Django之Form组件
Django的Form主要具有一下几大功能：
- 生成HTML标签
- 验证用户数据（显示错误信息）
- HTML Form提交保留上次提交数据
- 初始化页面显示内容
小试牛刀
1、创建Form类
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
|
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField(
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'id'
:
'i1'
,
'class'
:
'c1'
})
)
gender
=
fields.ChoiceField(
choices
=
((
1
,
'男'
), (
2
,
'女'
),),
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.RadioSelect
)
city
=
fields.CharField(
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.Select(choices
=
((
1
,
'上海'
),(
2
,
'北京'
),))
)
pwd
=
fields.CharField(
widget
=
widgets.PasswordInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
'c1'
}, render_value
=
True
)
)
|
2、View函数处理
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
|
from
django.shortcuts
import
render, redirect
from
.forms
import
MyForm
def
index(request):
if
request.method
=
=
"GET"
:
obj
=
MyForm()
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
elif
request.method
=
=
"POST"
:
obj
=
MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
if
obj.is_valid():
values
=
obj.clean()
print
(values)
else
:
errors
=
obj.errors
print
(errors)
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
else
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
|
3、生成HTML
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
<form action
=
"/"
method
=
"POST"
enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
>
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.gender }} {{ form.gender.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.pwd }} {{ form.pwd.errors }}<
/
p>
<
input
type
=
"submit"
/
>
<
/
form>
|
<form method="POST" enctype="multipart/form-data">
{% csrf_token %}
{{ form.xxoo.label }}
{{ form.xxoo.id_for_label }}
{{ form.xxoo.label_tag }}
{{ form.xxoo.errors }}
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}</p>
<input type="submit" />
</form>
Form类
创建Form类时，主要涉及到 【字段】 和 【插件】，字段用于对用户请求数据的验证，插件用于自动生成HTML;
1、Django内置字段如下：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
|
Field
required
=
True
, 是否允许为空
widget
=
None
, HTML插件
label
=
None
, 用于生成Label标签或显示内容
initial
=
None
, 初始值
help_text
=
'', 帮助信息(在标签旁边显示)
error_messages
=
None
, 错误信息 {
'required'
:
'不能为空'
,
'invalid'
:
'格式错误'
}
show_hidden_initial
=
False
, 是否在当前插件后面再加一个隐藏的且具有默认值的插件（可用于检验两次输入是否一直）
validators
=
[], 自定义验证规则
localize
=
False
, 是否支持本地化
disabled
=
False
, 是否可以编辑
label_suffix
=
None
Label内容后缀
CharField(Field)
max_length
=
None
, 最大长度
min_length
=
None
, 最小长度
strip
=
True
是否移除用户输入空白
IntegerField(Field)
max_value
=
None
, 最大值
min_value
=
None
, 最小值
FloatField(IntegerField)
...
DecimalField(IntegerField)
max_value
=
None
, 最大值
min_value
=
None
, 最小值
max_digits
=
None
, 总长度
decimal_places
=
None
, 小数位长度
BaseTemporalField(Field)
input_formats
=
None
时间格式化
DateField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：
2015
-
09
-
01
TimeField(BaseTemporalField) 格式：
11
:
12
DateTimeField(BaseTemporalField)格式：
2015
-
09
-
01
11
:
12
DurationField(Field) 时间间隔：
%
d
%
H:
%
M:
%
S.
%
f
...
RegexField(CharField)
regex, 自定制正则表达式
max_length
=
None
, 最大长度
min_length
=
None
, 最小长度
error_message
=
None
, 忽略，错误信息使用 error_messages
=
{
'invalid'
:
'...'
}
EmailField(CharField)
...
FileField(Field)
allow_empty_file
=
False
是否允许空文件
ImageField(FileField)
...
注：需要PIL模块，pip3 install Pillow
以上两个字典使用时，需要注意两点：
-
form表单中 enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
-
view函数中 obj
=
MyForm(request.POST, request.FILES)
URLField(Field)
...
BooleanField(Field)
...
NullBooleanField(BooleanField)
...
ChoiceField(Field)
...
choices
=
(), 选项，如：choices
=
((
0
,
'上海'
),(
1
,
'北京'
),)
required
=
True
, 是否必填
widget
=
None
, 插件，默认select插件
label
=
None
, Label内容
initial
=
None
, 初始值
help_text
=
'', 帮助提示
TypedChoiceField(ChoiceField)
coerce
=
lambda
val: val 对选中的值进行一次转换
empty_value
=
'' 空值的默认值
MultipleChoiceField(ChoiceField)
...
