FIFO具名/命名管道
(匿名)管道应用的一个限制就是只能在具有共同祖先(具有亲缘关系)的进程间通信。
如果我们想在不相关的进程之间交换数据,可以使用FIFO文件来做这项工作,它经常被称为命名管道;命名管道是一种特殊类型的文件.
创建一个命名管道
1)命名管道可以从命令行上创建:
$ mkfifo <filename>
2)命名管道在程序里创建:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
int mkfifo(const char *pathname, mode_t mode);
//示例
int main()
{
if (mkfifo("p2", 0644) == -1)
err_exit("mkfifo error");
}
FIFO与PIPE的区别:
1) 匿名管道由pipe函数创建并打开。
命名管道由mkfifo函数创建,打开用open
2) FIFO(命名管道)与pipe(匿名管道)之间唯一的区别在它们创建与打开的方式不同,一但这些工作完成之后,它们具有相同的语义 (The only difference between pipes and FIFOs is the manner in which they are created and opened.
Once these tasks have been accomplished, I/O on pipes and FIFOs has exactly the same semantics.)。
命名管道的打开规则
1)读打开FIFO
O_NONBLOCK disable(阻塞):阻塞直到有相应进程为写而打开该FIFO
O_NONBLOCK enable(非阻塞):立刻返回成功
//示例1: 阻塞, 只读打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_RDONLY);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "fifo O_RDONLY open success" << endl;
}
//示例2: 只读, 非阻塞打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "fifo O_RDONLY open success" << endl;
}
2)写打开FIFO
O_NONBLOCK disable(阻塞):阻塞直到有相应进程为读而打开该FIFO
O_NONBLOCK enable(非阻塞):立刻返回失败,错误码为ENXIO
//示例1: 阻塞, 只写打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_WRONLY);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "FIFO O_WRONLY open success" << endl;
}
//示例2: 非阻塞, 只写打开
int main()
{
int fd = open("fifo", O_WRONLY|O_NONBLOCK);
if (fd == -1)
err_exit("FIFO open error");
cout << "FIFO O_WRONLY open success" << endl;
}
命名管道的读写规则
同匿名管道
/**FIFO示例, 两个进程通过FIFO对拷数据:利用管道,两个进程间进行文件复制。
1.进程writefifo:
(1)读文件(文件名从命令行参数中获取)
(2)写入管道myFifo(管道由该进程创建)
(3)关闭文件及管道
2.进程readfifo:
(1)读管道myFifo
(2)写入文件[该文件有进程创建并打开]
(3)关闭文件
(4)删除管道
*/
//1:writefifo
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
err_quit("Usage: ./writefifo <read-file-name>");
// 创建管道
if (mkfifo("myFifo", 0644) == -1)
err_exit("mkfifo error");
int outfd = open("myFifo", O_WRONLY); //打开FIFO
int infd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY); //打开文件
if (outfd == -1 || infd == -1)
err_exit("open file/fifo error");
char buf[BUFSIZ];
int readBytes;
while ((readBytes = read(infd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
{
write(outfd, buf, readBytes);
}
close(infd);
close(outfd);
}
//2:readfifo
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
err_quit("Usage: ./writefifo <write-file-name>");
int outfd = open(argv[1], O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0644); //创建并打卡文件
int infd = open("myFifo", O_RDONLY); //打开FIFO
if (infd == -1 || outfd == -1)
err_exit("open file/fifo error");
char buf[BUFSIZ];
int readBytes;
while ((readBytes = read(infd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
{
write(outfd, buf, readBytes);
}
close(outfd);
unlink("myFifo"); //删除FIFO
}