![0a11ad49711e5db7e3c2f3d30c85e257.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/02d24fc42ee17b955e5e383879b610dd.jpeg)
假设在无限大真空中,存在一对平行、无限长、通有大小相等的电流的直导线。此时,空间中的磁场分布是什么样子的?下面我们将通过计算进行简要探讨。
假设这对长直导线距离为
![equation?tex=2l](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1392c381c45df92b626ca76f856ad515.png)
![equation?tex=I](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b1bc50890338d82b9a5cd146970b8e93.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cmu_0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1b75afbb3c5c71dd4759254cc5e41f78.png)
![367651fd97dab8022cf4357758360e43.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c2dc417d8fa79cdf3226ce235459fb5b.jpeg)
首先探讨电流方向相反的情况,示意图如下:
![7e83c3b3cb45f25a20dd04e77170b641.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/ff62056feaf547b7f6b814713da03bec.jpeg)
由两直导线产生的涡旋磁场的磁矢势为
![equation?tex=%5Cleft%5C%7B+++++++++%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bll%7D+++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_1%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+%5C%5C++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_2%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+++++++++++%5Cend%7Barray%7D+++++%5Cright.](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9cca2a5f16a64413e69696b496696b13.png)
总磁矢势
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D%3D%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_1%2B%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_2%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5B%5Cfrac%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2d1ac3f0928082b8a94fde4da0b15319.png)
设
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5B%5Cfrac%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%5D%3DA_z](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7eb134f4f0df900fb66eaffb4d6ae1be.png)
由
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cnabla%5Ctimes%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9a00ccc4b793b734b084f3b18e141c46.png)
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+y%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+x%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5B%5Cfrac%7B2lxy%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bl%28y%5E2-x%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2eef1d0e28cdb96ef427f05e682a8b13.png)
这是磁感应强度的分布状况。
欲求此时的磁感线分布,则需解下面这个一阶微分方程,它是磁感线所满足的条件:
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+x%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+y%7D%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7By%5E2-x%5E2%2Bl%5E2%7D%7B2xy%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09e89ca7b8a6a41060dc8f823e13d355.png)
解得
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%7D%7Bx%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2306fe69ba6295bddd4dededd60e4533.png)
其中
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png)
![equation?tex=%28-l%2C0%29%28l%2C0%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b56c726dff3df117f05e1e33a105733.png)
用绘图软件描绘二元函数
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi%28x%2Cy%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png%28x%2Cy%29)
![42005ebc27fce267099b7afc474af6b3.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/de3aa530c9983e631f9d2c2b43e10ab4.jpeg)
这与一般结论相吻合。
接着探讨电流方向相同的情况,示意图如下:
![f22ba92fee822a327a7c3271de2acfd3.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5d58ae97e3248c31243762d7a72bcbe4.jpeg)
由两直导线产生的涡旋磁场的磁矢势为
![equation?tex=%5Cleft%5C%7B+++++++++%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bll%7D+++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_1%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+%5C%5C++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_2%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+++++++++++%5Cend%7Barray%7D+++++%5Cright.](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/3c0aca710221ed5b56b09fdecd43b236.png)
总磁矢势
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D%3D%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_1%2B%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D_2%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%5D%5Ctextbf%7Bk%7D+](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/cdafeef7ee130ebff29cf2e44fb289be.png)
设
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B4%5Cpi%7Dlog%5B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%5D+%3DA_z](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/09d0df0de53cb78a7cc1f49f69277612.png)