TypedMultipleChoiceField(MultipleChoiceField)
coerce
=
lambda
val: val 对选中的每一个值进行一次转换
empty_value
=
'' 空值的默认值
ComboField(Field)
fields
=
() 使用多个验证，如下：即验证最大长度
20
，又验证邮箱格式
fields.ComboField(fields
=
[fields.CharField(max_length
=
20
), fields.EmailField(),])
MultiValueField(Field)
PS: 抽象类，子类中可以实现聚合多个字典去匹配一个值，要配合MultiWidget使用
SplitDateTimeField(MultiValueField)
input_date_formats
=
None
, 格式列表：[
'%Y--%m--%d'
,
'%m%d/%Y'
,
'%m/%d/%y'
]
input_time_formats
=
None
格式列表：[
'%H:%M:%S'
,
'%H:%M:%S.%f'
,
'%H:%M'
]
FilePathField(ChoiceField) 文件选项，目录下文件显示在页面中
path, 文件夹路径
match
=
None
, 正则匹配
recursive
=
False
, 递归下面的文件夹
allow_files
=
True
, 允许文件
allow_folders
=
False
, 允许文件夹
required
=
True
,
widget
=
None
,
label
=
None
,
initial
=
None
,
help_text
=
''
GenericIPAddressField
protocol
=
'both'
, both,ipv4,ipv6支持的IP格式
unpack_ipv4
=
False
解析ipv4地址，如果是::ffff:
192.0
.
2.1
时候，可解析为
192.0
.
2.1
， PS：protocol必须为both才能启用
SlugField(CharField) 数字，字母，下划线，减号（连字符）
...
UUIDField(CharField) uuid类型
...
|
注：UUID是根据MAC以及当前时间等创建的不重复的随机字符串
>>> import uuid
# make a UUID based on the host ID and current time
>>> uuid.uuid1() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID('a8098c1a-f86e-11da-bd1a-00112444be1e')
# make a UUID using an MD5 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid3(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('6fa459ea-ee8a-3ca4-894e-db77e160355e')
# make a random UUID
>>> uuid.uuid4() # doctest: +SKIP
UUID('16fd2706-8baf-433b-82eb-8c7fada847da')
# make a UUID using a SHA-1 hash of a namespace UUID and a name
>>> uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_DNS, 'python.org')
UUID('886313e1-3b8a-5372-9b90-0c9aee199e5d')
# make a UUID from a string of hex digits (braces and hyphens ignored)
>>> x = uuid.UUID('{00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f}')
# convert a UUID to a string of hex digits in standard form
>>> str(x)
'00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f'
# get the raw 16 bytes of the UUID
>>> x.bytes
b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f'
# make a UUID from a 16-byte string
>>> uuid.UUID(bytes=x.bytes)
UUID('00010203-0405-0607-0809-0a0b0c0d0e0f')
2、Django内置插件：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
|
TextInput(
Input
)
NumberInput(TextInput)
EmailInput(TextInput)
URLInput(TextInput)
PasswordInput(TextInput)
HiddenInput(TextInput)
Textarea(Widget)
DateInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
DateTimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
TimeInput(DateTimeBaseInput)
CheckboxInput
Select
NullBooleanSelect
SelectMultiple
RadioSelect
CheckboxSelectMultiple
FileInput
ClearableFileInput
MultipleHiddenInput
SplitDateTimeWidget
SplitHiddenDateTimeWidget
SelectDateWidget
|
常用选择插件
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
|
# 单radio，值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 单radio，值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.RadioSelect
# )
# 单select，值为字符串
# user = fields.CharField(
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select(choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),))
# )
# 单select，值为字符串
# user = fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# initial=2,
# widget=widgets.Select
# )
# 多选select，值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# choices=((1,'上海'),(2,'北京'),),
# initial=[1,],
# widget=widgets.SelectMultiple
# )
# 单checkbox
# user = fields.CharField(
# widget=widgets.CheckboxInput()
# )
# 多选checkbox,值为列表
# user = fields.MultipleChoiceField(
# initial=[2, ],
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
# widget=widgets.CheckboxSelectMultiple
# )
|
在使用选择标签时，需要注意choices的选项可以从数据库中获取，但是由于是静态字段 ***获取的值无法实时更新***，那么需要自定义构造方法从而达到此目的。
方式一：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
|
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.ChoiceField(
# choices=((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),),
initial
=
2
,
widget
=
widgets.Select
)
def
__init__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
super
(MyForm,
self
).__init__(
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
# self.fields['user'].widget.choices = ((1, '上海'), (2, '北京'),)
# 或
self
.fields[
'user'
].widget.choices
=
models.Classes.objects.
all
().value_list(
'id'
,
'caption'
)
|
方式二：
使用django提供的ModelChoiceField和ModelMultipleChoiceField字段来实现
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
|
from
django
import
forms
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
models as form_model
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
FInfo(forms.Form):
authors
=
form_model.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset
=
models.NNewType.objects.
