该怎么做。 还有一些图标对于数字移民不直观。 例如，如果您是技术初学者，则用于通知的响铃图标或用于设置的齿轮图标不会自行说明。 这些挑战使老年人很难在设备上完成任务，并使他们感到自己不足以使用技术。 对于所有年龄段的用户来说，无法访问的设计选择也可能不友好。 在尼尔森·诺曼(Nielsen Norman)对青少年技术用户的研究中，他们发现“青少年与成年人一样不喜欢细小的字体[10]。” 青少年表示，他们不得不着眼睛阅读小于16的字体。小字体也引起了青少年的抱怨，如果该功能激怒了年轻用户，那么这无疑将成为老年人的一大障碍。

Feedback From the Elderly

老人的回馈

A focus group study conducted by researchers in the United Kingdom, titled “Older Adults Perceptions of Technology and Barriers to Interacting with Tablet Computers: A Focus Group Study” [9], recorded themes and subthemes, illustrated in Fig. 2, expressed by the elderly when asked about technology usage. They interviewed eighteen people, between 65–76 years old, who were novice tablet users. The participants expressed these four main themes regarding tablets and technology after the interviews: barriers to technology, disadvantages and concerns, advantages, and skepticisms about using technology in general.

由英国研究人员进行的焦点小组研究，标题为“老年人对平板电脑的技术认知和障碍：焦点小组研究” [9]，记录了主题和子主题，如图2所示。老年人被问及技术使用情况时。 他们采访了18位年龄介于65-76岁之间的平板电脑新手。 受访者在访谈后表达了有关平板电脑和技术的四个主要主题：技术障碍，劣势和担忧，优势以及对使用技术的普遍怀疑。

Fig. 2 Themes and subthemes recorded after interviewing elderly participants about tablet usage [9] 图2采访老人参与者关于平板电脑使用情况后记录的主题和子主题[9]

A subtheme of note under the “Barriers to using technologies and tablets” theme is lack of instructions and guidance, and participants noted that if there were instructions, they were too technical. One participant expressed, “The manual is written by the techies. It’s not written by [users] and that’s probably a big message to send to the manufacturer [9].” The instructions for a technical device must be conscious that users of all ages and from all places will be reading to learn how to use the device. And the biggest seeker of instruction manuals will be digital immigrants, not digital natives. Thus, it would be safer to write the manual at an elementary level, without any assumptions of technical knowledge. Another participant said it would be helpful to have “A little handout with each tablet showing what the keys are for [9].” It seems like the elderly are looking for guidance when it comes to using new technology, but a lot of modern devices and apps do not come with manuals. It is hard for them to intuitively identify the features of an app, but if they were given the opportunity to learn all the useful features of a device, they could experience the full potential of technology. One of the negative features of tablets expressed by a participant was, “I think the buttons are far too difficult to handle and they should have a label on them saying what they are [9].” We will later discuss how labeling a graphic icon with text is not only helpful to beginners with technology, but results in an overall improvement of app usability. Lastly, the participants said the positive features of tablets were portability, versatility, convenience, and easy access to information. At the end of the focus group, 94.4% of participants rated their tablet experience as excellent and 66.6% stated they would be likely or very likely to use a tablet in the future [9].

“使用技术和平板电脑的障碍”主题下一个值得注意的子主题是缺少说明和指导，参与者指出，如果有说明，则它们太技术性了。 一位与会者表示：“该手册由技术人员编写。 它不是由[用户]编写的，这可能是发给制造商[9]的重要信息。” 技术设备的使用说明必须意识到，各个年龄段的用户和来自世界各地的用户都将在阅读中学习如何使用该设备。 而最大的指导手册寻求者将是数字移民，而不是数字本地人。 因此，在没有任何技术知识假设的情况下，在基础级别上编写该手册将更为安全。 另一位参与者说，“向每台平板电脑进行一点讲义，以显示[9]的键是有帮助的。” 似乎老年人在寻求使用新技术的指导，但是许多现代设备和应用程序均未附带手册。 他们很难直观地识别应用程序的功能，但是如果他们有机会学习设备的所有有用功能，他们将可以充分体验技术的潜力。 参与者表示的平板电脑的负面特征之一是：“我认为按钮太难操作了，应该在按钮上贴上标签来说明它们是什么[9]。” 稍后我们将讨论如何用文本标记图形图标不仅对技术初学者有所帮助，而且还能整体上提高应用程序的可用性。 最后，与会人员表示，平板电脑的积极特性是可移植性，多功能性，便利性和易于获取的信息。 在焦点小组结束时，有94.4％的参与者将他们的平板电脑体验评为“极佳”，而66.6％的参与者表示他们将来可能或非常有可能使用平板电脑[9]。

问题 (Problem)

The biggest drawback for seniors when it comes to using technology is they feel like the design of devices and interfaces is not inclusive. In order to tailor to the elderly, many devices are being designed specifically for the older population, trying to target their needs. Usually, these products are a simplified, less powerful version of another product that the younger population uses every day. The problem is these devices are exclusionary and make the older population feel isolated from modern technology. The GrandPad senior tablet is shown in Fig. 3.

