Java中异常打印输出的常见方法总结
前言
Java异常是在Java应用中的警报器,在出现异常的情况下,可以帮助我们程序猿们快速定位问题的类型以及位置。但是一般在我们的项目中,由于经验阅历等多方面的原因,依然有若干的童鞋在代码中没有正确的使用异常打印方法,导致在项目的后台日志中,没有收到日志或者日志信息不完整等情况的发生,这些都给项目埋下了若干隐患。本文将深入分析在异常日志打印过程中的若干情况,并给出若干的使用建议。
1. Java异常Exception的结构分析
我们通常所说的Exception主要是继承于Throwable而来,可以参见如下的结构图示:
主要的Throwable分为异常和错误两种,然后异常Exception和错误Error做为基类,分别被具体个性化以及衍生出NullPointerException、EOFException等等异常信息类。
基于Java中的源代码来分析,Error和Exception仅仅是继承了Throwable,做了构造函数的拓展,没有进行额外方法的延展;Exception输出的主要核心方法都是定义在Throwable中的,感兴趣的童鞋可以尝试阅读JDK的源代码。
下面将介绍一下关键的几个异常类方法:
1、getMessage(): String
输出异常的描述信息
2、getLocalizedMessage()
输出本地化的描述信息,一般此方法可被子类所覆盖,缺省实现与getMessage()输出信息一致
3、printStackTrace()
将异常栈打印到输出流中,此为一类方法,默认打印到console控制台,也可以显式指定输出流。
4、fillInStackTrace()
将当前的异常栈保存到一个Throwable中,返回这个Throwable。大部分情况下,用在保留异常栈嵌套调用的情况,尝试保留完整的异常栈,无需使用该方法。
2. Error vs Exception
Error在Java体系中定义为不可控制的问题,往往用来描述系统错误或者底层的问题,比如虚拟机错误,例如内存空间不足,方法调用栈溢等。我们以上图中列举出的内存溢出错误(StackOverflowError)为例,它是在JVM层面发生的错误,已经游离于java应用层之外;在应用程序层面是无法进行捕获,且无法从错误中恢复的。一般一旦发了类似问题,一般都是直接宕机,应用停止正常的工作,需要重新启动或者修复问题之后,方可重新正常工作。
Exception一般发生在应用层,即在由项目中的Java代码层面引发的问题,且可以尝试进行捕获,此类问题不会影响到应用程序的正常工作的,即不会导致宕机现象的发生。我们在工作或者代码中常见的都是Exception衍生出来的各类异常。
这里需要强调说明一下,JVM是Java语言的运行环境和平台,但是并不是Java语言体系的一个部分;在JVM平台上,还可以运行Groovy, JPython, JRuby, Closure,Scala等等遵守Java语言规范(JavaLanguage Specification)的编程语言,故我们可以将Error理解为脱离Java应用之外的问题。
3. Exception中的运行时异常(RuntimeException)和受控异常(checked exception)
运行时异常(RuntimeException)是指在运行之时发生的异常,无需显式地进行捕获;如果程序中发生类似的异常,JVM会直接抛出此类异常,并打出响应的异常栈信息。此类异常也通常被称为unchecked exception, 未受控异常。
受控异常(checked Exception)是我们最常见的异常种类,在代码中使用的异常基本上都是此类异常,此类异常会在代码编译阶段由Java编译器进行语法检查,如果未显式进行异常捕获,则会报出相应的编译异常信息。
4. 如何在代码中正确打印异常信息
下面我们将通过一系列的例子来说明上述几个Exception中方法的使用技巧。
Case 1: getMessage()/getLocalizedMessage()
public void testCase1() {
System.out.println("We are going to do something interesting....");
try {
throw new NullPointerException("I am an exception in the code.");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("We got unexpected:" + e.getMessage());
System.out.println("We got unexpected:" + e.getLocalizedMessage());
}
}
输出结果:
We are going to do testing interesting....
We got unexpected in getMessage==> I am an exception in the code.
We got unexpected in getLocalizedMessage==> I am an exception in the code.