all
())
# authors = form_model.ModelChoiceField(queryset=models.NNewType.objects.all())
|
自定义验证规则
方式一：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
|
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField(
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'请输入数字'
), RegexValidator(r
'^159[0-9]+$'
,
'数字必须以159开头'
)],
)
|
方式二：
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
|
import
re
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
# 自定义验证规则
def
mobile_validate(value):
mobile_re
=
re.
compile
(r
'^(13[0-9]|15[012356789]|17[678]|18[0-9]|14[57])[0-9]{8}$'
)
if
not
mobile_re.match(value):
raise
ValidationError(
'手机号码格式错误'
)
class
PublishForm(Form):
title
=
fields.CharField(max_length
=
20
,
min_length
=
5
,
error_messages
=
{
'required'
:
'标题不能为空'
,
'min_length'
:
'标题最少为5个字符'
,
'max_length'
:
'标题最多为20个字符'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
:
'标题5-20个字符'
}))
# 使用自定义验证规则
phone
=
fields.CharField(validators
=
[mobile_validate, ],
error_messages
=
{
'required'
:
'手机不能为空'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
: u
'手机号码'
}))
email
=
fields.EmailField(required
=
False
,
error_messages
=
{
'required'
: u
'邮箱不能为空'
,
'invalid'
: u
'邮箱格式错误'
},
widget
=
widgets.TextInput(attrs
=
{
'class'
:
"form-control"
,
'placeholder'
: u
'邮箱'
}))
|
方法三：自定义方法
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
|
from
django
import
forms
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.core.exceptions
import
ValidationError
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
FInfo(forms.Form):
username
=
fields.CharField(max_length
=
5
,
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid extension.'
,
'invalid'
)], )
email
=
fields.EmailField()
def
clean_username(
self
):
"""
Form中字段中定义的格式匹配完之后，执行此方法进行验证
:return:
"""
value
=
self
.cleaned_data[
'username'
]
if
"666"
in
value:
raise
ValidationError(
'666已经被玩烂了...'
,
'invalid'
)
return
value
|
方式四：同时生成多个标签进行验证
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
|
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
############## 自定义字段 ##############
class
PhoneField(fields.MultiValueField):
def
__init__(
self
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs):
# Define one message for all fields.
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a country calling code and a phone number.'
,
}
# Or define a different message for each field.
f
=
(
fields.CharField(
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a country calling code.'
},
validators
=
[
RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid country calling code.'
),
],
),
fields.CharField(
error_messages
=
{
'incomplete'
:
'Enter a phone number.'
},
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid phone number.'
)],
),
fields.CharField(
validators
=
[RegexValidator(r
'^[0-9]+$'
,
'Enter a valid extension.'
)],
required
=
False
,
),
)
super
(PhoneField,
self
).__init__(error_messages
=
error_messages, fields
=
f, require_all_fields
=
False
,
*
args,
*
*
kwargs)
def
compress(
self
, data_list):
"""
当用户验证都通过后，该值返回给用户
:param data_list:
:return:
"""
return
data_list
############## 自定义插件 ##############
class
SplitPhoneWidget(widgets.MultiWidget):
def
__init__(
self
):
ws
=
(
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
widgets.TextInput(),
)
super
(SplitPhoneWidget,
self
).__init__(ws)
def
decompress(
self
, value):
"""
处理初始值，当初始值initial不是列表时，调用该方法
:param value:
:return:
"""
if
value:
return
value.split(
','
)
return
[
None
,
None
,
None
]
|
初始化数据
在Web应用程序中开发编写功能时，时常用到获取数据库中的数据并将值初始化在HTML中的标签上。
1、Form
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
|
from
django.forms
import
Form
from
django.forms
import
widgets
from
django.forms
import
fields
from
django.core.validators
import
RegexValidator
class
MyForm(Form):
user
=
fields.CharField()
city
=
fields.ChoiceField(
choices
=
((
1
,
'上海'
), (
2
,
'北京'
),),
widget
=
widgets.Select
)
|
2、Views
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
|
from
django.shortcuts
import
render, redirect
from
.forms
import
MyForm
def
index(request):
if
request.method
=
=
"GET"
:
values
=
{
'user'
:
'root'
,
'city'
:
2
}
obj
=
MyForm(values)
return
render(request,
'index.html'
, {
'form'
: obj})
elif
request.method
=
=
"POST"
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
else
:
return
redirect(
'http://www.google.com'
)
|
3、HTML
|
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
|
<form method
=
"POST"
enctype
=
"multipart/form-data"
>
{
%
csrf_token
%
}
<p>{{ form.user }} {{ form.user.errors }}<
/
p>
<p>{{ form.city }} {{ form.city.errors }}<
/
p>
<
input
type
=
"submit"
/
>
<
/
form>
|
641
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