对于老年人而言，在使用技术方面的最大缺点是他们觉得设备和接口的设计并不全面。 为了适应老年人，许多设备专门针对老年人，旨在满足他们的需求。 通常，这些产品是年轻一代每天使用的另一种产品的简化版本，功能较弱。 问题在于这些设备是排他性的，使老年人口与现代技术隔绝。 GrandPad高级平板电脑如图3所示。

Fig. 3 The GrandPad senior tablet [7] 图3 GrandPad高级平板电脑[7]

The name suggests that it is designed for grandparents and might be unappealing to the older population. Second, the user interface does not look modern; it is redesigned to largely highlight important features like phone and photos. It even has written instructions to tap left and right on the arrow keys to see more. The device can be configured to pull photos from Facebook and Instagram and display them on a photostream, allowing seniors to have access to photos of their family and friends without having to dive deep into social media platforms [7]. The concept and execution definitely seem more usable for digital immigrants, but it also is evident that it is like training wheels for technology. A participant in the study described above expressed a feeling of inadequacy when using technology. He stated, “My children just look at a piece of equipment and they’re off. […] My brain is just not built to deal with half of the technology out there. I wish I was more the other way, I really do, because I am aware of the being left behind I suppose [9].” Another participant felt disconnected from his son when it came to technical knowledge. He says, “My son is just too fast. He says it’s common sense, use your brain, you should know this. They just have no patience […] they expect to tell you once [9].” The elderly feel a big gap between themselves and the younger generation, and this leads to decreased confidence when using technology. The elderly are aware that their son, daughter, or grandchildren are not using the GrandPad tablet or similar devices, and this makes it difficult for them to feel included with modern technology.

这个名字表明它是专为祖父母设计的，可能对老年人没有吸引力。 其次，用户界面看起来并不现代。 经过重新设计，可以在很大程度上突出显示手机和照片等重要功能。 它甚至有书面说明，可以在箭头键上向左和向右点击以查看更多信息。 可以将该设备配置为从Facebook和Instagram提取照片，并将其显示在照片流上，从而使老年人无需进入社交媒体平台即可访问其家人和朋友的照片[7]。 这个概念和执行方式显然对于数字移民来说更有用，但是也很明显，它就像技术的培训轮。 上述研究的参与者在使用技术时表现出不足的感觉。 他说：“我的孩子们看着一台设备，他们就离开了。 […]我的大脑并不是用来解决其中一半技术的。 我希望我能做的更好，因为我知道我想[9]会被抛在后面。” 当涉及到技术知识时，另一位参与者感到与儿子断开了联系。 他说：“我的儿子太快了。 他说这是常识，动动脑子，你应该知道这一点。 他们只是没有耐心[…]他们希望一次告诉您[9]。” 老年人与年轻人之间感觉差距很大，这会导致使用技术时的信心下降。 老人知道他们的儿子，女儿或孙子没有使用GrandPad平板电脑或类似设备，这使他们很难感到自己被现代技术所包容。

改进之处 (Improvements)

When it comes to designing the next iPhone, Android device, tablet, or website, including the following features will not only increase usability for seniors but will also be a general improvement for users of all age levels. First, keep the actions on the screen to a minimum. This allows the user to focus on one task and not be overwhelmed by buttons, symbols, or text that is not essential to the interface [3]. Always give clear feedback during a process or after completing a task [5]. For the elderly, this validates if they are interacting with the interface correctly. For the younger population, knowing the status of an action, such as submitting a form, is an important visual indicator that an operation performed successfully. The messages in Fig. 4 illustrate how clear text, icons, and color can be combined to provide an easy to understand feedback GUI (graphical user interface).

