黑马程序员--C语言中的枚举

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在程序中,可能需要为某些整数定义一个别名,我们可以利用预处理指令#define来完成这项工作,您的代码可能是:

 

#define MON  1

#define TUE   2

#define WED  3

#define THU   4

#define FRI    5

#define SAT   6

#define SUN   7

在此,我们定义一种新的数据类型,希望它能完成同样的工作。这种新的数据类型叫枚举型。

 

1. 定义一种新的数据类型 - 枚举型

 

 以下代码定义了这种新的数据类型 - 枚举型

 

enum DAY

{

      MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN

};

(1) 枚举型是一个集合,集合中的元素(枚举成员)是一些命名的整型常量,元素之间用逗号,隔开。

 

(2) DAY是一个标识符,可以看成这个集合的名字,是一个可选项,即是可有可无的项。

 

(3) 第一个枚举成员的默认值为整型的0,后续枚举成员的值在前一个成员上加1。

 

(4) 可以人为设定枚举成员的值,从而自定义某个范围内的整数。

 

(5) 枚举型是预处理指令#define的替代。

 

(6) 类型定义以分号;结束。

 

2. 使用枚举类型对变量进行声明

 

新的数据类型定义完成后,它就可以使用了。我们已经见过最基本的数据类型,如:整型int, 单精度浮点型float, 双精度浮点型double, 字符型char, 短整型short等等。用这些基本数据类型声明变量通常是这样:

 

char     a; //变量a的类型均为字符型char

char     letter;

int        x,

           y,

           z; //变量x,y和z的类型均为整型int

int       number;

double  m, n;

double  result; //变量result的类型为双精度浮点型double

既然枚举也是一种数据类型,那么它和基本数据类型一样也可以对变量进行声明。

 

方法一:枚举类型的定义和变量的声明分开

 

enum DAY

{

      MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN

};

enum DAY yesterday;

enum DAY today;

enum DAY tomorrow; //变量tomorrow的类型为枚举型enum DAY

enum DAY good_day, bad_day; //变量good_day和bad_day的类型均为枚举型enum DAY

方法二:类型定义与变量声明同时进行:

 

enum //跟第一个定义不同的是,此处的标号DAY省略,这是允许的。

{

    saturday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

    tuesday,

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

} workday; //变量workday的类型为枚举型enum DAY

enum week { Mon=1, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri Sat, Sun} days; //变量days的类型为枚举型enum week

enum BOOLEAN { false, true } end_flag, match_flag; //定义枚举类型并声明了两个枚举型变量

方法三:用typedef关键字将枚举类型定义成别名,并利用该别名进行变量声明:

 

typedef enum workday

{

    saturday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

    tuesday,

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

} workday; //此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名

workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday

enum workday中的workday可以省略:

 

typedef enum

{

    saturday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

    tuesday,

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

} workday; //此处的workday为枚举型enum workday的别名

 

workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday

也可以用这种方式:

 

typedef enum workday

{

    saturday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

    tuesday,

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

};

 

workday today, tomorrow; //变量today和tomorrow的类型为枚举型workday,也即enum workday

注意:同一个程序中不能定义同名的枚举类型,不同的枚举类型中也不能存在同名的命名常量。错误示例如下所示:

 

错误声明一:存在同名的枚举类型

 

typedef enum

{

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

} workday;

 

typedef enum WEEK

{

    saturday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

} workday;

 

 

错误声明二:存在同名的枚举成员

 

typedef enum

{

    wednesday,

    thursday,

    friday

} workday_1;

 

typedef enum WEEK

{

    wednesday,

    sunday = 0,

    monday,

} workday_2;

 

3. 使用枚举类型的变量

 

3.1 对枚举型的变量赋值。

 

实例将枚举类型的赋值与基本数据类型的赋值进行了对比:

 

方法一:先声明变量,再对变量赋值

 

#include<stdio.h>

 

 

enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };

 

void main()

{

   

    int x, y, z;

   

    x = 10;

    y = 20;

    z = 30;

   

   

    enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;

   

    yesterday = MON;

    today     = TUE;

    tomorrow  = WED;

 

    printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);

}

方法二:声明变量的同时赋初值

 

#include <stdio.h>

 

 

enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };

 

void main()

{

   

    int x=10, y=20, z=30;

 