基于结果来分析, 上述两个方法只是将异常对象中的Message打印出来,这些信息对于我们追踪问题和调试帮助有限。
Case 2:e.printStackTrace()
public void testCase2() {
System.out.println("We are going to do something interesting....");
try {
throw new Exception("I am an exception in the code.");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
运行结果:
运行结果图
printStackTrace()可以打印出整个异常栈,但是异常栈信息将输出到默认的输出流中,绝大多数情况下是系统的控制台,而在实际项目中,都是需要将异常栈输出到日志文件的,如果不显式指定,则会丢失异常信息,在日志文件中无从追查。
Case 3: 基于log4j/slf4j等输出到日志文件
在实际项目中,一般会使用log4j/log4j2/JDK logging/slf4j/logback等日志系统来存放日志,那如何来讲日志的异常栈存入日志文件呢,我们来看示例。
public void testCase3() {
System.out.println("We are going to do something interesting....");
try {
throw new NullPointerException("abcedfeg");
} catch (Exception e) {
logger.info("Unexpected error in ", e);
}
}
我们需要到日志文件中,找到相应的异常信息,异常信息如下:
12:24:45.387 [main] INFO org.demo.TestException - Unexpected error in
java.lang.NullPointerException: abcedfeg
at org.demo.TestException.testCase3(TestException.java:39)
at org.demo.TestException.main(TestException.java:12)
我们可以发现,整个异常栈信息由两个部分组成:
>> 异常中的message, 类似getMessage()输出的信息,
>> 使用logger.info之类的方法,将异常信息写入到日志流中.
以下为log4j的声明,这里以slf4j为例来示例:
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TestException.class);
Case 4: fillInStackTrace()
public class FillInExceptionTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
FillInExceptionTest fit = new FillInExceptionTest();
try {
fit.outerMehtod();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("\n==========I am the one evil separation line==============");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public void innerMethod() throws Exception {
throw new Exception("I got exception in an inner method.");
}
public void outerMehtod() throws Exception {
try {
innerMethod(); //invoke inner method.
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace();
}
}
}
运行结果:
基于上述的运行结果可知,fillInStackTrace()只提取了当下的异常栈信息,而非完整的异常栈信息,这个就是此方法带给我们的特殊之处。
如果我们需要在最外层将完整的异常栈打印出来,该如何做呢? 将下述的语句:
throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace();
替换为:
throw e;
重新运行程序,我们就可以在最外层得到完整的异常栈信息了。
5. 总结
在本文中,我们介绍了异常类的继承体系,不同类型的异常区别与使用场景;并将基于代码示例展示了如何使用Exception的若干方法,利用这些方法来保留尽可能多的日志信息,方便我们后续针对日志中的异常信息,追查和解决问题。
好了,以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作能带来一定的帮助,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对码农之家的支持。
Java如何自定义异常打印非堆栈信息详解
前言
在学习Java的过程中,想必大家都一定学习过异常这个篇章,异常的基本特性和使用这里就不再多讲了。什么是异常?我不知道大家都是怎么去理解的,我的理解很简单,那就是不正常的情况,比如我现在是个男的,但是我却有着女人所独有的东西,在我看来这尼玛肯定是种异常,简直不能忍。想必大家都能够理解看懂,并正确使用。
但是,光学会基本异常处理和使用不够的,在工作中出现异常并不可怕,有时候是需要使用异常来驱动业务的处理,例如: 在使用唯一约束的数据库的时候,如果插入一条重复的数据,那么可以通过捕获唯一约束异常DuplicateKeyException来进行处理,这个时候,在server层中就可以向调用层抛出对应的状态,上层根据对应的状态再进行处理,所以有时候异常对业务来说,是一个驱动方式。
有的捕获异常之后会将异常进行输出,不知道细心的同学有没有注意到一点,输出的异常是什么东西呢?
