C语言循环水题,科学网—水文模型大本营 - 陈昌春的博文

水文模型在气候变化与水资源问题日益引起关注的当代具有丰富的应用前景。现对水文模型作一些介绍。

目前堪称水文模型龙头老大的开放兼开源软件是SWAT(行业老大的SHE水文模型集群是商业软件，与ARCGIS在地理信息领域的地位相似)，它在水文模拟、环境模拟、气候模拟领域已经大显身手，国内最近出版了SWAT模型从使用方法到理论文件的译作三大册。《中国气象报》甚至用《ＳＷＡＴ模型：让水资源评估“技高一筹”》进行了专题报道。

现提供一位国内网友http://swatmodel.blog.sohu.com/ 关于SWAT从安装到使用的服务一条龙的综合页面。

在当今的水文模型搜索与介绍网站中，堪称水文模型、地表模型(地貌过程等)、海岸模型等地学模型世界第一门户的http://csdms.colorado.edu/wiki/Model_download_portal网站中的模型总数已达166个，提供源程序下载链接或者内容介绍，堪称地学模型超级仓库。

就国内而言，尽管研发的水文模型数量已不在少数，但多羞羞答答、不愿公开程序，总体而言未成气候。寒旱所建设的冰雪冻土环境本底与可持续发展专题数据库提供了部分国外水文模型的下载，可称水文模型小型展览馆http://www.cryosphere.csdb.cn/html/modelList.jsp

下面介绍一些常见的水文模型：

BASINS流域模型系统——水文模型大套餐

美国环保署的BASINS流域模型整合了HSPF、SWAT、PLOAD、AGWA等水文模型，在非点源污染等领域有广泛的应用。国内已出版《流域水文水质模拟软件HSPF应用指南》。

SWIM水文模型(德国)

颇具特色然而难度系数较高的大尺度VIC水文模型

VIC水陆两用模型由华人梁旭女士读博期间牵头开发，其内核与原理与河海大学早年出生的国际名模—新安江模型据称有密切的关联，可惜新安江未能以电子化产品占领国际市场，遂至美人迟暮，近年主要现身于国内水科学研究舞台。VIC模型的版权属于美国华盛顿大学等。

VIC在国内运用的典范之作可能当属河海大学吴志勇博士的全国百篇优秀博士论文《定量降雨与实时洪水预报研究》，在吴志勇博士论文的基础上，他与其导师合作撰著的《水文循环过程及定量预报》已经由科学出版社2010年出版。据该书提要称：本书详细介绍了流域水文循环关键要素大气水、降水、蒸发的计算、预报、估算的技术与方法，并分别给出了大气水分析计算实例、定量降水估算、预报技术与方法的应用实例、蒸发估算方法及其在干旱监测预测中的应用实例等；探讨了陆面过程模型和大尺度水文模型应用中的技术问题。

VIC水文模型由C语言编写，linux系统运行(可用CYGWIN等进行仿真)，命令行操作，不太方便。

与VIC同出一门的区域尺度水文模型—DHSVM

小巧玲珑的TOPMEDEL水文模型

TOPMEDEL水文模型属于比较概化的水文模型，常被称作半分布式水文模型。

常用于计算不透水面水文影响的LTHIA水文模型

LTHIA目前作为ARCVIEW GIS的一个模块进行运行。

暴雨水文模型SWMM

在城市内涝日益引起注意的今天，SWMM将得到广泛的重视。

HBV水文模型

美国ucdavis(加州理工学院davis分校)提供的流域模型列表

Watershed Modeling

This page connects you to descriptions of computer models designed to address particular watershed functions or processes. It includes models for hydrology, ecology, water quality, overall watershed condition, and other topic areas. You can scroll down through the list, or "Quick Link" to a category of models in the pull-down list below. The model title is highlighted in the left-hand column, and its corresponding short description is to the right. Just click on th model title to go to the description, which is a "pdf" file.

QUICK LINK TO A MAJOR CATEGORY:       Please Choose a Category        Climate        Decision Support        Ecological        Geomorphology        Habitat Classification        Hydrology & Water Use        Population Modeling        Water QualityClimate

CALVIN is an economic-engineering optimization model for the entire water system of California. The model operates facilities and allocates water so as to maximize statewide agricultural and urban economic value from water use.