在设计下一代iPhone，Android设备，平板电脑或网站时，包括以下功能，不仅可以提高老年人的可用性，而且对于所有年龄段的用户都将是一个普遍的进步。 首先，将屏幕上的动作减至最少。 这使用户可以专注于一项任务，而不会被界面中非必需的按钮，符号或文本所淹没。 在过程中或完成任务后，请始终给出清晰的反馈[5]。 对于老年人，这可以验证他们是否与界面正确交互。 对于年轻人来说，了解操作状态(例如提交表格)是操作成功执行的重要视觉指示器。 图4中的消息说明了如何组合清晰的文本，图标和颜色以提供易于理解的反馈GUI(图形用户界面)。

Fig. 4 Success and error messages designed by pairing graphic icons with text and color 图4通过将图形图标与文本和颜色配对来设计的成功和错误消息

The messages above also practice pairing icons with text. Not all icons are intuitive, such as the gear for settings or the bell for notifications. It will only be beneficial to pair these with their respective meaning, even for users who are experienced. An interface designer should check design color choices by using online visual impairment simulators. This is beneficial for the elderly who begin to lose quality of vision and for color-blind individuals. Next, automatically having subtitles for all video and voice provides optimal usability for the hearing impaired or seniors who suffer from hearing loss. Embracing these accessible design patterns will expand the reach of many online retailers, applications, and online consumer services, allowing seniors to perform more tasks online.

上面的消息还练习将图标与文本配对。 并非所有图标都是直观的，例如用于设置的齿轮或用于通知的铃声。 将它们与它们各自的含义进行配对将是有益的，即使对于有经验的用户也是如此。 界面设计师应使用在线视觉障碍模拟器检查设计颜色的选择。 这对于开始失去视力质量的老年人和色盲个人都是有益的。 接下来，为所有视频和语音自动设置字幕可为听力障碍者或听力受损的老年人提供最佳可用性。 拥抱这些可访问的设计模式将扩大许多在线零售商，应用程序和在线消费者服务的范围，使老年人可以在线执行更多任务。

推荐的解决方案 (Recommended Solutions)

So, what is the best step a developer and product designer can take when designing for a user base that should also include seniors? One suggested solution is called parallel experiences [4]. A parallel experience is a design solution for users at different levels of digital and technical experiences, allowing them to change the preference setting at any time. The entire front end experience would adjust for the selected level. This is not exclusionary because it gives the user control over their preferred experience. Some of these improvements may not only apply to the elderly, and this is because the impacts of aging do not strictly begin at age 65. We need to consider the impacts of human aging on usability long before. The advantage of parallel experiences is that the elderly could use the same devices as the younger population. Another advantage is user customizability based on any physical or mental hindrances.

因此，开发人员和产品设计师在为也应该包括老年人的用户群进行设计时可以采取的最佳步骤是什么？ 一种建议的解决方案称为并行体验[4]。 并行体验是针对具有不同数字和技术体验水平的用户的设计解决方案，使他们可以随时更改首选项设置。 整个前端体验将针对所选级别进行调整。 这不是排他性的，因为它使用户可以控制他们的首选体验。 其中一些改进可能不仅适用于老年人，这是因为衰老的影响并非严格始于65岁。我们需要很早就考虑到人类衰老对可用性的影响。 并行体验的优势在于，老年人可以使用与年轻人相同的设备。 另一个优势是基于任何身体或精神障碍的用户可定制性。

When it comes to using new technology, 77% of seniors say they will need assistance and won’t be able to figure it out on their own [4]. This is due to a lack of appropriate instructions, designed to accommodate a diverse user base. Thus, the second solution I will suggest is providing a form of guidance or instruction with the purchase of a new device. This handbook would be optional, and stores like Apple, Best Buy, or online purchases, could ask customers if they would like a copy of an instructional handbook to guide them through using the device. This would be helpful for describing what an icon means, different touch features that are available, how to use voice control, how to download new apps, and much more. These tasks are intuitive to a digital native, and even if they are faced with a new device, they can iteratively figure out how to navigate it. But, the digital immigrant is better at performing tasks accompanied by instructions. Application designers should highly consider including a walkthrough or product tour for all new users. A walkthrough is a way of making someone familiar with an app and shows that app designers are thinking of first-time users.

