现代计算机的历史始于自动计算和编程技术的发展。早期的机械计算设备如算盘、滑尺和安提基特拉机制等为后来的计算机奠定了基础。查尔斯·巴贝奇在1837年设计了全程序化的机械计算机“分析机”，这是计算机的重要里程碑。约瑟夫·马里·雅卡尔在1801年改进了纺织机，使用穿孔卡片模板实现自动编织复杂图案，预示了编程的概念。随着技术的进步，包括布尔代数、真空管和打孔卡数据处理等，最终融合成第一台可识别的计算机。
贾申回答：
Thehistoryofthemoderncomputerbeginswithtwoseparatetechnologies-thatofautomatedcalculationandthatofprogrammability.
Examplesofearlymechanicalcalculatingdevicesincludedtheabacus,theslideruleandarguablytheastrolabeandtheAntikytheramechanism(whichdatesfromabout150-100BC).HeroofAlexandria(c.10–70AD)builtamechanicaltheaterwhichperformedaplaylasting10minutesandwasoperatedbyacomplexsystemofropesanddrumsthatmightbeconsideredtobeameansofdecidingwhichpartsofthemechanismperformedwhichactionsandwhen.[3]Thisistheessenceofprogrammability.
The"castleclock",anastronomicalclockinventedbyAl-Jazariin1206,isconsideredtobetheearliestprogrammableanalogcomputer.[4]Itdisplayedthezodiac,thesolarandlunarorbits,acrescentmoon-shapedpointertravellingacrossagatewaycausingautomaticdoorstoopeneveryhour,[5][6]andfiveroboticmusicianswhoplaymusicwhenstruckbyleversoperatedbyacamshaftattachedtoawaterwheel.Thelengthofdayandnightcouldbere-programmedeverydayinordertoaccountforthechanginglengthsofdayandnightthroughouttheyear.[4]
TheendoftheMiddleAgessaware-invigorationofEuropeanmathematicsandengineering,andWilhelmSchickard's1623devicewasthefirstofanumberofmechanicalcalculatorsconstructedbyEuropeanengineers.However,noneofthosedevicesfitthemoderndefinitionofacomputerbecausetheycouldnotbeprogrammed.
In1801,JosephMarieJacquardmadeanimprovementtothetextileloomthatusedaseriesofpunchedpapercardsasatemplatetoallowhisloomtoweaveintricatepatternsautomatically.TheresultingJacquardloomwasanimportantstepinthedevelopmentofcomputersbecausetheuseofpunchedcardstodefinewovenpatternscanbeviewedasanearly,albeitlimited,formofprogrammability.
Itwasthefusionofautomaticcalculationwithprogrammabilitythatproducedthefirstrecognizablecomputers.In1837,CharlesBabbagewasthefirsttoconceptualizeanddesignafullyprogrammablemechanicalcomputerthathecalled"TheAnalyticalEngine".[7]Duetolimitedfinances,andaninabilitytoresisttinkeringwiththedesign,BabbageneveractuallybuilthisAnalyticalEngine.
Large-scaleautomateddataprocessingofpunchedcardswasperformedfortheU.S.Censusin1890bytabulatingmachinesdesignedbyHermanHollerithandmanufacturedbytheComputingTabulatingRecordingCorporation,whichlaterbecameIBM.Bytheendofthe19thcenturyanumberoftechnologiesthatwouldlaterproveusefulintherealizationofpracticalcomputershadbeguntoappear:thepunchedcard,Booleanalgebra,thevacuumtube(thermionicvalve)andtheteleprinter.
Duringthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,manyscientificcomputingneedsweremetbyincreasinglysophisticatedanalogcomputers,whichusedadirectmechanicalorelectricalmodeloftheproblemasabasisforcomputation.However,thesewerenotprogrammableandgenerallylackedtheversatilityandaccuracyofmoderndigitalcomputers.
贾申
2020-11-12 21:41:39
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