   

    enum DAY yesterday = MON,

                        today = TUE,

                   tomorrow = WED;

 

    printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow);

}

方法三:定义类型的同时声明变量,然后对变量赋值。

 

#include <stdio.h>

 

 

enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN } yesterday, today, tomorrow;

 

 

int x, y, z;

 

void main()

{

   

    x = 10;  y = 20;  z = 30;

   

   

    yesterday = MON;

    today     = TUE;

    tomorrow  = WED;

 

    printf("%d %d %d \n", x, y, z); //输出:10 20 30

    printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:1 2 3

}

方法四:类型定义,变量声明,赋初值同时进行。

 

#include <stdio.h>

 

 

enum DAY

{

    MON=1,

    TUE,

    WED,

    THU,

    FRI,

    SAT,

    SUN

}

yesterday = MON, today = TUE, tomorrow = WED;

 

 

int x = 10, y = 20, z = 30;

 

void main()

{

    printf("%d %d %d \n", x, y, z); //输出:10 20 30

    printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:1 2 3

}

3.2 对枚举型的变量赋整数值时,需要进行类型转换。

 

#include <stdio.h>

 

enum DAY { MON=1, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN };

 

void main()

{

    enum DAY yesterday, today, tomorrow;

 

    yesterday = TUE;

    today = (enum DAY) (yesterday + 1); //类型转换

    tomorrow = (enum DAY) 30; //类型转换

    //tomorrow = 3; //错误

 

    printf("%d %d %d \n", yesterday, today, tomorrow); //输出:2 3 30

}

3.3 使用枚举型变量

 

#include<stdio.h>

 

enum

{

    BELL          = '\a',

    BACKSPACE = '\b',

    HTAB         = '\t',

    RETURN      = '\r',

    NEWLINE    = '\n',

    VTAB         = '\v',

    SPACE       = ' '

};

 

enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;

 

void main()

{

    int index = 0;

    int count_of_letter = 0;

    int count_of_space = 0;

 

    char str[] = "I'm Ely efod";

 

    match_flag = FALSE;

 

    for(; str[index] != '\0'; index++)

        if( SPACE != str[index] )

            count_of_letter++;

        else

        {

            match_flag = (enum BOOLEAN) 1;

            count_of_space++;

        }

   

    printf("%s %d times %c", match_flag ? "match" : "not match", count_of_space, NEWLINE);

    printf("count of letters: %d %c%c", count_of_letter, NEWLINE, RETURN);

}

输出:

match 2 times

count of letters: 10

Press any key to continue

 

4. 枚举类型与sizeof运算符

 

#include <stdio.h>

 

enum escapes

{

    BELL      = '\a',

    BACKSPACE = '\b',

    HTAB      = '\t',

    RETURN    = '\r',

    NEWLINE   = '\n',

    VTAB      = '\v',

    SPACE     = ' '

};

 

enum BOOLEAN { FALSE = 0, TRUE } match_flag;

 

void main()

{

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(enum escapes)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(escapes)); //4 bytes

 

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(enum BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(BOOLEAN)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(match_flag)); //4 bytes

 

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(SPACE)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(NEWLINE)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(FALSE)); //4 bytes

    printf("%d bytes \n", sizeof(0)); //4 bytes

}

enum是基本数据类型,相当于UINT,

5. 综合举例

 

#include<stdio.h>

 

enum Season

{

    spring, summer=100, fall=96, winter

};

 

typedef enum

{

    Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday

}

Weekday;

 

void main()

{

   

    printf("%d \n", spring); // 0

    printf("%d, %c \n", summer, summer); // 100, d

    printf("%d \n", fall+winter); // 193

 

    Season mySeason=winter;

    if(winter==mySeason)

        printf("mySeason is winter \n"); // mySeason is winter

   

    int x=100;

    if(x==summer)

        printf("x is equal to summer\n"); // x is equal to summer

 

    printf("%d bytes\n", sizeof(spring)); // 4 bytes

 

   

    printf("sizeof Weekday is: %d \n", sizeof(Weekday)); //sizeof Weekday is: 4

 

    Weekday today = Saturday;

    Weekday tomorrow;

    if(today == Monday)

        tomorrow = Tuesday;

    else

        tomorrow = (Weekday) (today + 1); //remember to convert from int to Weekday

}

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/bztx-zb/p/4515760.html

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