下面来看一个常见的异常:
java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero
at greenhouse.ExceptionTest.testException(ExceptionTest.java:16)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:76)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:157)
at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:47)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:242)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
一个空指针异常:
java.lang.NullPointerException
at greenhouse.ExceptionTest.testException(ExceptionTest.java:16)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:44)
at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:15)
at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:41)
at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:20)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:76)
at org.junit.runners.BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(BlockJUnit4ClassRunner.java:50)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:193)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:52)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:191)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:42)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:184)
at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:236)
at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:157)
at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:47)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:242)
at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
大家有没有发现一个特点,就是异常的输出是中能够精确的输出异常出现的地点,还有后面一大堆的执行过程类调用,也都打印出来了,这些信息从哪儿来呢? 这些信息是从栈中获取的,在打印异常日志的时候,会从栈中去获取这些调用信息。能够精确的定位异常出现的异常当然是好,但是我们有时候考虑到程序的性能,以及一些需求时,我们有时候并不需要完全的打印这些信息,并且去方法调用栈中获取相应的信息,是有性能消耗的,对于一些性能要求高的程序,我们完全可以在这一个方面为程序性能做一个提升。
所以如何避免输出这些堆栈信息呢? 那么自定义异常就可以解决这个问题:
首先,自动异常需要继承RuntimeException, 然后,再通过是重写fillInStackTrace, toString 方法, 例如,下面我定义一个AppException异常:
package com.green.monitor.common.exception;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
/**
* 自定义异常类
*/
public class AppException extends RuntimeException {
private boolean isSuccess = false;
private String key;
private String info;
public AppException(String key) {
super(key);
this.key = key;
this.info = key;
}
public AppException(String key, String message) {
super(MessageFormat.format("{0}[{1}]", key, message));
this.key = key;
this.info = message;
}
public AppException(String message, String key, String info) {
super(message);
this.key = key;
this.info = info;
}
public boolean isSuccess() {
return isSuccess;
}
public String getKey() {
return key;
}
public void setKey(String key) {
this.key = key;
}
public String getInfo() {
return info;
}
public void setInfo(String info) {
this.info = info;
}
@Override
public Throwable fillInStackTrace() {
return this;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return MessageFormat.format("{0}[{1}]",this.key,this.info);
}
}
那么为什么要重写fillInStackTrace, 和 toString 方法呢? 我们首先来看源码是怎么一回事.
public class RuntimeException extends Exception {
static final long serialVersionUID = -7034897190745766939L;
/** Constructs a new runtime exception with null
as its
* detail message. The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be
* initialized by a call to {@link #initCause}.
*/
public RuntimeException() {
super();
}
/** Constructs a new runtime exception with the specified detail message.
* The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
* call to {@link #initCause}.
*
* @param message the detail message. The detail message is saved for
* later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
*/
public RuntimeException(String message) {
super(message);
}
/**
* Constructs a new runtime exception with the specified detail message and
* cause.
Note that the detail message associated with
* cause
is not automatically incorporated in
* this runtime exception's detail message.
*
* @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
* by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A null value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public RuntimeException(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
/** Constructs a new runtime exception with the specified cause and a
* detail message of (cause==null ? null : cause.toString())
* (which typically contains the class and detail message of
* cause). This constructor is useful for runtime exceptions
* that are little more than wrappers for other throwables.
*
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A null value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public RuntimeException(Throwable cause) {
super(cause);
}
}
RuntimeException是继承Exception,但是它里面去只是调用了父类的方法,本身是没有做什么其余的操作。那么继续看Exception里面是怎么回事呢?
public class Exception extends Throwable {
static final long serialVersionUID = -3387516993124229948L;
/**
* Constructs a new exception with null
as its detail message.
* The cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by a
* call to {@link #initCause}.
*/
public Exception() {
super();
}
/**
* Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message. The
* cause is not initialized, and may subsequently be initialized by
* a call to {@link #initCause}.
*
* @param message the detail message. The detail message is saved for
* later retrieval by the {@link #getMessage()} method.
*/
public Exception(String message) {
super(message);
}
/**
* Constructs a new exception with the specified detail message and
* cause.
Note that the detail message associated with
* cause
is not automatically incorporated in
* this exception's detail message.
*
* @param message the detail message (which is saved for later retrieval
* by the {@link #getMessage()} method).
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A null value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public Exception(String message, Throwable cause) {
super(message, cause);
}
/**
* Constructs a new exception with the specified cause and a detail
* message of (cause==null ? null : cause.toString()) (which
* typically contains the class and detail message of cause).
* This constructor is useful for exceptions that are little more than
* wrappers for other throwables (for example, {@link
* java.security.PrivilegedActionException}).
*
* @param cause the cause (which is saved for later retrieval by the
* {@link #getCause()} method). (A null value is
* permitted, and indicates that the cause is nonexistent or
* unknown.)
