C++: Polymorphism ( 多态 )

● Meaning “many forms”, polymorphism in OO terminology means a single statement in code that might do different things depending on the context in which it is executed.

　　○ In this case, rpt[i]->Display() is a polymorphic call (when Display() is a virtual function).

　　○ Depending on what kind of object we send in at runtime, that line of code can either Report’s Display() method, GradeReport’s Display() method, or OnlineGradeReport’s Display() method.

● One of the great advantages from polymorphism is that old (existing) code can can call new (being developed) code without modification.

　　○ If we created another class in the Report hierarchy (as a subclass of Report or of any subclass of Report), then we can write a new display() method for it, and ShowReport() will call the new Display() method without modfication.

1 #include < iostream >
2 #include < string >
3   using namespace std;
4
5 #define DEBUGBUILD 0
6 #define DEBUG if (DEBUGBUILD) cout
7
8 class Date{
9 private :
10 int day;
11 int month;
12 int year;
13 public :
14 Date() { DEBUG << " Date: default ctor " << endl; }
15 Date( int m, int d, int y) {
16 DEBUG << " Date: 3 int ctor " << endl;
17 day = d;
18 month = m;
19 year = y;
20 }
21 void Display( void ) { cout << month << " / " << day << " / " << year << endl; }
22 }; // end class Date
23
24 class Time {
25 private :
26 int hour;
27 int minute;
28 int second;
29 public :
30 Time() { DEBUG << " Time: default ctor " << endl; }
31 Time( int h, int m, int s) {
32 DEBUG << " Time: 3 int ctor " << endl;
33 hour = h;
34 minute = m;
35 second = s;
36 }
37 void Display() { cout << hour << " : " << minute << " : " << second << endl; }
38 };
39
40 class Report {
41 private :
42 Date repDate;
43 Time repTime;
44 string repDesc;
45 public :
46 Report() : repDate( 1 , 1 , 1970 ), repTime( 0 , 0 , 0 ), repDesc( "" ) {
47 DEBUG << " Report: default ctor " << endl;
48 repDesc = "" ;
49 }
50 Report(Date d, Time t, string desc) : repDate(d), repTime(t){
51 DEBUG << " Report: date time string ctor " << endl;
52 repDesc = desc;
53 }
54 virtual void Display() {
55 cout << " Date: " ;
56 repDate.Display();
57 cout << " Time: " ;
58 repTime.Display();
59 cout << " Description: " ;
60 DisplayDesc();
61 }
62 void DisplayDesc() { cout << repDesc << endl; }
63 }; // end class Report
64
65 class GradeReport : public Report {
66 private :
67 int StudentID;
68 int CourseID;
69 public :
70 GradeReport() : StudentID( 0 ), CourseID( 0 )
71 { DEBUG << " GradeReport: default ctor " << endl; }
72
73 GradeReport(Date d, Time t, string desc, int sid, int cid) :
74 Report(d, t, desc), StudentID(sid), CourseID(cid)
75 { DEBUG << " GradeReport: 5 parameters ctor " << endl; }
76
77 GradeReport( const GradeReport & gr) :
78 Report(gr), StudentID(gr.StudentID), CourseID(gr.CourseID)
79 { DEBUG << " GradeReport: Copy ctor " << endl; }
80
81 ~ GradeReport() { DEBUG << " GradeReport: dtor " << endl; }
82
83 virtual void Display() {
84 DisplayID();
85 cout << " Course ID: " << CourseID << endl;
86 Report::Display();
87 }
88
89 void DisplayID() { cout << " Student ID: " << StudentID << endl; }
90 }; // end class GradeReport
91
92 class OnlineGradeReport : public GradeReport {
93 public :
94 enum ReportStatus {LOGGED, INFORMED, CONFIRMED};
95 private :
96 string program;
97 string deptDesc;
98 ReportStatus repStatus;
99 public :
100 OnlineGradeReport() : program( "" ), deptDesc( "" ), repStatus(LOGGED)
101 { DEBUG << " OnlineGradeReport: default ctor " << endl; }
102
103 OnlineGradeReport(Date d, Time t, string desc, int sid, int cid, string pro, string dept,
104 ReportStatus s) :
105 GradeReport(d, t, desc, sid, cid), program(pro), deptDesc(dept), repStatus(s)
106 { DEBUG << " OnlineGradeReport: 8 parameters ctor " << endl; }
107
108 OnlineGradeReport( const OnlineGradeReport & or) :
109 GradeReport(or), program(or.program), deptDesc(or.deptDesc), repStatus(or.repStatus)
110 { DEBUG << " OnlineGradeReport: Copy ctor " << endl; }
111
112 ~ OnlineGradeReport() { DEBUG << " OnlineGradeReport: dtor " << endl; }
113 virtual void Display() {
114 DisplayStatus();
115 cout << " Program: " << program << endl;
116 cout << " Department: " << deptDesc << endl;
117 GradeReport::Display();
118 }
119 void DisplayStatus() {
120 switch (repStatus)
121 {
122 case LOGGED:
123 cout << " The grade is logged by the professor. " << endl;
124 break ;
125 case INFORMED:
126 cout << " The Records Office has informed the student of the grade. " <<
127 endl;
128 break ;
129 case CONFIRMED:
130 cout << " The student has confirmed receiving the grade report. " << endl;
131 break ;
132 } // end switch
133 } // end fun
134 }; // end class
135
136 void main() {
137 Date today( 6 , 4 , 2011 );
138 Time t( 8 , 0 , 0 );
139 GradeReport gradeA(today, t, " CS360 " , 1234 , 100 );
140
141 Date today2( 7 , 4 , 2011 );
142 Time t2( 18 , 0 , 0 );
143 Report status(today2, t2, " July Report " );
144
145 Date today3( 8 , 4 , 2011 );
146 Time t3( 26 , 5 , 0 );
147 OnlineGradeReport or = OnlineGradeReport(today3, t3, " CS350 " , 1234 , 100 , " MSCS " ,
148 " Computer Science " , OnlineGradeReport::ReportStatus::CONFIRMED);
149
150 Report * rpt[ 3 ];
151 rpt[ 0 ] = & gradeA;
152 rpt[ 1 ] = & status;
153 rpt[ 2 ] = & or;
154
155 for ( int i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i ++ )
156 {
157 rpt[i] -> Display();
158 cout << endl;
159 }
160 }

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/ashu/archive/2011/06/28/2092119.html