由
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cnabla%5Ctimes%5Ctextbf%7BA%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9a00ccc4b793b734b084f3b18e141c46.png)
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+y%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+x%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5B%5Cfrac%7By%28x%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D-%5Cfrac%7Bx%28x%5E2%2By%5E2-l%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b5cad0c9e167704c344777e3e62906a2.png)
这是磁感应强度的分布状况。
欲求此时的磁感线分布,则需解下面这个一阶微分方程,它是磁感线所满足的条件:
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+x%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7B%5Cpartial+A_z%7D%7B%5Cpartial+y%7D%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7Bx%7D%7By%7D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%2By%5E2-l%5E2%7D%7Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/326a6f6fd758d4edd80889819e550675.png)
解得
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi%3D%28x%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%5E2-l%5E4-4l%5E2x%5E2](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png%3D%28x%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%5E2-l%5E4-4l%5E2x%5E2)
其中
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png)
![equation?tex=%28-l%2C0%29%28l%2C0%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b56c726dff3df117f05e1e33a105733.png)
用绘图软件描绘二元函数
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi%28x%2Cy%29](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png%28x%2Cy%29)
![5b071089341758891214c27cbceb757f.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d2d84c05b9a6cf7049b3052b6eadb374.jpeg)
这与一般结论相吻合。
需要特别注意的是,图中描绘出了
![equation?tex=%5Cpsi%3D0](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/35a08b2431f5e28bbc8f9377d48fe2c3.png%3D0)
综合上述讨论,我们得到了一对平行、无限长、通有大小相等(
![equation?tex=%5Cleft%5C%7B+++++++++%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bll%7D+++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5B%5Cfrac%7B2lxy%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7Bl%28y%5E2-x%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%5D%2C%5C+I_1%5C+et%5C+I_2%5C+directiones%5C+oppositas+%5C%5C++++++++++++%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0I%7D%7B%5Cpi%7D%5B%5Cfrac%7By%28x%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D-%5Cfrac%7Bx%28x%5E2%2By%5E2-l%5E2%29%7D%7B%28y%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%29%28y%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%29%7D%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%5D%2CI_1%5C+et%5C+I_2%5C+directiones%5C+sint%5C+in%5C+eodem+++++++++%5Cend%7Barray%7D+++++%5Cright.](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e76dfa6e0f98952eb5f55c880055cfba.png)
![equation?tex=%5Cleft%5C%7B+++++++++%5Cbegin%7Barray%7D%7Bll%7D+++++++++++++%5Cpsi%3D%5Cfrac%7Bx%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%7D%7Bx%7D%2C%5Cqquad%5Cqquad%5Cqquad%5Cqquad%5Cqquad%5Cquad+I_1%5C+et%5C+I_2%5C+directiones%5C+oppositas+%5C%5C++++++++++++%5Cpsi%3D%28x%5E2%2By%5E2%2Bl%5E2%29%5E2-l%5E4-4l%5E2x%5E2%2C%5C+I_1%5C+et%5C+I_2%5C+directiones%5C+sint%5C+in%5C+eodem+++++++++%5Cend%7Barray%7D+++++%5Cright.](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/355fb482cabb383d3440ba45a904f16d.png)
我们也可以稍加拓展。如果导线中通入的电流大小不等。设两电流大小分别为
![equation?tex=%5Ctextbf%7BB%7D%3D%5Cfrac%7B%5Cmu_0%7D%7B2%5Cpi%7D%5B%28%5Cfrac%7BI_1y%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7BI_2y%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%29%5Ctextbf%7Bi%7D-%28%5Cfrac%7BI_1%28x%2Bl%29%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7BI_2%28x-l%29%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%29%5Ctextbf%7Bj%7D%5D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e42d0dd908c6a8083e4c8281c237982c.png)
而对于电流大小不等的情况下的磁感线分布,当
![equation?tex=%5Cfrac%7Bdy%7D%7Bdx%7D%3D-%5Cfrac%7B%5Cfrac%7BI_1%28x%2Bl%29%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7BI_2%28x-l%29%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%7D%7B%5Cfrac%7BI_1y%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x%2Bl%29%5E2%7D%2B%5Cfrac%7BI_2y%7D%7By%5E2%2B%28x-l%29%5E2%7D%7D](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/88dac1ce261c6a652e9a7c12316d7b9d.png)
![dabf22e2cd85fa5c2193309c19b991f8.png](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/adc7d08ecbbe80db81d4029d8845c763.jpeg)
完
2021.1.6