* @since 1.4
*/
public Exception(Throwable cause) {
super(cause);
}
}
从源码中可以看到, Exception里面也是直接调用了父类的方法,和RuntimeException一样,自己其实并没有做什么。 那么直接来看Throwable里面是怎么一回事:
public class Throwable implements Serializable {
public Throwable(String message) {
fillInStackTrace();
detailMessage = message;
}
/**
* Fills in the execution stack trace. This method records within this
* Throwable
object information about the current state of
* the stack frames for the current thread.
*
* @return a reference to this Throwable
instance.
* @see java.lang.Throwable#printStackTrace()
*/
public synchronized native Throwable fillInStackTrace();
/**
* Provides programmatic access to the stack trace information printed by
* {@link #printStackTrace()}. Returns an array of stack trace elements,
* each representing one stack frame. The zeroth element of the array
* (assuming the array's length is non-zero) represents the top of the
* stack, which is the last method invocation in the sequence. Typically,
* this is the point at which this throwable was created and thrown.
* The last element of the array (assuming the array's length is non-zero)
* represents the bottom of the stack, which is the first method invocation
* in the sequence.
*
*
Some virtual machines may, under some circumstances, omit one
* or more stack frames from the stack trace. In the extreme case,
* a virtual machine that has no stack trace information concerning
* this throwable is permitted to return a zero-length array from this
* method. Generally speaking, the array returned by this method will
* contain one element for every frame that would be printed by
* printStackTrace.
*
* @return an array of stack trace elements representing the stack trace
* pertaining to this throwable.
* @since 1.4
*/
public StackTraceElement[] getStackTrace() {
return (StackTraceElement[]) getOurStackTrace().clone();
}
private synchronized StackTraceElement[] getOurStackTrace() {
// Initialize stack trace if this is the first call to this method
if (stackTrace == null) {
int depth = getStackTraceDepth();
stackTrace = new StackTraceElement[depth];
for (int i=0; i < depth; i++)
stackTrace[i] = getStackTraceElement(i);
}
return stackTrace;
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in the stack trace (or 0 if the stack
* trace is unavailable).
*
* package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
*/
native int getStackTraceDepth();
/**
* Returns the specified element of the stack trace.
*
* package-protection for use by SharedSecrets.
*
* @param index index of the element to return.
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if index < 0 ||
* index >= getStackTraceDepth()
*/
native StackTraceElement getStackTraceElement(int index);
/**
* Returns a short description of this throwable.
* The result is the concatenation of:
*
*
the {@linkplain Class#getName() name} of the class of this object*
": " (a colon and a space)*
the result of invoking this object's {@link #getLocalizedMessage}* method
*
* If getLocalizedMessage returns null, then just
* the class name is returned.
*
* @return a string representation of this throwable.
*/
public String toString() {
String s = getClass().getName();
String message = getLocalizedMessage();
return (message != null) ? (s + ": " + message) : s;
}
从源码中可以看到,到Throwable就几乎到头了, 在fillInStackTrace() 方法是一个native方法,这方法也就是会调用底层的C语言,返回一个Throwable对象, toString 方法,返回的是throwable的简短描述信息, 并且在getStackTrace 方法和 getOurStackTrace 中调用的都是native方法getStackTraceElement, 而这个方法是返回指定的栈元素信息,所以这个过程肯定是消耗性能的,那么我们自定义异常中的重写toString方法和fillInStackTrace方法就可以不从栈中去获取异常信息,直接输出,这样对系统和程序来说,相对就没有那么”重”, 是一个优化性能的非常好的办法。那么如果出现自定义异常那么是什么样的呢?请看下面吧:
@Test
public void testException(){
try {
String str =null;
System.out.println(str.charAt(0));
}catch (Exception e){
throw new AppException("000001","空指针异常");
}
}
那么在异常异常的时候,系统将会打印我们自定义的异常信息:
000001[空指针异常]
Process finished with exit code -1
所以特别简洁,优化了系统程序性能,让程序不这么“重”, 所以对于性能要求特别要求的系统。赶紧自己的自定义异常吧!
总结
以上就是这篇文章的全部内容了,希望本文的内容对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,如果有疑问大家可以留言交流,谢谢大家对码农之家的支持。
以上就是本次给大家分享的关于java的全部知识点内容总结,大家还可以在下方相关文章里找到相关文章进一步学习,感谢大家的阅读和支持。
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