当涉及使用新技术时，77％的老年人表示他们将需要帮助，而无法独自解决[4]。 这是由于缺乏适当的说明而设计的，不能适应各种用户群。 因此，我建议的第二个解决方案是在购买新设备时提供某种形式的指导或说明。 该手册是可选的，Apple，Best Buy或在线购买之类的商店可以询问客户是否希望获得指导手册的副本来指导他们使用该设备。 这将有助于描述图标的含义，可用的不同触摸功能，如何使用语音控制，如何下载新应用等等。 这些任务对于数字本地用户来说是直观的，即使面对新设备，他们也可以反复找出如何导航。 但是，数字移民更擅长执行带有说明的任务。 应用程序设计师应高度考虑为所有新用户提供演练或产品介绍。 演练是使某人熟悉应用程序的一种方法，它表明应用程序设计师正在考虑首次使用用户。

Fig. 5 Duolingo uses proactive and reactive guidance to educate new users [11] 图5 Duolingo使用主动和被动指导来教育新用户[11]

A good example of an interactive tour is implemented by the Duolingo app in Fig. 5 above. The app guides users as they interact with it, and explains new features and functions as they are used. The app feels more personal, engaging, and explains new features simply [11]. This would be helpful especially for the older population who want to be independent and learn about technology on their own and cannot intuitively figure out a new app by the icons.

上面图5中的Duolingo应用程序实现了交互式游览的一个很好的例子。 该应用程序会指导用户与之交互，并解释使用时的新功能。 该应用程序更具个性化，引人入胜，并且仅说明新功能[11]。 这对于希望独立并自己了解技术并且无法通过图标直观地找到新应用程序的老年人来说尤其有用。

An example of a “don’t” when introducing a user to a new app is illustrated in the leftmost screen of Fig. 6. It shows an “empty state” page, which is a page in the experience that may not have any content yet. The worst thing to do in the case of an empty state is to drop the user into a dead end, causing confusion, uncertainty, and a greater likelihood of ending their interaction with the app. The page states, “No challenges”. There are no examples and no guidance. A better design of an empty state page would provide the user with an obvious way to move forward, shown in the rightmost screen of Fig. 6. The screen is used as a learning opportunity and explains what the plus icon can do, even pointing the user with an arrow towards the plus icon.

在图6的最左侧屏幕中说明了向用户介绍新应用程序时“请勿”的示例。该示例显示了“空状态”页面，该页面是体验中可能没有任何内容的页面然而。 在处于空状态的情况下，最糟糕的事情是使用户陷入僵局，从而造成混乱，不确定性，并且更有可能终止与应用程序的交互。 该页面指出“没有挑战”。 没有示例，也没有指导。 更好的空状态页设计将为用户提供一种明显的前进方式，如图6的最右侧屏幕所示。该屏幕用作学习机会，并解释加号图标可以做什么，甚至指向加号图标。用户，带有指向加号图标的箭头。

Fig. 6 On the left is an ineffective empty state. On the right, the user is provided with instructions for how to continue interacting with the app [11] 图6左侧是无效的空状态。 在右侧，向用户提供了有关如何继续与应用进行交互的说明[11]

In addition to the improvements suggested above, an instructional manual or more guided walkthroughs will help close the knowledge gap between younger and older technology users, helping the older population feel more confident when using new technology.

除了上述建议的改进之外，使用手册或更多指导性的演练将有助于缩小年轻和较老技术用户之间的知识鸿沟，从而使老年人在使用新技术时更加自信。

The elderly want to be engaged and feel included with modern technology, and this will only happen if interfaces optimize for their accessibility. A first step would be to design interfaces with the HCI (human-computer interaction) practices mentioned under “Improvements” in mind. Very modern interfaces tend to overly simplify navigation, icons, and important functions, but it should not be assumed that all people can intuitively understand simplistic interface design. A lot of the design recommendations made, such as pairing icons with text, text size, color choices, and giving clear feedback, are applicable to both immigrants of technology as well as native users. I see preference-based interfaces, such as designing parallel experiences, to be a leading way in transitioning the elderly into modern technology. Instruction manuals and application walkthroughs will provide another boost in usability for new digital products, which will help bridge the gap between experienced and non-experienced users of technology.

老年人希望参与其中并感到自己融入了现代技术，只有在界面针对其可访问性进行优化的情况下，这种情况才会发生。 第一步是设计界面时要考虑“改进”中提到的HCI(人机交互)实践。 非常现代的界面往往会过度简化导航，图标和重要功能，但不应假定所有人都能直观地理解简单的界面设计。 提出的许多设计建议，例如将图标与文本配对，文本大小，颜色选择以及给出清晰的反馈，均适用于技术移民和本机用户。 我看到基于偏好的界面(例如设计并行体验)将成为老年人过渡到现代技术的一种领先方式。 指导手册和应用演练将进一步提高新数字产品的可用性，这将有助于缩小有经验和无经验的技术用户之间的鸿沟。

翻译自: https://uxdesign.cc/designing-technology-with-the-older-population-in-mind-8a6a4f920bec

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