PRMS is a distributed-parameter modeling system used for evaluating the impacts of precipitation, climate and landuse on stream flow, sedimentation and general hydrology.

Decision Support

ANNIE is a Data Analysis Package that assists users with watershed modeling projects, regional regression analysis projects, and time-series data management efforts.

ARSP is designed to determine optimal water allocation within a time series for virtually any water resource system.

BRANCH is a physical model used to simulate flow in single or network of channels.

CALVIN is an economic-engineering optimization model for the entire water system of California. The model operates facilities and allocates water so as to maximize statewide agricultural and urban economic value from water use.

CORMIX allows users to assess the mixing zones associated with continuous point-source discharges.

CWHR is a model of potential wildlife habitat in California that aids in resource conservation, planning, and predictive modeling

ECOFATE is a computer tool used for assessing chemical emissions from point and non-point source pollution sources for the purpose of developing Ecosystem-based risk assessments and determining potential effect on human health.

EMDS is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological assessments at any geographic scale. The system integrates GIS and knowledge-based reasoning and decision modeling technologies to provide decision support for a substantial portion of the adaptive management process of ecosystem management.

EMSOFT is a computer application that determines concentrations of contaminants in the soil over time, quantifies the transfer rate of the contaminants into the atmosphere and calculates the contaminant air concentrations.

EXAMS is a computer modeling program that evaluates the fate, transport and exposure of pesticides, industrial materials and other leaching materials from disposal sites.

GeoWEPP is a continuous simulation model that allows for simulation of soil and water conservation management in terms of agricultural land, range land and forested sites in small watersheds.

LISEM is a soil erosion model used to simulate the hydrology and sediment transport during and after rainfall events. The model is most ideally used as a research tool.

MODBRNCH is a finite-difference ground-water flow model that can be used to simulate steady and unsteady flows in irregularly shaped channel systems.

MOSES provides managers a tool to predict the outcomes of different management strategies associated with erosion control practices and associated remediation efforts.

NetWeaver is a knowledge base construction, maintenance, documentation, and debugging tool to provide an efficient knowledge engineering environment for knowledge based systems development.

PACFISH monitoring modules were created to track implementation of USFS and BLM management plans for the salmon, steelhead, and bull trout listed in the Upper Columbia and Snake River Basins. Data is stored in the form of surveys using an Access Database.

PHABSIM is a tool that offers prediction capabilities associated with flow changes such as microhabitat, physical habitat and life stage changes.

RAMAS GIS links GIS to an ecological model for use in population viability analysis with landscape-based data that incorporate changes in habitat into a meta-population and combine geographic and demographic data for risk assessments.

RAMAS Multispecies links GIS to an ecological model allowing the user to incorporate landscape data in population viability analyses, incorporate changes in habitat into a meta-population model, combine geographic and demographic data for risk assessments, and compute the Multispecies Conservation Values (MCV) across a study site.

RAMAS Red List allows for users to characterize species a risk assessment category based on input information.

RAMAS Risk Calc is used to compute values based on precise or uncertain numbers.

The R Statistical Package can be used for statistical analysis, simulation modeling and advanced data analysis.

SITES is a physical model used to create conservation portfolios that represent examples of all native species and plant communities.

UPLAN is an urban growth model that tests the effects of land use and transportation policies on growth.

The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model is used to predict erosion on hillslopes and small watersheds.

Ecological

CWHR is a model of potential wildlife habitat in California that aids in resource conservation, planning, and predictive modeling

PACFISH monitoring modules were created to track implementation of USFS and BLM management plans for the salmon, steelhead, and bull trout listed in the Upper Columbia and Snake River Basins. Data is stored in the form of surveys using an Access Database.

RAMAS Ecotoxicology is a data analysis package used for modeling population-level ecological risk assessments.

Geomorphology

BRANCH is a physical model used to simulate flow in single or network of channels.

CGAP allows for the analysis, interpretation and quantification of properties associated